1

2002-03 TIPEvaluation Findings

Sarah Levy (Calibre)Carlos Barahona (University of

Reading)September 2003

2

Area cultivated by List A households 2002-03

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

South Centre North excl. Likoma

% o

f h

ou

seh

old

s

0 to 0.5 acres

> 0.5 to 1 acres

> 1 to 2 acres

> 2 to 3 acres

>3 to 5 acres

>5 to 6 acres

>10 acres

Source: Nyirongo et al: 2002-03 TIP Evaluation Module 1 (pre-harvest survey).

Note that in the southern region, 78% of List A households cultivated 2 acres or less (41% in the central region, 34% in the northern region)

3

Sources of income for smallholder households

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Crop sales Ganyu Smallbusinesses

Craft sales Livestock sales Remittances Pension Salary

% o

f h

ou

seh

old

s

% TIP recipients April-May 2001

% TIP recipients April-May 2002

% TIP recipients April-May 2003 (A list)

Source: Nyirongo et al: 2000-01 TIP Evaluation: Module 2 Part 1 survey; 2001-02 and 2002-03 TIP Evaluation Module 1 (pre-harvest survey).

4

Most commonly grown crops in 2002-03

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Maiz

e

Pumpk

ins

Leaf

y veg

etab

les

Groun

dnut

s

Sweet p

otat

oes

Okra

Cassa

vaFru

it

Tomat

oes

Pigeon

pea

s

Cucum

ber

Sugar

cane

Soybe

an

Groun

d be

ans

Sorgh

umBea

nsRice

Tobac

o

Cowpe

asM

illet

Onions

Potat

oes

Cabba

ge

Field

peas

Cotto

n

Gram

s

Egg p

lant

Paprik

a

% o

f fa

rmer

s g

row

ing

(L

ist

A)

5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Tobac

co

Cotto

n

Paprik

a

Cabba

ge

Tomat

oes

Rice

Europ

ean

pota

toes

Leaf

y veg

etab

les

Onion

s

Sugar

can

e

Sweet p

otat

oes

Field

pea

s

Cassa

va

Groun

dnut

sM

illet

Fruit

Summ

er b

eans

Soybe

ans

Mai

ze

Pigeo

n pe

as

%

List A (%)

List B (%)

Did not receive (%)

Proportion of households selling (of those who grew these crops)

Source: 2002-03 ETIP Evaluation: Food Production and Security Survey.

6

Maize production and the

TIP contribution 2002-03

• The average net contribution to household production was 159kg (3 bags+) for ‘A list’ beneficiaries and 87kg (just under 2 bags) for ‘B list’ beneficiaries, who received the inputs late

• Net contribution to national maize production estimated at 353,000 tonnes

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Smallholder maize production (main season) incl. from free inputs

1279 1273

0 353

14561647

1858

1421

499

354

75

40

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

'000

to

nn

es o

f m

aize Maize from

free inputs

Maize fromother inputs

Source: FEWS Malawi using Ministry of Agriculture crop estimate survey data. Figures on maize from free inputs (Starter Pack/TIP contribution) are from the Starter Pack and TIP Evaluation pre-harvest surveys.

8Source: Nyirongo et al: 2001-02 and 2002-03 TIP Evaluation Module 1 (pre-harvest survey).

Proportion of households buying maize

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% h

ouse

hold

s

2001-02

2002-03 (A list)

9

DOWA Maize price

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

Apr-9

9

Jun-

99

Aug-9

9

Oct-99

Dec-9

9

Feb-0

0

Apr-0

0

Jun-

00

Aug-0

0

Oct-00

Dec-0

0

Feb-0

1

Apr-0

1

Jun-

01

Aug-0

1

Oct-01

Dec-0

1

Feb-0

2

Apr-0

2

Jun-

02

Aug-0

2

Oct-02

Dec-0

2

Feb-0

3

Apr-0

3

MK

per

kg

Source: FEWS Malawi (using Ministry of Agriculture price data).

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Food insecurity

• Moderate indicators

1. Eating nsima from green maize (chitibu)

2. Eating madeya/gaga

3. Eating only fruit

4. Eating only vegetables

5. Eating only sugar cane

• Extreme indicators

1. Eating nsima from maize cobs

2. Eating only wild roots and tubers

3. Eating only wild fruit, mushrooms, etc

4. Eating nothing for the whole day

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Malawi food insecurity by month in 2001-02

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

% h

ou

seh

old

s

extremely food insecure

food insecure

Source: Nyirongo et al: 2001-02 TIP Evaluation Module 1 (pre-harvest survey).

12

Malawi food insecurity by month in 2002-03

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

% h

ou

seh

old

s

extremely food insecure

food insecure

Source: Nyirongo et al: 2002-03 TIP Evaluation Module 1 (pre-harvest survey).

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• Cost of production for TIP maize in 2002-03 was $43-48 per tonne (‘A list’ beneficiaries)

• Cost of imports was $220 per tonne

• Cost of food aid through WFP with NGO distribution was $450 per tonne

Cost of production on-farm vs.

cost of imports, food aid

14