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Indian agriculture - an overview
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Agriculture
Agricultural Hearths – 1st Agricultural Revolution
Carl Sauer’s beliefs on domestication
Domestication probably did not develop in response to hunger– Starving people must spend every waking hour searching
for food
Started by people who had enough food to remain settled in one placeDid not occur in grasslands or river floodplains because of thick sod and periodic floodingMust have started in regions where many different kinds of wild plants grewStarted in hilly district areas, where climates change with differing sun exposure and altitudeVegetative Planting 1st (transplanting part of actual plant) then Seed Planting
Diffusion along Trade Routes
Techniques as well as foods
Subsistence Agriculture– Found in LDC’s
Commercial Agriculture– Found in MDC’s– Distinguishing features
• Purpose of farming• # of farmers in the labor force• Use of machinery• Farm size• Relationship of farming to other
businesses
Rubenstein p. 330-333
Percent of Labor Force engaged in Agriculture
Rub. Map 331
Agricultural Regions
By Derwent Whittlesey, 1936
11 main agricultural regions– 5 in LDC’s– 6 in MDC’s– Plus 1 where ag is nonexistent
LDC: Shifting Cultivation
Characterized by– Slash and burn agriculture– Using field for only a few years
Cleared land called Swidden or ladang, milpa, chena or kaingin
Crops– SE Asia: rice– S America: maize & cassava– Africa: millet & sorghum
LDC: Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agricultural
Located in semiarid lands of: N. Africa, Middle East, Central Asia
Only 15 million people are pastoral nomads but us 20% of Earth’s land area
Transhumance
LDC: Intensive Subsistence Agriculture w/wet rice
Intensive: farmers more work more intensively to subsistAreas of high population density resulting in less land available/farmerSome are wet rice areasSome have double cropping
LDC: Intensive Subsistence Agriculture wet rice not dominant
Areas with low precipitation
Crops: wheat, barley, legumes, etc.
Crop rotation
Common in Communist China
LDC: Plantation Farming
A large farm that specializes in one or two crops: cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber & tobacco
Usually in subtropics
Usually in areas of low population density – must import workers
MDC: Mixed Crop & Livestock
Most common form of commercial ag in US
Most crops are fed to animals rather than for human consumption – corn or soybeans common
Uses crop rotation
Rub. Map 343
MDC: Dairy Farming
Once only in MDC’s, now more common in S & E Asia – – India is the #1 producer
Must be close to market – milkshed– Improved transportation and
refrigeration have increased milkshed radius
Rub. Map p. 344
MDC: Grain Farming
Crops grown primarily for human consumption
Grains are: wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet, etc.
Stores easily & transported a long distance
N. Am prairies – world’s “breadbasket”
Rub. Map 346
MDC: Livestock Ranching
Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
Range wars caused by enclosures
Introduction of new cattle breeds
Non-US ranching: Spain, Portugal, Argentina, southern Brazil & Uruguay
Rub. Map 348
MDC: Mediterranean Ag.
S. Europe, N. Africa, w. Asia, California, central Chile, & sw. AustraliaAll of the above borders seas, most on west coast off continentsMostly horticulture: fruits, vegetables, and flowers & commercial tree cropsMost of world’s olives & grapes produced in Med. areas
MDC: Commercial Gardening
Predominant in se US
Aka “truck farming” (truck was a Middle English word for bartering)
Highly efficient large-scale operations
New England has specialty farming – limited but increased demand among affluent, ex: asparugus, strawberries, etc.
2nd Agricultural Rev.
1750-1900 – with the Industrial Rev. Increased productivityMore food with less farmersEsther Boserup - agric. output depends on the pop. - Anti-Malthusian – 5 stages of intensification of farmland
• 1. forest fallow, 2. bush fallow 3. short fallow 4. annual cropping 5. multicropping
Green (3rd) Revolution
Invention and quick diffusion of agricultural techniques during 1960’s-80’sMain techniques– Genetic Engineering
• Higher-yield seeds – Norman Borlaug• Drought/disease resistance• Quicker growing season (double-cropping)
– Expanded use of fertilizers
Need tractors, irrigation pumps & other machinery to take full advantage