1 2011 When Food Makes You Sick - A Globalalpindonesia.org/berita/download/1_ALPI-BERCA_2011_When... · 2011. 9. 14. · 1985 USA & Canada Aldicarb in Watermelons 1986 Italy Ethylene

When Food Makes YouWhen Food Makes You Sick – A Global Reaction

to Tainted Food

Agilent Food Safety Seminar

VLSVLS Vogon Laboratory ServicesAnalytical Consulting

Calgary, Alberta, Canada

VLSVLS Vogon Laboratory ServicesAnalytical Consulting 2

Adulterants in Foods

• Natural

• Accidental

• Deliberate

• Proficiency Testing



Examples of Food Outbreaks

Year Country Incident1985 USA & Canada Aldicarb in Watermelons1986 Italy Ethylene Glycol in Wine1987 Canada Domoic Acid in Shellfish1987 Canada Domoic Acid in Shellfish1999 Belgium Dioxins in Animal Feed1999 Belgium Coca-Cola2004 Kenya Mycotoxins2007 China Melamine in Pet Food2008 China Melamine in Soy and

Milk Products



Algal Blooms

Southern England 1999

River in Sichuan, China.


Domoic Acid in Shellfish• Marine biotoxins that accumulate in shellfish• Algae bloomsAlgae blooms• Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)

Unknown in Canada until 1987• Unknown in Canada until 1987• 4 deaths


TimelineNRC Halifax 1987NRC Halifax 1987Date EventNov. 11 – Dec. 12 156 cases of intoxication linked to

eating of mussels in Prince Edward Island

Vomiting, cramps, diarrhea,confusion, memory loss with 48 hours

Toxicity detected using mouse Symptoms were veryToxicity detected using mouse bioassay for PSP

Symptoms were very different from PSP

Early December Efforts to identify toxic agent Failed

Friday Dec 11 Dedicated effort to isolate and Success in 104 hours ofFriday Dec 11 Dedicated effort to isolate and characterize toxins

Success in 104 hours of round-the clock effort

Thu Dec 17 Toxin identified as domoic acid

Jan 1988 HP 1090/DAD quantitativeJan 1988 HP 1090/DAD quantitative analysis developed


Health Canada Natural Toxins• http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/chem-

chim/toxin-natur/index-eng.phpg p p


Red Tide Warning - Example



Mycotoxin General Info• Toxins produced by moulds; > 300 known• Teratogenic mutagenic carcinogenicTeratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic• Small amounts are unavoidable

Monitoring of domestic and imported foods• Monitoring of domestic and imported foods• Aflatoxins (peanuts and corn; milk; 15-300 ppb)

Pat lin (apple j ice)• Patulin (apple juice)• Vomitoxin (grains and corn; 1-10 ppm)• Fumonisins (corn; 2 4 ppm)• Fumonisins (corn; 2-4 ppm)• Ochratoxin A (cereal grains; 20 ppb)


Aflatoxin B1 Metabolic Pathways


Regs and Guidelines• Worldwide – FAO 2003• Canada and USACanada and USA

• Tables 1 and 2• http://www inspection gc ca/english/anima/feebet/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/feebet/

pol/mycoe.shtml

• “The ideal goal is to eliminate mycotoxinsfrom the food chain. However, on the ,practical level, this is not possible.”


Various Regulations


Mycotoxin Outbreaks• India 1995

• http://wageningenacademic.metapress.com/content/1n4v025gr307t314/

• An outbreak of acute foodborne disease caused by fumonisin was reported in south India during 1995fumonisin was reported in south India during 1995 affecting 1,424 people due to contaminated sorghum and maize. Th tb k ti t b i ifi t h lth• These outbreaks continue to be a significant health problem of people in India, because their poor purchasing power compels them to consume contaminated food.


Mycotoxin Outbreaks• Kenya 2004

• http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/chemicals/pdfs/mmhttp://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/chemicals/pdfs/mmwr5334p790.pdf

• 125 people died following a major outbreak of aflatoxicosis in the eastern and central provinces of Kenya. Three hundred and seventeen cases were reported and most were linked to aflatoxinwere reported, and most were linked to aflatoxinpoisoning from contaminated maize.

• Fatality rate = 39%Fatality rate 39%


Mycotoxin Outbreaks• USA 2005

• More than 75 dogs died in the United States after consuming pet food contaminated with aflatoxins, and hundreds more experienced severe liver problems associated with the intoxication.

• The contaminated pet food was shipped to 22 different states and at least 29 different countries. Th id d i th t f ll d thi t i t• The widespread panic that followed this tragic event motivated many pet food companies to set-up routine testing services for aflatoxins


Application Notes – 1993 vs 2010• Analysis of Mycotoxins by HPLC with

Automated Confirmation by Spectral y pLibrary (1993)

• Sensitive Femtogram Determination ofSensitive Femtogram Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in Food Matrices using Triple Quadrupole LC/MS g p p(2010)


Application Notes – 1993 vs 2010

1993 Single Quad 2010 Triple Quad

• 50 g extracted with 250 mL chloroform• 50 mL extract 150-mL chloroform column cleanup

• 10 g extracted with 40 mL ACN-water• 0.8 mL solid phase dispersive cleanup• 0.4 mL diluted to 1 mL final volume


p• Evaporation and solvent exchange • 5 pg


Emerging Concerns - Asia• Phthalates

• PlasticisersPlasticisers• Food packaging• Clouding agents in juices and sport drinks• Clouding agents in juices and sport drinks


Emerging Concerns - Asia• Phthalates

• “Avoid Korean noodles” – Malaysia HealthAvoid Korean noodles Malaysia Health Minister

• Ingredients from Taiwan for bubble teaIngredients from Taiwan for bubble tea


Emerging Concerns - Asia• Nitrites

• High levels in edible birds’ nestsHigh levels in edible birds nests• Ingredients imported from Malaysia• Average levels of 4 400 mg/kg (70 allowed)• Average levels of 4,400 mg/kg (70 allowed)• Carcinogenic


Melamine• High in nitrogen• Added to protein products to increaseAdded to protein products to increase

apparent protein content• Not permitted for use in foods or animal feed• Not permitted for use in foods or animal feed

in Canada• 0 5 ppm MRL in infant foods0.5 ppm MRL in infant foods• 2.5 ppm MRL in other foods containing milk

• Melamine and cyanuric acid together cause• Melamine and cyanuric acid together cause kidney failure


Compounds


Melamine in Pet Food• September 2006

• Contaminated wheat gluten shipped from China

N b 2006• November 2006 • Canadian company starts using contaminated product from China

• December 2006• December 2006• First reports of pet deaths

• March 2007• 1 in 6 pets die after consuming affected products• Initial recall of 60,000,000 units

• April 2007• April 2007• 3 chemicals identified, including cyanuric acid• South Africa bans gluten imports from China• Chemical found in hog feed in USA


Chemical found in hog feed in USA

Melamine in Soy and Infant F dFoods• March 2008March 2008

• Initial complaint

• September 2008 • 40,000 cases of kidney stones in infants in China• 3 deaths

• September 2008September 2008• Powdered milk formula• Canada starts testing products of infant-food

B d t h f d t f Chi T i S i L k d• Border watch for products from China, Taiwan, Sri Lanka and Malaysia

• Discontinued in February 2009 due to high compliance


ConclusionsAdulterants come from many sources

Choose the appropriate tooly pp p

Requirements Instrument

1. Detect QQQ / QTOF

2. Identify QTOF

3. Quantitate QQQ


Food Safety Solutions 2011



Application Notes

5989‐9949EN



Laboratory Networks• Canada

• Food Emergency Response System (FERS)Food Emergency Response System (FERS)• USA

• Food Emergency Response Network (FERN)Food Emergency Response Network (FERN)• Europe

• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)






HACCP• Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point

• Developed by the Codex AlimentariusDeveloped by the Codex AlimentariusCommission

• International recognition• System is responsibility of the establishment

• Critical Control Point (CCP)( )• A point or a step at which a control measure can

be applied and a food safety hazard can be prevented, eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level.


HACCPBi l i l H d (B)• Biological Hazards (B)• mycotoxinsCh i l H d (C)• Chemical Hazards (C)• Naturally derived from plants or animals (e.g.

poisonous mushrooms)poisonous mushrooms)• Intentionally added (e.g. sodium nitrite, pesticides)• Contaminate the food accidentally (e.g. cleaning y ( g g

chemicals)• Cause individuals to experience an immune system

response (food allergens)response (food allergens)• Physical Hazards (P)

• Not normally found (e g glass fragments)


• Not normally found (e.g. glass fragments)

41

HACCP in Small and/or Less-Developed Food BusinessesDeveloped Food Businesses

• ftp://ftp fao org/docrep/fao/009/a0799e/a0799• ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0799e/a0799e00.pdf


HACCP in Small and/or Less-Developed Food BusinessesDeveloped Food Businesses• Brazil• CameroonCameroon• Canada• India• Ireland• Japan• Mexico• Mexico• The Netherlands• New Zealand• South Africa• Thailand

United Kingdom


• United Kingdom

43

HACCP - Canada• Three levels of government

• FederalFederal• Provincial• Municipalp

• Two strategies• Quality Management Program (QMP)Quality Management Program (QMP)

• Mandatory for fish processing sector• Food Safety Enhancement Program (FSEP)y g ( )

• Voluntary for agrifood sector


Canadian Food Inspection Agency

• Food Safety Enhancement Program Manual• http://www inspection gc ca/english/fssa/polstrat/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/polstrat/

haccp/manue/tablee.shtml


HACCP - Thailand• National policy

• Agricultural Commodity and Food Standards (ACFS)g y ( )• Food products for export

• Thai Food and Drug Administration (FDA)• Food products for domestic consumption

• Department of Health• Food service sector• Food service sector


Food Safety Solutions 2011


Training

HPLC + GC +

QQQ + Method

DevelopmentAnalytical Projects

QTOF

Ralph Hindlewww.vogonlabs.ca

Consulting


Documents

1 2011 When Food Makes You Sick - A Globalalpindonesia.org/berita/download/1_ALPI-BERCA_2011_When... · 2011. 9. 14. · 1985 USA & Canada Aldicarb in Watermelons 1986 Italy Ethylene