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AUXILIARY OPERATIONAL SPECIALTY COURSE

SEAMANSHIP ( AUXSEA)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATIONUNITED STATES COAST GUARD AUXILIARY

DIRAUX ANNEX WEST7TH USCG DISTRICTMIAMI, FLORIDA

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CREDIT FOR GRAPHICSOur sincere thanks to the following federal

agencies for the use of their PUBLIC DOMAIN graphics:

DOC.NOAA, NWS

DOT, FAA, USCG, USCG AUX.

.

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CREDITS, CONT’DIn addition, we would like to thank those

Auxiliarists who generously contributed their time, expertise, talents and equipment to provide this course with valuable graphic works included

herein.

Linda Vetter, SO-OP D1 11-N

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PRODUCTION CREDITS

This Distance Learning Course was produced by William N. Seiler, Asst. Supervisor, Computer

Support Group, Training Presentations; Ed Rhea, Asst. to the Supervisor. and Jim Carol, Computer

Support Group Staff; Douglas Simpson, Supervisor, Computer Support Group, DIRAUX

WEST, Venice, Fl. and under the direction of Kevin Crawley, CDR, USCG, DIRAUX, USCG 7th

District, Miami, Fl. and is for GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL PURPPOSES ONLY.

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INTRODUCTIONSEAMANSHIP

1. Welcome to the Auxiliary Operational Specialty course SEAMANSHIP or AUXSEA.

2. The term SEAMANSHIP literally encompasses the entire subject of boating.

3. This is one of seven (7) courses leading to the coveted AUXOP rating and award of the badge.

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SEAMANSHIP

TEXTS – STUDY GUIDES-REFERENCES

1. REFERENCE TEXT: ANY VERSION OF “CHAPMAN’S SEAMANSHIP”.

2. STUDY THE SAME TOPIC IN THE STUDY GUIDE AND

IN CHAPMAN’S.

1. TEXT: P16794.41 115 APR 1992 WITH PROPER CHANGES.

2. FINAL EXAMINATION BASED ON STUDY QUESTIONS AT END OF EACH CHAPTER IN STUDY GUIDE.

3. SEE INSTRUCTOR AND MENTOR FOR FURTHER GUIDANCE.

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TERMINOLOGY AROUND A BOAT

1. BOW: The most foward portion of the main hull (the “pointy end”).

2. FOWARD: Towards (in the direction of) the Bow.

3. AHEAD: Hull motion relative to the bow.

4. STERN: Aftermost portion of the main hull; the back end of the vessel (the BLUNT end),

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TERMINOLOGY AROUND A BOATa. AFT: In the direction of the stern; towards the

back end of the boat.

b. ASTERN: Direction of hull motion relative to the stern; backing motion relative to the bow.

c. SIDES: Looking towards the bow, from the stern (on either side of the keel):

Side to your right is STARBOARD.

Side to your left is PORT.

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TERMINOLOGY AROUND A BOATPLEASE NOTE: There are NO “right” or left” sides on the water. There are only PORTs and STARBOARDs”.

d. BEAM: The widest point of the hull, gunwale to gunwale.

e. ATHWARTSHIP: Any measurement made from one side of the hull to the other at 90 degrees to the keel.

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TERMINOLOGYTERMS DENOTING HULL SHAPE

1. SHEER: The curve or sweep of the deck, from bow to stern, of a vessel when viewed from the side

2. FLARE: The outward curvature of the sides of the boat near the bow (looking head-on), which helps to keep the vessel’s decks drier.

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TERMINOLOGYHULL’S BOTTOM

1. FLAT: Little or NO lateral curvature when viewed from either the bow or the stern.

2. ROUND: When viewed from the bow or the stern, the sides show a definite “roundness” or curving down and inward from the deck towards the keel.

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TERMINOLOGYHULL’S BOTTOM TYPE

VEE: When viewed from the bow, the sides slope sharply towards the keel but have a tendency to flare out shortly after the bow and may continue do so up to the mid-point of the hull.

DEEP “V”: Carries the sharp “V” style much farther aft.

SHALLOW or SEMI-”V”: . “V” shallows out very rapidly aft of the bow.

NOTE: The deeper the “V” the softer the ride and the greater the directional control especially at LOW speeds.

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TWO BASIC HULL TYPES

1. DISPLACEMENT:

2. When loaded, sets low in the water. Flotation depends on the amount of water displaced by hull. Water displaced >/= weight of the vessel. Usually slower vessel.

3. PLANING: Sets on top of the water. Fast moving. Flotation does not depend as much on amount of water displaced by the hull. Load capabilities from dynamic actions with the hull’s bottom and the water surface.

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DISPLACEMENT HULLS

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PLANING HULL

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TWO BASIC CABIN STYLES

1. TRUNK : Does not extend fully from gunwale to gunwale; has walking space on both sides.

2. RAISED DECK: Does extend all the way, from gunwale to gunwale; NO walking space on either side.

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OTHER BOATING TERMS1. KEELSON: A timber ( can also be of metal) fastened

along the top of the keel, inside of the hull.

2. LIMBER HOLES: Passages cut into the area next to the keel to allow water to properly flow to it’s lowest point, to be pumped out.

3. KING POST: The spoke of a steering wheel that is vertical when the rudder is exactly centered along the keel.

4. THWART: A transverse seat generally in a rowing craft.

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OTHER BOATING TERMS

BOOTOP: The general area of the exterior hull at the waterline.

THWART STANCHION: A vertical support (stanchion) for a transverse seat (thwart).

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OTHER BOATING TERMS

BOAT MOTIONS

PITCH: The “UP” and “DOWN” vertical motion of the bow as the boat rotates around it’s lateral axis.

ROLL: The gunwale–to - gunwale motion of the hull as it rotates around it’s longitudinal axis.

YAW: The swinging motion of the bow from side to side, as the hull rotates around it’s vertical axis.

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DANGEROUS BOATING MOTIONSBROACH: Downhill; fairly high speed. Bow sharply digs under the surface. Floods or significantly washes main decks.

CAPSIZING: Vessel rolls over bottom up; difficult or impossible recovery.

PITCHPOLING: Commonly following a BROACH and loss of directional control. Bow plunges deep; turns sharply to one side; vessel rolls and capsizes. Violent potentially lethal maneuver.

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SAILBOAT CONFIGURATION

IDENTIFICATION DEPENDS UPON THE NUMBER OF MASTS AND SAILS AND

WHERE PLACED.

1. The graphics which follow are highly simplified examples.

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CATBOAT CONFIGURATION

CATBOAT:

Single mast; One mainsail Marconi or Gaff

Mainsail

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SLOOP CONFIGURATION

SLOOP: Single mast; mainsail and jib.

Mainsail Jib

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KETCH CONFIGURATION

Two masts; smaller aft; after mast ahead of steering station

STEERING STATION

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YAWL CONFIGURATION

Two masts; smaller BEHIND the steering station

STEERING STATION

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SCHOONER CONFIGURATION

SCHOONER: At least two masts; Main is aft and taller. Foremast is foward. May carry many sails.

ForemastMAIN

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SEAMANSHIP BOAT BUILDING MATERIALS

Five (5) materials considered

1. FIBERGLASS

2. WOOD

3. STEEL

4. ALUMINUM

5. FABRIC

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FIBERGLASSDEFINITION:

STRANDS OF GLASS, SATURATED WITH RESIN and allowed TO PROPERLY DRY AND CURE

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TYPES OF FIBERGLAS

CHOPPED STRANDS

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FIBERGLASS

1. MOST POPULAR building material

2. REASON FOR PRIMARY CHOICE:

EASE OF MAINTENANCE

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TERMINOLOGY

A fiberglass hull is composed of matting, roving, cloth and strands of fiberglass saturated with plastic resin(s); very similar to steel-reinforced concrete.

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ADVANTAGES OF FIBERGLASSIMPERVIOUS TO MARINE ANIMALS, WORMS / BORERS

(NOT GROWTH.)

1. NO DRY ROT

2. FEW OR NO SEAMS / JOINTS

3. NO LEAKS FROM SEAMS / JOINTS

4. COLOR MOLDED IN

5. STRONG

6. MOLD INTO ALMOST ANY SHAPE

7. LOW MAINTENANCE

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DISADVANTAGES OF FIBERGLASS

1. HEAVIER THAN WATER: READILY SINKS

2. EASIER TO COVER UP SHODDY WORKMANSHIP

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TWO KINDS OF RESINS 1. POLYESTER:

VERSATILE

EASY TO WORK WITH/ HANDLE

INEXPENSIVE

2. EPOXIES:

STRONGER

MORE EXPENSIVE

MORE DIFFICULT TO WORK WITH.

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RESIN ADDITIVES

1. Hardeners: HARDEN THE RESIN

2. Driers: CONTROL THE CURING TIME

3. Fire Suppressants: MAKE THE RESIN FIRE RETARDANT

4. ALL RESINS: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE

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MOLDS

MALE MOLD: PLUG: Exact size, shape of object to mold

FEMALE MOLD: CAVITY MOLD

USED FOR HAND-LAYUP

CHOPPED STRAND

NOTE: Gel Coat applied first, to the inside of the female mold.

BLOWGUN PROCESS: Fastest, smoothest results

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MOLDSMATCHED DIE: MALE / FEMALE MOLDS

CLAMPED TOGETHER

LAMINATE USED BETWEEN (SANDWICHED)

BALSA WOOD

FOAMED PLASTICS

PLYWOOD

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WOOD

CONSIDERATION FOR USE

1. STRENGTH

2. AVAILABILITY

3. WORKABILITY

4. WATER ABSORPTION

5. LEAST NOISY

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WOOD CONSTRUCTION

MORE DECAY RESISTANT:

HARD WOODS:

ASH, MAHOGANY, TEAK, OAK

LESS DECAY RESISTANT:

SOFTER WOODS:

CEDAR, FIR, PINE

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WOOD DISADVANTAGES

1. NUMBER ONE: DRY ROT

2. HIGHLY SUCEPTIBLE TO: WORMS, BORERS

3. ABSORBS WATER

4. EASILY DAMAGED

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STEEL CONSTRUCTION

DISADVANTAGES

1. QUICK DETERIORATION

2. CONSIDERABLE CONTINUOUS MAINTENANCE

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STEEL CONSTRUCTION

ADVANTAGES

1. STRONGEST STRENGTH – TO – WEIGHT RATIO

2. STIFF \ RESISTANT TO:

IMPACT – FATIGUE - ABRASION

3. LESS NOISY THAN ALL BUT WOOD

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ALUMINUM CONSTRUCTION

ADVANTAGES

1. LIGHT WEIGHT

2. IMPERVIOUS TO MARINE ANIMALS

( NOT GROWTH )

3. FAIRLY EASY TO FORM

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ALUMINUM CONSTRUCTION

DISADVANTAGES

1. SUSCEPTIBLE TO ELECTROLYSIS

2. HEAT CONDUCTOR

3. NOISY

4. EASY TO DAMAGE

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STEERING SYSTEMSTILLER

A SIMPLE RUDDER POST WITH A HANDLE ON TOP OF IT, BY WHICH TO STEER.

The most simple of all steering systems

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THE SIMPLE TILLER

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STEERING SYSTEMSDRUM & CABLE

A DRUM IS ATTACHED TO A STEERING WHEEL. A CABLE IS WOUND AROUND THE DRUM; FED THROUGH A SERIES OF PULLEYS FOR SUSPENSION, THEN TO EACH SIDE OF A YOKE ATTACHED TO A RUDDER POST. TURNING THE STEERING WHEEL ACUTATES THE STEERING.

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DRUM & CABLE SYSTEM

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STEERING SYSTEMSSPROCKET & CHAIN

IF YOU REPLACE THE DRUM IN THE DRUM & CABLE WITH A SPROCKET, THE TWO SYSTEMS WORK ALMOST IDENTICALLY.

THE SPROCKET AND CHAIN IS BUILT FOR HEAVIER BOATS AND GREATER WORKLOADS.

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RACK & PINION

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RACK & PINIONTHE STEERING CABLE IS ENCLOSED IN A CONDUIT . A PINION GEAR IS ATTACHED TO THE END OF THE STEERING SHAFT AND TO ONE END OF A RACK WHICH ATTACHES TO THE OTHER END OF THE CABLE.

THE CABLE ALSO ATTACHES TO THE RUDDER POST OR THE OUTBOARD ENGINE.

TURNING THE WHEEL TRANSLATES INTO TURNING THE RUDDER OR THE OUTBOARD ENGINE.

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STEERING SYSTEMSGEAR & SHAFT

NORMALLY NOT FOUND ON SMALL BOATS:

A series of worm and bevel gears are attached to a steering shaft which again, like the RACK & PINION , translates the directional forces into steerage. This system is for strong, powerful, heavy applied loads such as those on large ocean going vessels.

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GEAR & SHAFTLARGER VESSELS

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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

SIMILAR TO THOSE FOUND ON AUTOMOBILES. HYDRAULIC FLUID, UNDER PRESSURE, ACTUATES STEERING CABLE CHANGES WHICH ARE TRANSLATED INTO TURNING MOTIONS OF THE RUDDER OR OUTBOARD.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 1

1. A sloop is a sailboat with _______

` a. a single mast, with a mainsail and a jib

b. two masts, the aftermast being shorter

than the foreword mast.

c. a single mast rigged to hoist only one sail.

d. two or more masts; the aftermast taller than

the foreword mast.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 2

2. A fiberglass hull is constructed of strands and layers of fiberglass ______________

a. bonded with hydraulic cement.

b. saturated with latex cement.

c. saturated with resin.

d. reinforced with steel mesh.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 33. On a strength-to-weight ratio, sheet steel

is_________________

a. stronger than fiberglass

b. equal to wood

c. weaker than aluminum

d. equal to fiberglass

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 44. Steel boat hulls___________________

a. require considerable maintenance

b. require no protective painting for growths

c. have a higher strength-to-weight ratio than

wood and aluminum but not fiberglass.

d. are less noisy than all other boat building

materials.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 5

5. The simplest type of steering mechanism for a boat is the____________________

a. rack and pinion

b. drum and cable

c. sprocket and chain

d. tiller

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 6

6. Limber holes____________________

a. permit water to pass through a boat’s

frame.

b. provide finger holds for lifting

floor boards.

c. provide ventilation in holds.

d. are used to inspect the bilges.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 77. The curve or sweep of a vessel, as viewed from the side is called the ______

a. freeboard

b boot top

c. sheer

d. tumble home

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 88. The outward curvature of the sides of the hull, near the bow, that is used to keep the deck drier, is called the_________________

a. sheer

b. freeboard

c. trunk

d. flare

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 9

9. The use of two or more different materials, when constructing the hull, is called_____construction.

a. layered

b. multiple

c. composite

d. feathered

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REVIEW QUESTIONS NO. 10

10. The top advantage of a steel hull is_______

a. it’s weight

b. it is quieter

c. it is easier to maintain

d. it is fire proof

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END CHAPTER 1