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A branch of science A branch of science concerned with the concerned with the
relationship of relationship of _____________ with their _____________ with their
_________________. _________________.
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Two Major Factors of the Two Major Factors of the EnvironmentEnvironment
• ___________factors___________factors- the - the nonliving parts of an nonliving parts of an organismorganism’’s environment.s environment.
• Examples Examples include ___________, include ___________, temperature, and __________.temperature, and __________.
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• Biotic factorsBiotic factors- all the - all the __________ organisms that __________ organisms that inhabit an environment.inhabit an environment.
• Examples Examples include bacteria, wolves, include bacteria, wolves, treestrees
• Biotic factorsBiotic factors- all the - all the __________ organisms that __________ organisms that inhabit an environment.inhabit an environment.
• Examples Examples include bacteria, wolves, include bacteria, wolves, treestrees
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_________
___________
____________
4Abiotic
Biotic
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Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
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What are the Simplest Levels?
What are the Simplest Levels?
•AtomAtom•______________________•______________________•______________________•______________________•______________________•______________________
•AtomAtom•______________________•______________________•______________________•______________________•______________________•______________________
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization• ____________________have organized the have organized the
interactions an organism interactions an organism takes part in into takes part in into different different levels according to levels according to ______________________________..
• ____________________have organized the have organized the interactions an organism interactions an organism takes part in into takes part in into different different levels according to levels according to ______________________________..
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11stst Level of Organization Level of Organization11stst Level of Organization Level of Organization•___________:___________:
An individual An individual living thing that living thing that is made of is made of ________, uses ________, uses energy, energy, reproduces, reproduces, responds, responds, grows, and grows, and developsdevelops
•___________:___________:An individual An individual living thing that living thing that is made of is made of ________, uses ________, uses energy, energy, reproduces, reproduces, responds, responds, grows, and grows, and developsdevelops
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22ndnd Level of Organization Level of Organization22ndnd Level of Organization Level of Organization•Population:Population:
A group of A group of organisms, all organisms, all of the of the ______ ______ ________________, which , which interbreedinterbreed and live in the and live in the same ______ at same ______ at the same the same timetime..
•Population:Population:A group of A group of organisms, all organisms, all of the of the ______ ______ ________________, which , which interbreedinterbreed and live in the and live in the same ______ at same ______ at the same the same timetime..
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33rdrd Level of Organization Level of Organization33rdrd Level of Organization Level of Organization•Biological Biological
__________:__________:All the All the populations populations of different of different ________________that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same time.time.
•Biological Biological __________:__________:All the All the populations populations of different of different ________________that that live in the live in the same place at same place at the same the same time.time.
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44thth Level of Organization Level of Organization44thth Level of Organization Level of Organization•___________:___________:
Populations of Populations of _______________________________________________ that interact ___ that interact with each other in a with each other in a given area with the given area with the ________components ________components of that area. of that area. (terrestrial or (terrestrial or aquatic)aquatic)
•___________:___________: Populations of Populations of _______________________________________________ that interact ___ that interact with each other in a with each other in a given area with the given area with the ________components ________components of that area. of that area. (terrestrial or (terrestrial or aquatic)aquatic) copyright cmassengale
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55thth Level of Organization Level of Organization55thth Level of Organization Level of Organization
•______:______:group of ecosystems with similar _________ (temperature and rainfall) and
__________.
•______:______:group of ecosystems with similar _________ (temperature and rainfall) and
__________.copyright cmassengale
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66thth Level of Organization Level of Organization66thth Level of Organization Level of Organization• _________:_________:
The portion The portion of Earth that of Earth that supports supports life.life.
• _________:_________:The portion The portion of Earth that of Earth that supports supports life.life.
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Life is found in Life is found in ________, on , on __________, , and in fresh and and in fresh and salt salt __________________..
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1. Copy the following inverted triangle; 2. Label the sections and provide examples of
things that would fall into the section
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For Example…
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1. Copy the following inverted triangle; 2. Label the sections and provide examples of
things that would fall into the section
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
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Energy Flow in an Energy Flow in an EcosystemEcosystem
• Energy cannot be Energy cannot be ________ or ________ it is ________ or ________ it is only changed from only changed from one form to anotherone form to another
• Energy _______ Energy _______ through an through an ecosystem......w/the ecosystem......w/the main source being ...main source being ...
the _______the _______
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Energy flows in ____ direction: _______ to ______________ to ________________
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ProducersProducers• Plants,some algae, some bacteriaPlants,some algae, some bacteria• They can make their own “______” They can make their own “______”
from the sun.from the sun.• They are also called ___________.They are also called ___________.• Photoautotrophs- food from ____Photoautotrophs- food from ____• Chemioautotrophes- food from Chemioautotrophes- food from
__________________
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Consumers Organisms that cannot make their own food
are called __________________.• _____________ consumers (herbivores) feed
directly on ___________ or other producers. • _____________ consumers (carnivores) feed only
on ____________consumers (herbivores). • ____________ or higher level consumers feed only
on _________-eating animals (carnivores). • ______________- can eat ______ plants and
animals. Examples are pigs, rats, cockroaches, and humans.
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• Detritivores:Detritivores: (decomposers and (decomposers and detritus feeders) detritus feeders) live off parts of live off parts of ______________ organismsorganisms and and waste of living waste of living organisms. organisms.
• Decomposers : Decomposers : obtain _________ obtain _________ from dead organic from dead organic mattermatter
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Food Chains•Series of _______ in an Series of _______ in an
ecosystem where ecosystem where organisms transfer organisms transfer
________________________ by eating by eating and being eaten.and being eaten.
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________ ________
_________
________
_________
________
_________
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•Each step in the food web is called a ____________ LEVEL
•1st trophic level = _________________
•2, 3, 4th trophic level = _________________
Each consumer depends on trophic level _________ for energy
•___ (eaten by)→ ___
Your Food Chain
• Create a food chain with 4 trophic levels
• Make sure it is specific to one ecosystem
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FOOD PYRAMID•Shows AMOUNT OF ______________ in each ___________ level of a food chain or food web
•Only _____ of the energy is passed on to the next ___________ level
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Only ____% of energy is passed on to the next trophic level.
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______________ have the most energy available
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NicheNiche• Niche-Niche- ______ of a species in its ______ of a species in its
habitathabitat– Like different baseball player Like different baseball player positionspositions
• A A species' niche includesspecies' niche includes: : – a. a. ______________________ - where it lives in the - where it lives in the
ecosystemecosystem– b. b. ______________________________ - all interactions with - all interactions with
other species in the ecosystemother species in the ecosystem– c. c. __________________________- its method of - its method of
obtaining food.obtaining food.11
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No two species can occupy the ________ niche.
This would lead to __________.
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Community Interactions
1. ____________1. ____________
2. ____________2. ____________
3. ____________3. ____________
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COMPETITION* OCCURS WHEN ORGANISMS ATTEMPT TO USE
SAME __________- A WINNER AND A LOSER
* COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE-
NO TWO SPECIES CAN OCCUPY ___________
_______________
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PredationPredation
• Food Webs contain ____________ and _________ relationships
• Predator = ________ and ________• Prey = ________Clip
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Symbiosis• ““Living Together”Living Together”•3 Types3 Types
1. 1. ____________________
2. 2. ____________________
3. 3. ____________________28
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MutualismMutualism_________
species ________.
• Ex- Clownfish and Anemone
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CommensalismCommensalism
•Ex- Whale Ex- Whale and and BarnacleBarnacle
One member One member _________ and the _________ and the other is ____ other is ____ helped or helped or harmed.harmed.
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ParasitismParasitism one organism
__________ and the other is ___________
Ex- tickand a dog
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• Ecosystems are constantly Ecosystems are constantly ___________ in response to _______ ___________ in response to _______ and _______ disturbances.and _______ disturbances.
• Ecological ______________ is the Ecological ______________ is the change that occurschange that occurs
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•__________ Succession __________ Succession •___________Succession___________Succession
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Two types of ecologicalTwo types of ecologicalSuccession:Succession:
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Primary successionPrimary succession1. Begins with _________ 1. Begins with _________ 2. Generally _____, many 1000s 2. Generally _____, many 1000s
years years 3. __________ eruptions, bare ____3. __________ eruptions, bare ____4. _________ Species4. _________ Species
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Pioneer SpeciesPioneer Species______ species to ______ species to populate the area.populate the area.
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MOSS
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Secondary Succession•Reestablishment after _______________
•________
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• The following natural disasters (disturbances) lead to secondary succession
• A) ___________ ______________ • B) Climatic Conditions - ____________,
__________, drought, windstorms, etc........
• C) ___________ Disturbance - Roadsides, clear cutting, yards, etc..........
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Primary or Secondary?
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Primary or Secondary?
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• ______________ Community:
•Thought to be the ____________, final result of ecological succession
•But it is ________ permanent- can change due to climate or intro of nonnative species
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Populations•3 Characteristics
1. _______________ Distribution- area inhabited
2. _________- # of individuals in an area
3. _________ Rate
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DENSITY*Low Density *High Density
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Limiting Factors in an Ecosystem
things that ________ a population from ________ any larger.
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Density-_____________Density-_____________Growth depends on ___ Growth depends on ___
individuals in populationindividuals in populationCompetition-Predation-Crowding/Stress-Food, Density-_____________Density-_____________
Growth Growth __________________ depend on # depend on # individuals in populationindividuals in populationWeather-Fires-Floods
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GROWTH RATE• Affected by:
1. ___________
2. ___________
3. _________ or __________ a Population
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GROWTH RATEBirths > Death = __________
Births = Death = ________
Births < Death = __________
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Occurs when:Populations reproduce at ____________
rateNot limited by ___________ or ___________
Exponential growth
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Logistic growth*More ______________*Food and disease are important when areas become too _______ (limiting factors)
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*Carrying Capacity- the ____ individuals an environment can __________ based on ______________
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RESOURCES
• ___________- something used to take care
of a need
• TYPES:1. _____ Renewable- can’t be replenished
Ex: fossil fuel coal, oil, natural gas
2. ______________- are replacable
Ex: fresh water, trees
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Threats to Threats to DiversityDiversity
• Over-_____________Over-_____________• Habitat ______ Habitat ______ • Invasion of ________ species Invasion of ________ species • ___________ ___________ • __________ change__________ change
______________ refers to the __________ of species, ecosystems, and the genetic
variation.
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Pollution
•Caused by ___________ impact on the environment
•Affects _____, ________, land, and organisms
•Ex: DDT as pesticide
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Global Warming• Greenhouse effect clip• Increase in ____________ of Biosphere• Caused by more _____ and _________
gases in the atmosphere → hold in heat from _____
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Acid Rain• _________________ are
released in atmosphere → Combine with ______
• Kill plants, pollutes water
BIOMAGNIFICATION
• Any contaminate found in an ecosystem becomes increasingly dangerous as you move up the food chain or food web.
• EXAMPLE: Who will be the most contaminated by a dangerous pesticide?grass → mouse → snake → hawkANSWER: _____________
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• http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/ecology.html
• http://bio.colstate.edu/hendricks/images/Envs1105/Autotrophs.gif
• http://www.stoller-eser.com/trial/colorbook/food_web.html
• http://www.willamette.edu/~broesler/riverweb/s35.jpg
• http://www.arcytech.org/java/population/facts_foodchain.html
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Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria in Plant roots convert Bacteria in Plant roots convert
atm. nitrogen for the plants to useatm. nitrogen for the plants to use
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Amt. of energy decrease with each higher level of consumer
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Overlapping food chains.
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Biochemical Cycles•Nutrients, the chemical essential to life, are cycled in the ecosystem.
•In these cycles, nutrients move from the environment,through organisms, and back to the environment. 35
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Matter is Matter is Recycled!Recycled!•Unlike energy, matter is
recycled in the environment.•Matter cycles from one organism to another.
•Elements like nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus are RECYCLED in the environment
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Nutrients are recycled in the Nutrients are recycled in the environment.environment.
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Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen is used by living Nitrogen is used by living organismsorganisms to produce a to produce a number of complex organic number of complex organic molecules like molecules like amino acids, amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.proteins, and nucleic acids.
• The largest amount of The largest amount of nitrogen is found in the nitrogen is found in the atmosphereatmosphere where it exists where it exists as a gas (mainly N2).as a gas (mainly N2).
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Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle• All living organisms are based on the All living organisms are based on the
carbon atom.carbon atom. • EcosystemsEcosystems : :carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide from the
atmosphereatmosphere• A number of A number of autotrophic organismsautotrophic organisms
(PLANTS) have specialized mechanisms (PLANTS) have specialized mechanisms that allow for that allow for absorption of this gasabsorption of this gas into carbohydrates.into carbohydrates.
• Some of the Some of the organic matter produced organic matter produced in plants is passed down to in plants is passed down to heterotrophic animals through heterotrophic animals through consumptionconsumption. .
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• These molecules can then be These molecules can then be chemically modified by these chemically modified by these organisms through the organisms through the metabolic additionmetabolic addition of other of other elements to produce more elements to produce more complex compounds like complex compounds like proteins, cellulose, and amino proteins, cellulose, and amino acidsacids. .
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Fire is important part of the Carbon Cycle. Why?Clip
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Falling Falling leaves are an leaves are an important important part of the part of the carbon carbon cycle. Why?cycle. Why?
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Phosphorous CycleClip
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Natural factors affecting Habitat that are positive or negative
• Extreme Cold
• Fires
• Heavy Snow
• Drought
• Overpopulation
• Flood
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Carrying CapacityCarrying CapacityThe maximum
number of individuals of a population that can be supported by the environment
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Succession in the OceanStep 1Step 1: Whale dies: Whale dies
Step 2Step 2: Scavengers & decomposers feed on : Scavengers & decomposers feed on bodybody
Step 3Step 3: Rest of whale provides nutrients for: Rest of whale provides nutrients for
sediments which attracts many sediments which attracts many sedimentsediment
dwellers.dwellers.
Step 4Step 4: Only skeleton remains- bacteria : Only skeleton remains- bacteria feeds onfeeds on
skeleton and releases chemicals for skeleton and releases chemicals for otherother
bacteria to live on.bacteria to live on.
