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Annual Reviews of Nuclear Science 25, 555, 1975
THE PARTICLE DATA GROUP: GROWTH & OPERATIONS.
18 Years of Particle Physics
Arthur H. Rosenfeld,Department of Physics and LBL,
UCBerkeley.
2
1957. Gell-Mann and Rosenfeld. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. and UCRL 8030 by Barkas and Rosenfeld.1958 1st update of 8030, with original wallet card. Then no revisions
until 1961.1961. Several new baryon and meson resonances1963 Discoveries were pouring in. Decided to comuterize. TABSU Galtieri, Bastien, Kirz, Rittenberg Tried to pick resonances with a
90% survival probability. TWO wallet cards. Matts Roos (Copenhagen) published his tables in RMP, with 21
resonances which did not survive to the next edition.1964.Merged “Data on Elementary Particles and Resonant States” Rosenfeld, Barbaro-Galtieri, Barkas, Bastien, Kirz, Roos, 27 pp. 3 wallet cards, available in two sizes Dave Jackson advised us.1967 Started printing in both CERN and Berkeley. Rare statistical
fluctuations become commonplace. 1000 physicists scan 10,000 -20,000 mass histograms/year. Gerry Lynch invents “GAME” A Monte Carlo resonance generator
3
At the 1967 Philadelphia meson conference Rosenfeld pointed out that at the present rate of data processing, once attention had been drawn to the Kappa, it should be observed yearly at the 3 Standard Deviation level. Comparison with flying saucers, or cancer from EM fields. “In the next talk Prof. Aihud Pevsner said that he had intended to present new 3 SD evidence for the Kappa, but had changed his mind.” Kappa slowly disappeared.
Efficient Use of Energy, a Physicist’s Perspective
September 25, 2006
Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Commissioner
California Energy Commission
(916) 654-4930
http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/commissioners/rosenfeld.html
5
Energy Intensity in the United States 1949 - 2005
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
19
49
19
51
19
53
19
55
19
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61
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63
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65
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19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
tho
us
an
d B
tu/$
(in
$2
00
0)
If intensity dropped at pre-1973 rate of 0.4%/year
Actual (E/GDP drops 2.1%/year)
6
Energy Consumption in the United States 1949 - 2005
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Qu
ads/
Yea
r
$ 1.7 Trillion
$ 1.0 Trillion
New Physical Supply = 25 Q
Avoided Supply = 70 Quads in 2005
If E/GDP had dropped 0.4% per year
Actual (E/GDP drops 2.1% per year)
70 Quads per year saved or avoided corresponds to 1 Billion cars off the road
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How Much of The Savings Come from Efficiency?
Easiest to tease out is cars
– In the early 1970s, only 14 miles per gallons, now 21 mpg
– If still at 14 mpg, we’d consume 75 billion gallons more and pay $225 Billion more at 2006 prices
– But we still pay $450 Billion per year
– If California wins the “Schwarzenegger-Pavley” suit, and it is implemented nationwide, we’ll save another $150 Billion per year
Commercial Aviation improvements save another $50 Billion per year Appliances and Buildings are more complex
– We must sort out true efficiency gains vs. structural changes (from smokestack to service economy).
8
How Much of The Savings Come from Efficiency (cont’d)?
Some examples of estimated savings in 2006 based on 1974 efficiencies minus 2006 efficiencies
Beginning in 2007 in California, reduction of “vampire” or stand-by losses
– This will save $10 Billion when finally implemented, nation-wide
Out of a total $700 Billion, a crude summary is that 1/3 is structural, 1/3 is transportation, and 1/3 is buildings and industry.
Billion $
Space Heating 40Air Conditioning 30Refrigerators 15Fluorescent Tube Lamps 5Compact Floursecent Lamps 5Total 95
9
A supporting analysis on the topic of efficiencyfrom Vice-President Dick Cheney
“Had energy use kept pace with economic growth, the nation would have consumed 171 quadrillion British thermal units (Btus) last year instead of 99 quadrillion Btus”
“About a third to a half of these savings resulted from shifts in the economy. The other half to two-thirds resulted from greater energy efficiency”
Source: National Energy Policy: Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, Dick Cheney, et. al., page 1-4, May 2001
Cheney could have noted that 72 quads/year saved in the US alone, would fuel one Billion cars, compared to a world car count of only 600 Million
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Energy Intensity -- California and the United States
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2019
63
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
year
Inte
nsi
ty (
tho
usa
nd
Btu
s p
er $
mea
sure
d in
yea
r 20
00 $
)
US down to 54% of 1973 intensity
California down to 46% of 1973 intensity
54%
46%
11
Per Capita Electricity Sales (not including self-generation)(kWh/person) (2005 to 2008 are forecast data)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,0001
96
0
19
62
19
64
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
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19
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19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
California
United States
∆= 4,000kWh/yr
= $400/capita
12
Carbon Dioxide Intensity and Per Capita CO2 Emissions -- 2001 (Fossil Fuel Combustion Only)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
intensity (tons of CO2 per 2000 US Dollar)
To
ns
of
CO
2 p
er p
erso
n
Canada Australia
S. Korea
California
Mexico
United States
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
New Zealand
Switzerland
Japan
13
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
MP
G C
on
ve
rte
d t
o C
AF
E T
est
Cy
cle
Japan
EU
China
Canada California (Pavley)
US (1) dotted lines denote proposed standards(2) MPG = miles per gallon
Australia
~
Comparison of Fuel Economy – Passenger Vehicles
14
Index (1972 = 1.00) of U.S. Energy Use, GDP, Energy Intensity and Carbon Dioxidelast 10-year CO2 growth = 1.3% per year
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
19
49
19
51
19
53
19
55
19
57
19
59
19
61
19
63
19
65
19
67
19
69
19
71
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
e/gdp
quads
gdp
CO2 (combustion)1.37
2.71
1.33 (est.)
15
Per Capita Electricity Consumption
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
year
kW
h/p
ers
on
United States
California
New York
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/total/csv/use_csv
16
Per Capita Electricity Consumption
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
year
kW
h/p
ers
on
Red States 2004 ElectionUnited StatesBlue States 2004 ElectionCalifornia
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Impact of Standards on Efficiency of 3 Appliances
Source: S. Nadel, ACEEE,
in ECEEE 2003 Summer Study, www.eceee.org
75%
60%
25%20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
Ind
ex (
1972
= 1
00)
Effective Dates of National Standards
=
Effective Dates of State Standards
=
Refrigerators
Central A/C
Gas Furnaces
SEER = 13
18 Source: David Goldstein
New United States Refrigerator Use v. Time
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
Av
era
ge
En
erg
y U
se
pe
r U
nit
So
ld (
kW
h/y
r)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Re
frig
era
tor
vo
lum
e (
cu
bic
fe
et)
Refrigerator Size (cubic ft)
Energy Use per Unit(kWh/Year) 71% reduction in 28 yrs
= 4.4% year
1st Federal Standard 1992
19 Source: David Goldstein
New United States Refrigerator Use v. Time and Retail Prices
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002
Av
era
ge
En
erg
y U
se
or
Pri
ce
0
5
10
15
20
25
Re
frig
era
tor
vo
lum
e (
cu
bic
fe
et)
Energy Use per Unit(kWh/Year)
Refrigerator Size (cubic ft)
Refrigerator Price in 1983 $
$ 1,270
$ 462
20
New Refrigerator Energy Use: 71% will be saved when stock completely turns over to 2001 Standards
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
At 1974 Efficiency At 2002 Efficiency
Bil
lio
n k
Wh
per
Yea
r
Energy Needed
Energy Needed
Energy Saved
21
Annual Energy Saved vs. Several Sources of Supply
Energy Saved Refrigerator Stds
renewables
100 Million 1 KW PV systems
conventional hydro
nuclear energy
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Bil
lio
n k
Wh
/yea
r
22
Value of Energy to be Saved (at 8.5 cents/kWh, retail price) vs. Several Sources of Supply in 2005 (at 3 cents/kWh, wholesale price)
Energy Saved Refrigerator Stds
renewables
100 Million 1 KW PV systems
conventional hydro
nuclear energy
0
5
10
15
20
25
Bill
ion
$ (
US
)/ye
ar
in 2
00
5
23
United States Refrigerator Use, repeated, to compare with
Estimated Household Standby Use v. Time
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1947
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
Ave
rage
En
ergy
Use
per
Un
it S
old
(k
Wh
per
yea
r)
Refrigerator Use per Unit
1978 Cal Standard
1990 Federal Standard
1987 Cal Standard
1980 Cal Standard
1993 Federal Standard 2001 Federal
Standard
Estimated Standby Power (per house)
24
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
3 Gorges三峡
Refrigerators冰箱
Air Conditioners 空调
TWh
2000 Stds
2000 Stds
2005 Stds
2005 Stds
If Energy Star
If Energy Star
TW
H/Y
ear
1.5
4.5
6.0
3.0
7.5
Val
ue
(bil
lio
n $
/yea
r)
Comparison of 3 Gorges to Refrigerator and AC Efficiency Improvements
Savings calculated 10 years after standard takes effect. Calculations provided by David Fridley, LBNL
Value of TWh
3 Gorges三峡
Refrigerators 冰箱
Air Conditioners
空调
Wholesale (3 Gorges) at 3.6 c/kWh
Retail (AC + Ref) at 7.2 c/kWh
三峡电量与电冰箱、空调能效对比
标准生效后， 10年节约电量
25
Annual Peak Savings from Efficiency Programs and Standards
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,0001
97
5
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
MW
Appliance Standards
Building Standards
Utility Efficiency Programs at a cost of
~1% of electric bill
~ 22% of Annual Peak in California in 2003
i.e. 22% in 30 years
26
Source: Stabilization Wedges: Pacala and Socolow, Science Vol 305, page 968
Growth = 1.5%/yr
27
28
Illuminating Space vs. the Street
29
Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared Sunlight
30
Heat Mirror Windows – Steve Selkowitz, LBNL
Low Emissivity films are required by building standards world-wide. They reflect far infrared radiation. Retain indoor heat in winter, reflect outdoor heat in summer. They double the R-value of double glazing, and the inside pane is warm to the touch – more comfortable
Before low-E, windows were 30% of the heat load of a home – now 15%.
During a Montana winter, a north-facing low-E window, facing a snowy sunlit slope, is a net energy gainer.
“Selective film are required for Commercial Buildings in California. They reflect far- and near-infrared radiation, and halve the solar gain though windows; including car windshields in BMW’s etc.
Modern windows save ~1 Mbod of oil equivalent, = Alaskan oil.
31
Temperature Rise of Various Materials in SunlightDr. Hashem Akbari, LBL Heat Island Group
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
50
40
30
20
10
0
Tem
pera
ture
Ris
e (°
C)
Galvanized Steel
IR-Refl. Black
Bla
ck
Pai
nt
Gre
en A
sph
alt
Sh
ing
le
Red
Cla
y T
ile
Lt.
Red
Pai
nt
Lt.
Gre
en P
ain
t
Wh
ite
Asp
hal
t S
hin
gle
Wh
ite
Asp
hal
t S
hin
gle
Al
Ro
of
Co
at.
Op
tica
l Wh
ite
Op
tica
l Wh
ite
Wh
ite
Pai
nt
Wh
ite
Pai
nt
Wh
ite
Cem
ent
Co
at.
Wh
ite
Cem
ent
Co
at.
Solar Absorptance
32
Temperature Trends in Downtown Los Angeles
33
Potential Savings in LA
Savings for Los Angeles
– Direct, $200M/year
– Indirect, $140M/year
– Smog, $360M/year
Estimate of national savings: $10B/year
34
Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared Sunlight
35
From Cool Color Roofs to Cool Color Cars
Toyota experiment (surface temperature 10K cooler) Ford is also working on the technology
36
Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared Sunlight
37
UV Water Purification
38
Ashok Gadgil at LBNL points out if UV treatment replaces boiling 10 tons of water per day, each system avoids 4 tons of CO2 per day. An American car emits only 4 tons of CO2 per YEAR.
Meet / exceed WHO and US EPA criteria Energy efficient: 60 watts disinfects 1 ton / hour Low cost: 4 cents disinfects a ton of water Reliable, Mature components Can treat un-pressurized water Rapid throughput: 12 seconds Low maintenance: once every three months >100 units now operating in India and Phillipines http://www.waterhealth.com/
Ultra Violet Water Purification for Villages in Developing World
39
In Nov.-Dec. 2005, he visited Darfur camps, and showed that with a $10 metal stove, and training to use it, only half the fuelwood is needed.
The stove saves fuelwood worth $160 annually for a refugee family
Since that time, Ashok Gadgil has improved stove efficiency by another factor of two
http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/878538-hMpqN3/878538.PDF
Dr. Ashok Gadgil’s Darfur Cookstove Project
40
41
LEDs Powered with Photovoltaics
Evan Mills at LBNL points out the following: If 1 billion people could replace kerosene lamps with LEDs, emissions would drop by the equivalent of 1.3 million barrels of petroleum per day
http://eetd.lbl.gov/emills/PUBS/Fuel_Based_Lighting.html
42
Source: Stabilization Wedges: Pacala and Socolow, Science Vol 305, page 968
Growth = 1.5%/yr
43
.
This talk available on my web page
Just Google
“Art Rosenfeld”
