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1. Compare and contrast Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

2. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells – You may use Venn Diagram to help in

making the comparison Plan for today:

work on 7.1- 1 & 3; 7.2- 1, 4, & 5Work on analogy……or finish notes

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Tuesday already! 10/6 Bellwork

1. What are eukaryotes and give 4 examples?

2. Which is more complex --- prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

3. Name the 3 basic parts of all eukaryotic cells.

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Bellwork 10/8Bellwork 10/8 Life is Good! Life is Good!

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Solution A: Egg swells to about twice its original size. Solution B: Egg absorbs bright green color, but remains original size.Solution C: Egg shrivels to about half of its original size.Solution D: Egg remains largely unchanged.

A typical egg contains about 2% dissolved solids. Douglas places de-shelled eggs in four unknown solutions provided by his biology teacher. Based on this fact, predict which solution contains 10% saltwater, from the observations of the egg.

A) Solution A

B) Solution B

C) Solution C

D) Solution D

1. Make a sketch of a cell and label the following: cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, vacuole, nucleus, and mitochondria.

2. The cell membranes are made of a double layer of_________ and _______. Make a sketch of this.

3. What are 3 types of cells with cell walls and what makes up the cell wall of each of these.

4. What is the function of membrane proteins?5. Where is the cell membrane in plants found?6. If a cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall

whenever the cell loses water what happens to the plant cell?

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Quiz—Please get out a piece of paper and answer the following.

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Sponges, members of the phylum Porifera, Sponges, members of the phylum Porifera, are sessile filter feeders that lack tissues or are sessile filter feeders that lack tissues or organs. Instead, specialized cells have organs. Instead, specialized cells have unique functions like ingesting food, unique functions like ingesting food, support, and reproduction. Such support, and reproduction. Such specialization within a sponge body is a specialization within a sponge body is a result ofresult ofA) cytokinesis.A) cytokinesis.

B) cell cleavage. B) cell cleavage.

C) cell differentiation.C) cell differentiation.

D) gamete D) gamete fertilization.fertilization.

Cell Analogy Project

Objectives• Relate cell to familiar

object• Demonstrate knowledge

of cells part by relating to object or place

• Identify how cell part play important roles in cell

• Relate structures and functions

HOW it will be graded

• 70 points from rough drafts

• 7 drafts at 10 points each

• 1 sentences explaining relationship = 2 points

• 2 sentences relating how they function similarly= 4 points

• 2 sentences relating how they have similar structures= 4 points

Cell Analogy Project

Final draft 20points• 5 points = typed one

sentences explaining the relationship per paragraph

• 10 points = typed 2-3 sentences explaining the relationship

• 15 points = typed 3-4 sentences explaining the relationships

• 20 points= correct format 8 paragraph each having 5+ sentences explaining the relationships includes introduction

Presentation • 5 point= reading

analogy from final• 10 points= student uses

notecard s for presentation on occasion

• 15 points= student looks at audience and give presentation occasionally looking at notecards

• 20 points= student is dress and gives presentation with minimal aid of notes

Cell analogy project

Visual aid (Bonus)• 5 points = poster board

with small pictures of cell parts or object

• 10 points = poster board with pictures of both cell parts and comparison object

• 15 points= large visual aid that is easy to read and follow

• 20 points= student uses color and organizes visual aid to show relationships

Total project is worth 110 points

• Rough drafts 70 points• Final version 20 points• Presentation 20 points• Visual aid (bonus) 20

points• All students will have

different objects.

Example

Cell parts• Mitochondria• Cell membrane• Nucleus• Cytoplasm• Ribosome• Cell wall• Chloroplast

Human body• Digestive track• Skin• Skull• Blood• Nerves• Bones• Fat cells

Cell Analogy Project—Due Monday

• Format: • 1: The first sentence should describe the

analogy, for example, mitochondria is like the furnace in a house.

• 2-4: The second, third, and fourth sentences should describe that specific part of the cell in scientific terms.

• 5-6: The fifth and sixth sentences should describe that specific part of the analogy.

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The Plasma The Plasma MembraneMembrane -

Gateway to the CellGateway to the Cell

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Photograph of a Cell Photograph of a Cell MembraneMembrane

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Cell MembraneCell Membrane

The cell membrane is flexibleflexible and allows a unicellular organism to move

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HomeostasisHomeostasis

•Balanced internal condition of cells

•Also called equilibrium•Maintained by plasma

membrane controlling what enters & leaves the cell

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Functions of Plasma Functions of Plasma MembraneMembrane

Protective barrierProtective barrier

Regulate transport in & out of Regulate transport in & out of cell cell (selectively permeable)(selectively permeable)

Allow cell recognitionAllow cell recognition

Provide anchoring sites for Provide anchoring sites for filaments filaments of cytoskeletonof cytoskeleton

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Functions of Plasma Functions of Plasma MembraneMembrane

Provide a binding site for Provide a binding site for enzymesenzymes

Interlocking surfaces bind cells Interlocking surfaces bind cells together (junctions)together (junctions)

Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell) cell)

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Structure of the Structure of the Cell MembraneCell Membrane

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PhospholipidsPhospholipids

CholesterolCholesterol

Proteins(peripheral and integral)Carbohydrates (glucose)

Membrane ComponentsMembrane Components

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PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Make up the cell membrane

Contains 2 fatty acid chains that are nonpolarHead is polar & contains a –PO4 group & glycerol

Bellwork 10/13 Good Tuesday to you

• Using the concept of osmosis, explain why water is sprayed over produce in a grocery store. How might this change the appearance of the produce, and why would this change be desirable? Use the principles of osmosis to explain what happened.

• Turn in bellwork when finished.

• Find your poster (if you made one) be sure your name is on it!!!!

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 Which box depicts the tissue level of organization?

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A) P

B)

Q

C)

R

D)

S

Homework during break• Homework during break: Read over

Chapter 7 and study it outline study the highlighted words. 1. Complete 7.3 and 7.4—all questions.2. Describe an experiment of your choice

and identify the IV, DV & Control

• Know: Osmosis, diffusion, selectively permeable, the organelles of a cell, Scientific Method; IV, DV, and Control of an experiment, safety in the lab, and lab tools,

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FLUIDFLUID- because individual phospholipids and - because individual phospholipids and proteins can move around freely within the proteins can move around freely within the layer, like it’s a liquid.layer, like it’s a liquid.

MOSAICMOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by - because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from abovemembrane is viewed from above..

FLUID MOSAIC MODELFLUID MOSAIC MODEL

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Polar heads are hydrophilichydrophilic “water loving”Nonpolar tails are hydrophobichydrophobic “water fearing”

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Makes membrane “Selective” in what crosses

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Small molecules and larger hydrophobic molecules move through easily.e.g. O2, CO2, H2O

Semipermeable Semipermeable MembraneMembrane

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Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than water, and large molecules such as proteins do not move through the membrane on their own.

Semipermeable Semipermeable MembraneMembrane

Figure 5.10

Sugarmolecule

Lowerconcentrationof solute (sugar)

Higherconcentrationof solute

H2O

Selectivelypermeablemembrane

More similar concen-trations of solute

Osmosis

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Bellwork 10/19 Good Day to you

Figure 5.10a

Sugarmolecule

Lowerconcentrationof solute (sugar)

Higherconcentrationof solute

H2O

Predict what you think will happen to the water levels on either side of the semi permeable membrane.

Figure 5.10a

Sugarmolecule

Lowerconcentrationof solute (sugar)

Higherconcentrationof solute

H2O

More similar concen-trations of solute

hypotonic

hypertonic

isotonic

The Plan • USATestprep 3 assignments 2 due

Wed, the last due Friday. EC if completed by tomorrow for the first two.

• Benchmark Wed. Need to know: – Safety in the lab– Experimental design– Hierarchy/organization (atom, molecules,

cells, etc.– Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes– Bacteria vs Plant vs animal vs fungal vs

protist– Cells—organelles, cell membrane and

transport— osmosis hypo, hyper and isotonic 37

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Simple DiffusionSimple Diffusion

• Requires NONO energy

• Molecules move from area of HIGH HIGH to LOWto LOW concentration

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DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION

Diffusion is a PASSIVEPASSIVE process which means no energy is used to make the molecules move, they have a natural KINETIC ENERGY

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Diffusion of LiquidsDiffusion of Liquids

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Diffusion through a Diffusion through a MembraneMembrane

Cell membrane

Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to LOW)

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OsmosisOsmosis• Diffusion of Diffusion of

waterwater across a across a membranemembrane

• Moves fromMoves from HIGH water HIGH water potentialpotential (low (low solute) tosolute) to LOW LOW water potentialwater potential (high solute)(high solute)

Diffusion across a membrane

Semipermeable

membrane

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Diffusion of HDiffusion of H22O Across O Across A MembraneA Membrane

High H2O potentialLow solute concentration

Low H2O potentialHigh solute concentration

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AquaporinsAquaporins• Water Channels• Protein pores used during

OSMOSISWATERMOLECULES

Bellwork 10/20

• Sketch a picture of a cell in an isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic environment and show the direction of water movement.

• Don’t forget do the USATestprep assignments—by midnight tonight, EC

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Benchmark test tomorrow

• Review your notes—qual vs quantatative

• Review Chapters 1, 2, & 7 in your book

• Will count as a grade.• Tropism—

– Photo, geo, thigmo, hydro

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Cell in Isotonic SolutionCell in Isotonic Solution

CELLCELL

10% NaCL90% H2O

10% NaCL

90% H2O

What is the direction of water movement?The cell is at _______________.equilibrium

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

NO NET NO NET MOVEMENMOVEMENTT

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Cell in Hypotonic Cell in Hypotonic SolutionSolution

CELLCELL

10% NaCL90% H2O

20% NaCL

80% H2O

What is the direction of water movement?

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Cell in Hypertonic Cell in Hypertonic SolutionSolution

CELLCELL

15% NaCL85% H2O

5% NaCL95% H2O

What is the direction of water movement?

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

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Cells in SolutionsCells in Solutions

Bellwork 10/22

• Please answer all parts of question #2 on page 213.

Transport• Active• Facilitated diffusion• Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic• Oxygen, CO2• Osmosis

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• Proteins and ATP• Na/K Pump• Endocytosis

&Exocytosis• Passive• Glucose transport

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Benchmark

• You may retake the benchmark on your own time. This will be another grade in the grade book or an average of the two.

• Here is your code: JANAROZOXE• You will have until 10/29 to retake

it. After that time your original score will replace the retake score.

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Plan

• Tomorrow— Chapter 7 test.• If you want to do well: Reread the

chapter, take notes, study those notes rewrite the assessment questions read the back of the chapter review—do the chapter review. It is not a secret!

• PPT notes online to finish up…58

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Isotonic Solution

NO NET MOVEMENT OF

H2O (equal amounts entering

& leaving)

Hypotonic Solution

CYTOLYSIS

Hypertonic Solution

PLASMOLYSIS

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Cytolysis & PlasmolysisCytolysis & Plasmolysis

Cytolysis Plasmolysis

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Osmosis in Red Blood Osmosis in Red Blood CellsCells

IsotonicIsotonic Hypotonic

Hypertonic

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hypotonic hypertonic isotonic

hypertonic isotonic hypotonic

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Three Forms of Transport Across the MembraneThree Forms of Transport Across the Membrane

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Passive Passive TransportTransport

Simple DiffusionSimple Diffusion

Doesn’tDoesn’t require require energyenergy

Moves Moves high to lowhigh to low concentrationconcentration Example: Example: OxygenOxygen or or waterwater diffusing into a diffusing into a cell and cell and carbon carbon dioxidedioxide diffusing out diffusing out.

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Passive Passive TransportTransport

Facilitated diffusion

Doesn’t require energy

Uses transport proteins to move high to low concentrationExamples: Examples: GlucoseGlucose or or amino acidsamino acids moving moving from blood into a from blood into a cell.cell.

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Types of Transport Types of Transport ProteinsProteins

• Channel proteins are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross

• Carrier proteins can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other

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Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Molecules will randomly move Molecules will randomly move through the through the porespores in in Channel Channel ProteinsProteins..

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Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

• SomeSome Carrier Carrier proteinsproteins do not do not extend through the extend through the membrane.membrane.

• They They bond and bond and drag moleculesdrag molecules through the lipid through the lipid bilayer and release bilayer and release them on the them on the opposite side.opposite side.

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Carrier ProteinsCarrier Proteins• Other carrier Other carrier

proteins proteins change shapechange shape to move to move materials materials across the cell across the cell membranemembrane

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Active TransportActive Transport

Requires energy or ATP

Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentration

AGAINST concentration gradient

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Active transportActive transport

Examples: Pumping Na+ (sodium ions) out and K+ (potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.

Called Na+-K+ Pump

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Sodium-Potassium Sodium-Potassium PumpPump

3 Na+ pumped in for every 2 K+ pumped out; creates a membrane

potential

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Moving the “Big Stuff”Moving the “Big Stuff”

Molecules are Molecules are moved outmoved out of the cell by of the cell by vesiclesvesicles that that fusefuse with the plasma membrane. with the plasma membrane.

ExocytosExocytosisis-

moving things out.

This is how many This is how many hormoneshormones are secreted and how are secreted and how nerve cellsnerve cells communicate with one another communicate with one another.

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ExocytosisExocytosisExocytic Exocytic vesicle vesicle immediately immediately after fusion after fusion with plasma with plasma membrane.membrane.

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Moving the “Big Moving the “Big Stuff”Stuff”Large molecules move materials into the Large molecules move materials into the

cell by one of cell by one of three forms of endocytosisthree forms of endocytosis.

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PinocytosisPinocytosis

Most Most commoncommon form of endocytosis form of endocytosis. Takes in Takes in dissolveddissolved molecules as a molecules as a vesiclevesicle.

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PinocytosisPinocytosis

• Cell forms an Cell forms an invaginationinvagination

• Materials Materials dissolve in dissolve in waterwater to be to be brought into brought into cellcell

• Called Called “Cell “Cell Drinking”Drinking”

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Example of Example of PinocytosisPinocytosispinocytic vesicles forming mature transport vesicle

Transport across a capillary cell (blue).

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Receptor-Mediated EndocytosisReceptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Some Some integral proteinsintegral proteins have have receptorsreceptors on their surface to on their surface to recognize & take in recognize & take in hormones, hormones, cholesterolcholesterol, etc., etc.

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Receptor-Mediated EndocytosisReceptor-Mediated Endocytosis

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Endocytosis – Phagocytosis Endocytosis – Phagocytosis

Used to Used to engulf large particlesengulf large particles such such as food, as food, bacteriabacteria, etc. into vesicles, etc. into vesicles

Called Called “Cell Eating”“Cell Eating”

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Phagocytosis About to OccurPhagocytosis About to Occur

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PhagocytoPhagocytosissis - Capture of a Yeast Cell (yellow) by Membrane Extensions of an Immune System Cell (blue)

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ExocytosisExocytosis The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large moleculesLarge molecules that are manufactured in that are manufactured in

the cell are the cell are releasedreleased through the cell through the cell membranemembrane..

Inside Cell Cell environment

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