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Education ResourcesEducation ResourcesEducation ResourcesEducation Resources

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Education ResourcesEducation ResourcesEducation ResourcesEducation Resources

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Education ResourcesEducation ResourcesEducation ResourcesEducation Resources

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The HOLOCAUSTThe HOLOCAUSTThe HOLOCAUSTThe HOLOCAUST The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic,

state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. "Holocaust" is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "inferior," were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community.

The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. "Holocaust" is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "inferior," were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community.

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GENOCIDEGENOCIDEGENOCIDEGENOCIDE Genocide means any of the following acts committed with Genocide means any of the following acts committed with

intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:racial or religious group, as such:

a. Killing members of the group;a. Killing members of the group; b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the

group;group; c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life

calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;part;

d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;group;

e. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another e. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.group.

Genocide means any of the following acts committed with Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:racial or religious group, as such:

a. Killing members of the group;a. Killing members of the group; b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the b. Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the

group;group; c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life c. Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life

calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;part;

d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the d. Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;group;

e. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another e. Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.group.

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On December 9, 1948, in the shadow On December 9, 1948, in the shadow of the Holocaust the United Nations of the Holocaust the United Nations approved a Convention on the approved a Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Crime of Genocide.

This convention established This convention established "genocide” as an international crime, "genocide” as an international crime, which signatory nations “undertake to which signatory nations “undertake to prevent and punish.”prevent and punish.”

On December 9, 1948, in the shadow On December 9, 1948, in the shadow of the Holocaust the United Nations of the Holocaust the United Nations approved a Convention on the approved a Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Crime of Genocide.

This convention established This convention established "genocide” as an international crime, "genocide” as an international crime, which signatory nations “undertake to which signatory nations “undertake to prevent and punish.”prevent and punish.”

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During the era of the Holocaust, German During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups authorities also targeted other groups

because of their perceived "racial because of their perceived "racial inferiority": inferiority":

Roma (Gypsies), Roma (Gypsies), the disabled, the disabled,

and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others). Russians, and others).

Communists, Communists, Socialists, Socialists,

Jehovah's Witnesses, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexualshomosexuals

During the era of the Holocaust, German During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups authorities also targeted other groups

because of their perceived "racial because of their perceived "racial inferiority": inferiority":

Roma (Gypsies), Roma (Gypsies), the disabled, the disabled,

and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others). Russians, and others).

Communists, Communists, Socialists, Socialists,

Jehovah's Witnesses, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexualshomosexuals

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When did the American press first report When did the American press first report on the "Final Solution"?on the "Final Solution"?

The American press reported Nazi violence The American press reported Nazi violence toward Jews as early as 1933, and by 1938, toward Jews as early as 1933, and by 1938, published reports of anti-Jewish measures such published reports of anti-Jewish measures such as the Nuremberg Laws, along with other as the Nuremberg Laws, along with other incidents of antisemitic violence, had multiplied incidents of antisemitic violence, had multiplied dramatically. In 1941, as the magnitude of anti-dramatically. In 1941, as the magnitude of anti-Jewish violence increased, newspapers began Jewish violence increased, newspapers began running descriptions of the Nazi mass murder running descriptions of the Nazi mass murder of Jews, some even using the word of Jews, some even using the word "extermination" to refer to these large-scale "extermination" to refer to these large-scale killings.killings.

When did the American press first report When did the American press first report on the "Final Solution"?on the "Final Solution"?

The American press reported Nazi violence The American press reported Nazi violence toward Jews as early as 1933, and by 1938, toward Jews as early as 1933, and by 1938, published reports of anti-Jewish measures such published reports of anti-Jewish measures such as the Nuremberg Laws, along with other as the Nuremberg Laws, along with other incidents of antisemitic violence, had multiplied incidents of antisemitic violence, had multiplied dramatically. In 1941, as the magnitude of anti-dramatically. In 1941, as the magnitude of anti-Jewish violence increased, newspapers began Jewish violence increased, newspapers began running descriptions of the Nazi mass murder running descriptions of the Nazi mass murder of Jews, some even using the word of Jews, some even using the word "extermination" to refer to these large-scale "extermination" to refer to these large-scale killings.killings.

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However, it wasn't until late 1942 that the American However, it wasn't until late 1942 that the American public received official confirmation of these reports. On public received official confirmation of these reports. On November 24 of that year, Rabbi Stephen Wise disclosed November 24 of that year, Rabbi Stephen Wise disclosed in a press conference that the State Department had in a press conference that the State Department had investigated and confirmed reports about the Nazis' investigated and confirmed reports about the Nazis' extermination campaign against European Jews. A few extermination campaign against European Jews. A few weeks later, on December 17, the United States, Britain, weeks later, on December 17, the United States, Britain, and ten Allied governments released a formal and ten Allied governments released a formal declaration confirming and condemning Hitler's declaration confirming and condemning Hitler's extermination policy toward the Jews.extermination policy toward the Jews.

However, it wasn't until late 1942 that the American However, it wasn't until late 1942 that the American public received official confirmation of these reports. On public received official confirmation of these reports. On November 24 of that year, Rabbi Stephen Wise disclosed November 24 of that year, Rabbi Stephen Wise disclosed in a press conference that the State Department had in a press conference that the State Department had investigated and confirmed reports about the Nazis' investigated and confirmed reports about the Nazis' extermination campaign against European Jews. A few extermination campaign against European Jews. A few weeks later, on December 17, the United States, Britain, weeks later, on December 17, the United States, Britain, and ten Allied governments released a formal and ten Allied governments released a formal declaration confirming and condemning Hitler's declaration confirming and condemning Hitler's extermination policy toward the Jews.extermination policy toward the Jews.

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Despite the official status of these Despite the official status of these announcements, most major dailies in the announcements, most major dailies in the United States minimized their United States minimized their importance by burying them on inner importance by burying them on inner pages. The New York Times, for pages. The New York Times, for example, allocated space on the front example, allocated space on the front page for only the latter of these official page for only the latter of these official reports, relegating Wise's press reports, relegating Wise's press conference to page ten.conference to page ten.

Despite the official status of these Despite the official status of these announcements, most major dailies in the announcements, most major dailies in the United States minimized their United States minimized their importance by burying them on inner importance by burying them on inner pages. The New York Times, for pages. The New York Times, for example, allocated space on the front example, allocated space on the front page for only the latter of these official page for only the latter of these official reports, relegating Wise's press reports, relegating Wise's press conference to page ten.conference to page ten.

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Holocaust Institute for Teacher EducatorsHolocaust Institute for Teacher Educators Washington, DC June 2 – 6, 2008Washington, DC June 2 – 6, 2008 Encourage teacher educators to use the history of the Encourage teacher educators to use the history of the

Holocaust as a model for teacher candidates; Holocaust as a model for teacher candidates; Prepare teacher candidates to teach about the Holocaust Prepare teacher candidates to teach about the Holocaust

in middle and secondary school (6-12) settings; in middle and secondary school (6-12) settings; Use national and state content standards in teaching Use national and state content standards in teaching

about the Holocaust; and about the Holocaust; and Consider the ethical implications for classroom teachers Consider the ethical implications for classroom teachers

in teaching about the Holocaustin teaching about the Holocaust

Holocaust Institute for Teacher EducatorsHolocaust Institute for Teacher Educators Washington, DC June 2 – 6, 2008Washington, DC June 2 – 6, 2008 Encourage teacher educators to use the history of the Encourage teacher educators to use the history of the

Holocaust as a model for teacher candidates; Holocaust as a model for teacher candidates; Prepare teacher candidates to teach about the Holocaust Prepare teacher candidates to teach about the Holocaust

in middle and secondary school (6-12) settings; in middle and secondary school (6-12) settings; Use national and state content standards in teaching Use national and state content standards in teaching

about the Holocaust; and about the Holocaust; and Consider the ethical implications for classroom teachers Consider the ethical implications for classroom teachers

in teaching about the Holocaustin teaching about the Holocaust

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Monday, June 4, 2007 2:00 – 2:30 Greetings and Introduction: Pete Fredlake, USHMM

2:30 - 4:30 Exploration of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

4:30 – 5:30 “World Café: HITE Institute” Pete Fredlake, USHMM

7:00 – 9:00 Dinner and discussion at Jurys Hotel, DuPont Circle

Monday, June 4, 2007 2:00 – 2:30 Greetings and Introduction: Pete Fredlake, USHMM

2:30 - 4:30 Exploration of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

4:30 – 5:30 “World Café: HITE Institute” Pete Fredlake, USHMM

7:00 – 9:00 Dinner and discussion at Jurys Hotel, DuPont Circle

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Tuesday, June 5, 2007Tuesday, June 5, 2007 8:308:30 Early entry to USHMMEarly entry to USHMM 9:00 – 11:00 9:00 – 11:00 Teacher Education as a Moral Teacher Education as a Moral

CommunityCommunity 11:00 – 12:00 11:00 – 12:00 Education in the Third ReichEducation in the Third Reich::

12:30 – 2:0012:30 – 2:00 Ethical Implications of Teaching Ethical Implications of Teaching (Small group discussion)(Small group discussion)

2:00 – 3:00 2:00 – 3:00 Nazi Racial IdeologyNazi Racial Ideology3:15 – 5:303:15 – 5:30 Using Literature to Enhance Historical Using Literature to Enhance Historical

UnderstandingUnderstanding

Tuesday, June 5, 2007Tuesday, June 5, 2007 8:308:30 Early entry to USHMMEarly entry to USHMM 9:00 – 11:00 9:00 – 11:00 Teacher Education as a Moral Teacher Education as a Moral

CommunityCommunity 11:00 – 12:00 11:00 – 12:00 Education in the Third ReichEducation in the Third Reich::

12:30 – 2:0012:30 – 2:00 Ethical Implications of Teaching Ethical Implications of Teaching (Small group discussion)(Small group discussion)

2:00 – 3:00 2:00 – 3:00 Nazi Racial IdeologyNazi Racial Ideology3:15 – 5:303:15 – 5:30 Using Literature to Enhance Historical Using Literature to Enhance Historical

UnderstandingUnderstanding

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Wednesday, June 6, 2007Wednesday, June 6, 2007 8:30 Early entry to USHMM8:30 Early entry to USHMM 9:00 – 10:309:00 – 10:30 USHMM Methodological Teaching USHMM Methodological Teaching

Considerations Considerations 10:45 – 12:1510:45 – 12:15 Propaganda as Core Content: The Propaganda as Core Content: The

Propaganda Initiative and the Role of Nazi Propaganda Propaganda Initiative and the Role of Nazi Propaganda in the Holocaustin the Holocaust

1:00 – 3:301:00 – 3:30 Historical Training for Teacher Educators Historical Training for Teacher Educators (Small group work)(Small group work)

4:15 – 5:15 Using Primary Sources to Teach about the 4:15 – 5:15 Using Primary Sources to Teach about the HolocaustHolocaust

Wednesday, June 6, 2007Wednesday, June 6, 2007 8:30 Early entry to USHMM8:30 Early entry to USHMM 9:00 – 10:309:00 – 10:30 USHMM Methodological Teaching USHMM Methodological Teaching

Considerations Considerations 10:45 – 12:1510:45 – 12:15 Propaganda as Core Content: The Propaganda as Core Content: The

Propaganda Initiative and the Role of Nazi Propaganda Propaganda Initiative and the Role of Nazi Propaganda in the Holocaustin the Holocaust

1:00 – 3:301:00 – 3:30 Historical Training for Teacher Educators Historical Training for Teacher Educators (Small group work)(Small group work)

4:15 – 5:15 Using Primary Sources to Teach about the 4:15 – 5:15 Using Primary Sources to Teach about the HolocaustHolocaust

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Thursday, June 7, 2007Thursday, June 7, 2007 8:308:30 Early entry to USHMMEarly entry to USHMM 10:15 – 11:3010:15 – 11:30 Genocide after the HolocaustGenocide after the Holocaust 12:30 – 2:0012:30 – 2:00 Addressing the Complexity of Addressing the Complexity of

Genocide in Teacher Education ProgramsGenocide in Teacher Education Programs 3:15 – 4:15 Using the Holocaust as Core Content 3:15 – 4:15 Using the Holocaust as Core Content

in Methods Coursesin Methods Courses 4:15 – 5:154:15 – 5:15 Using Technology Using Technology

Thursday, June 7, 2007Thursday, June 7, 2007 8:308:30 Early entry to USHMMEarly entry to USHMM 10:15 – 11:3010:15 – 11:30 Genocide after the HolocaustGenocide after the Holocaust 12:30 – 2:0012:30 – 2:00 Addressing the Complexity of Addressing the Complexity of

Genocide in Teacher Education ProgramsGenocide in Teacher Education Programs 3:15 – 4:15 Using the Holocaust as Core Content 3:15 – 4:15 Using the Holocaust as Core Content

in Methods Coursesin Methods Courses 4:15 – 5:154:15 – 5:15 Using Technology Using Technology

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Friday, June 8, 2007Friday, June 8, 2007 8:308:30 Early entry to USHMMEarly entry to USHMM 9:30- 11:309:30- 11:30 Lesson Study: A Case StudyLesson Study: A Case Study 12:15 – 12:3012:15 – 12:30 Opportunities at the Center for Opportunities at the Center for

Advanced Holocaust StudiesAdvanced Holocaust Studies 1:30 – 4:301:30 – 4:30 Reporting SessionReporting Session 4:30 – 5:004:30 – 5:00 Reflections on the Institute and Reflections on the Institute and

evaluationevaluation 7:00 – 9:007:00 – 9:00 Closing dinner at Jurys Hotel, DuPont Closing dinner at Jurys Hotel, DuPont

CircleCircle

Friday, June 8, 2007Friday, June 8, 2007 8:308:30 Early entry to USHMMEarly entry to USHMM 9:30- 11:309:30- 11:30 Lesson Study: A Case StudyLesson Study: A Case Study 12:15 – 12:3012:15 – 12:30 Opportunities at the Center for Opportunities at the Center for

Advanced Holocaust StudiesAdvanced Holocaust Studies 1:30 – 4:301:30 – 4:30 Reporting SessionReporting Session 4:30 – 5:004:30 – 5:00 Reflections on the Institute and Reflections on the Institute and

evaluationevaluation 7:00 – 9:007:00 – 9:00 Closing dinner at Jurys Hotel, DuPont Closing dinner at Jurys Hotel, DuPont

CircleCircle

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What are some significant dates in the What are some significant dates in the Museum's history?Museum's history?

1980, October 71980, October 7 President Carter signs Public President Carter signs Public Law 96-388 establishing the United States Law 96-388 establishing the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.Holocaust Memorial Council.

1983, April 13 1983, April 13 Land for the museum Land for the museum building is transferred from the government to building is transferred from the government to the Council in a ceremony held at the Capitol.the Council in a ceremony held at the Capitol.

1984, April 30 1984, April 30 A symbolic ground breaking A symbolic ground breaking ceremony is held at the future site of the ceremony is held at the future site of the Museum.Museum.

What are some significant dates in the What are some significant dates in the Museum's history?Museum's history?

1980, October 71980, October 7 President Carter signs Public President Carter signs Public Law 96-388 establishing the United States Law 96-388 establishing the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.Holocaust Memorial Council.

1983, April 13 1983, April 13 Land for the museum Land for the museum building is transferred from the government to building is transferred from the government to the Council in a ceremony held at the Capitol.the Council in a ceremony held at the Capitol.

1984, April 30 1984, April 30 A symbolic ground breaking A symbolic ground breaking ceremony is held at the future site of the ceremony is held at the future site of the Museum.Museum.

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1985, October 16 1985, October 16 Actual ground breaking ceremonies Actual ground breaking ceremonies take place. Two milk cans containing soil and ashes from take place. Two milk cans containing soil and ashes from different concentration and extermination camps are different concentration and extermination camps are symbolically buried on site.symbolically buried on site.

1989, August 2 1989, August 2 Construction on the Museum begins.Construction on the Museum begins. 1993, April 22 1993, April 22 The United States Holocaust The United States Holocaust

Memorial Museum is dedicated. Speakers at the Memorial Museum is dedicated. Speakers at the ceremony include:ceremony include:

Bill Clinton, Chaim Herzog, Harvey Meyerhoff, Elie Bill Clinton, Chaim Herzog, Harvey Meyerhoff, Elie WieselWiesel

1993, April 26 1993, April 26 The Museum opens to the public. His The Museum opens to the public. His Holiness the Dalai Lama is the first visitor.Holiness the Dalai Lama is the first visitor.

1985, October 16 1985, October 16 Actual ground breaking ceremonies Actual ground breaking ceremonies take place. Two milk cans containing soil and ashes from take place. Two milk cans containing soil and ashes from different concentration and extermination camps are different concentration and extermination camps are symbolically buried on site.symbolically buried on site.

1989, August 2 1989, August 2 Construction on the Museum begins.Construction on the Museum begins. 1993, April 22 1993, April 22 The United States Holocaust The United States Holocaust

Memorial Museum is dedicated. Speakers at the Memorial Museum is dedicated. Speakers at the ceremony include:ceremony include:

Bill Clinton, Chaim Herzog, Harvey Meyerhoff, Elie Bill Clinton, Chaim Herzog, Harvey Meyerhoff, Elie WieselWiesel

1993, April 26 1993, April 26 The Museum opens to the public. His The Museum opens to the public. His Holiness the Dalai Lama is the first visitor.Holiness the Dalai Lama is the first visitor.

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How much did it cost to build the Museum?How much did it cost to build the Museum?

The Museum cost approximately $168 million The Museum cost approximately $168 million to build ($90 million for the building's to build ($90 million for the building's construction and $78 million for the exhibits).construction and $78 million for the exhibits).

How much did it cost to build the Museum?How much did it cost to build the Museum?

The Museum cost approximately $168 million The Museum cost approximately $168 million to build ($90 million for the building's to build ($90 million for the building's construction and $78 million for the exhibits).construction and $78 million for the exhibits).

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How were the funds raised for the Museum's How were the funds raised for the Museum's construction?construction?

Built on land donated by the federal Built on land donated by the federal government and funded with more than 200,000 government and funded with more than 200,000 private donations, the Museum is the product of private donations, the Museum is the product of a strong partnership between the government a strong partnership between the government and private philanthropy. As required by law, and private philanthropy. As required by law, all funds for planning, constructing and all funds for planning, constructing and equipping the Museum were raised exclusively equipping the Museum were raised exclusively from private, tax deductible contributions.from private, tax deductible contributions.

How were the funds raised for the Museum's How were the funds raised for the Museum's construction?construction?

Built on land donated by the federal Built on land donated by the federal government and funded with more than 200,000 government and funded with more than 200,000 private donations, the Museum is the product of private donations, the Museum is the product of a strong partnership between the government a strong partnership between the government and private philanthropy. As required by law, and private philanthropy. As required by law, all funds for planning, constructing and all funds for planning, constructing and equipping the Museum were raised exclusively equipping the Museum were raised exclusively from private, tax deductible contributions.from private, tax deductible contributions.