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1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Thoracic cavity

Abdominalcavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Abdominopelviccavity

Abdominalcavity

Pelvic cavity

Right pleuralcavity Mediastinum

Left pleural cavityPericardialcavity

Diaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoraciccavity

(b)

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Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes

Thoracic Membranes• Visceral pleura• Parietal pleura• Visceral pericardium• Parietal pericardium

• Visceral layer – covers an organ• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Abdominopelvic Membranes• Parietal peritoneum• Visceral peritoneum• Parietal perineum• Visceral perineum

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1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

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1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Integumentary system

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Anatomical Terminology:Orientation and Directional Terms

• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):• Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal)• Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal)• Medial versus Lateral• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral• Proximal versus Distal• Superficial versus Deep• Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes

• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right

portions

• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions

• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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Body Sections

A section along a frontalplane

A section along a transverseplane

A section along themedian plane

Transverse(horizontal)plane

Frontal(coronal)plane

Parasagittalplane

Median(midsagittal)plane

Body Sections

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(a) (b) (c)

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Other Body Sections

(a) (b) (c)

Cross-section

Oblique section

Longitudinal

section

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Abdominal Subdivisions

Righthypochondriacregion

Rightlumbarregion

Rightiliacregion

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Hypogastricregion

Lefthypochondriacregion

Leftlumbarregion

Leftiliacregion

Right upperquadrant (RUQ)

Left upperquadrant (LUQ)

Right lowerquadrant (RLQ)

Left lowerquadrant (LLQ)

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Body Regions

Otic (ear)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial(point of shoulder)

Mammary (breast)

Brachial(arm)

Antecubital(front of elbow)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Genital(reproductive organs)

Cephalic (head)

Orbital (eye cavity)

Mental (chin)

Sternal

Pectoral(chest)

Inguinal(groin)

Coxal(hip)

Umbilical(navel)

Pedal (foot)

Occipital(back of head)

Acromial(point of shoulder)

Brachial (arm)

Dorsum (back)

Cubital (elbow)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Perineal

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Plantar (sole)(a) (b)

Patellar(front of knee)

Vertebral(spinal column)

Sacral (between hips)

Lumbar(lower back)Abdominal

(abdomen)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Frontal (forehead)

Buccal (cheek)

Tarsal (instep)

Digital (toe)

Axillary (armpit)

Crural (leg)

Sural (calf)

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