1 12 Aug 2008 Dan Högberg et al.

Dan Högberg 1

Lars Hanson 2

Daniel Lundström 3

Maria Jönsson 4

Dan Lämkull 5

1 The School of Technology and Society, University of Skövde, Sweden2 Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Sweden

3 Semcon Caran AB, Gothenburg, Sweden4 ArjoHuntleigh R&D Center, Lund, Sweden

5 Volvo Car Corporation, Manufacturing Engineering, Gothenburg, Sweden

e-mail: dan.hogberg@his.se

Representing the Elderly in Digital Human Modelling

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“Visualisering av brukarkaraktäristik vid produktutveckling inom fordons- och hälsoindustrin“

“Digital Albert”

Carried out within Virtual Ergonomics Centre [www.vec.se]

Financially supported by the Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen) in Sweden and by the participating organisations

The Research Project

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Enhanced knowledge about how to design tools for people that are designing products and environments for people

• Designers, architects and engineers• Understand the user• People unlike oneself• People who are sometimes considered a less important group

of customers when designing products

Get the Aha I didn’t knew that, I see, OK good

Overall Purpose

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Designers, architects and engineers are people - with different knowledge, attitudes, interests, tasks…

Design is in itself a complex activity

Users and their tasks are different

THE design tool is hard to establish

Begin by a certain application and by using existing design tools and methods

Overall Complexities

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Application

Health care solutions design (products) at ArjoHuntleigh

To the Details

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Computer Aided Design Tool• Modification of Digital Human Modelling (DHM) tools to

better represent elderly people• Manikin has the characteristics and appearance of an able

healthy young or middle-aged human

To the Details

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User representation methodUtilisation of Arjo’s established method “The Mobility Gallery”

• A communication tool structured according to five different levels of functional mobility.

• Residents are classified according to their degree of functional mobility, from the most mobile and independent to the most dependent and entirely bedridden resident.

• Labelled Albert, Barbara, Carl, Doris and Emma.• Each resident is described with different personal

characteristics and background details and an illustration.

To the Details

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The Mobility Gallery – Barbara (B)

The resident is partly capable of performing daily activities independently. However, the assistance that is required is in general not physically demanding for the carer. The assistance may consist of verbal support, feedback or indications, but light physical assistance is also possible. This assistance can be given in combination with smaller aids (walking aids, support or grips and handles) or adaptations in the environment of the resident (grips and handles). Barbara’s remaining capacity should be stimulated. Characteristics• Uses walking frame or similar• Can support herself to some degree• Dependent on carer who is present in demanding situations• Not physically demanding for carer• Stimulation of remaining abilities (e.g. ambulation) is very important

(Arjo, 2005)

To the Details

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The Mobility Gallery – Barbara (B)

To the Details

Barbara, an 82-year-old (62 kg) widow, has lived in the care home for three years. Her husband died seven years ago. In her working life she was a primary school teacher. Her children and grandchildren live nearby and like to visit her. She seems happy in the care home.

There is a combination of medical problems. Due to a heart condition, she occasionally gets very dizzy, and a rheumatic disease makes her joints, especially her knees, stiff and painful. She also gets tired quickly. Because of her dizziness and knee pains she is afraid of falling. The doctor encourages her to keep moving as much as possible: "If you rest, you will rust", he says.

(Arjo, 2005)

[Circa one third of the personal description of Barbara]

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1 – Anthropometry

2 – Range of motion data

3 – Mapping of Mobility Gallery descriptions

4 – Age-corresponding appearance

Approach

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Manikin family structure based on recommendations from Speyer (2005)

Results - Anthropometry

MaleManikin id %-ile mm %-ile kg %-ile mm

M1 5,7 1573 60,2 77 9,7 825M2 50,7 1685 47,6 73 52,5 875M3 96,4 1810 8,5 58 76,0 898M4 94,0 1793 35,7 70 89,7 918M5 92,5 1785 95,1 93 88,0 915M6 94,3 1795 81,6 85 98,8 954

FemaleManikin id %-ile mm %-ile kg %-ile mm

F1 6,3 1447 15,1 49 2,5 732F2 6,6 1449 48,2 61 10,9 756F3 7,8 1454 99,4 92 12,8 759F4 4,6 1437 94,2 80 29,8 779F5 50,8 1546 43,4 60 53,0 800F6 95,1 1651 38,0 58 91,2 842

Stature Weight Sitting height

Stature Weight Sitting height

Population: Elderly British Males and Females, Age group 75+ (Smith et al., 2000)

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Results - Anthropometry

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Range of motion data from Older Adultdata (Smith, et al., 2000)Prototype %-ile values

Preliminary Results – Range of Motion

Resident Gender%-ile Angle %-ile Angle %-ile Angle %-ile Angle

Albert Male 50 38 60 41 50 160 60 163Female 50 49 60 52 50 169 60 171

Barbara Male 20 29 30 32 20 151 30 154Female 20 38 30 42 20 161 30 164

Carl Male 10 24 25 31 10 146 25 153Female 10 32 25 40 10 157 25 163

Doris Male 5 20 15 27 5 142 15 149Female 5 28 15 36 5 154 15 160

Emma Male 1 12 10 24 1 134 10 146Female 1 19 10 32 1 148 10 157

ROMShoulder FlexionShoulder Extension

Supported ROM Supported

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Preliminary Results – Range of Motion

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Results - Mapping of Mobility Gallery Descriptions

Barbara (B)

Mobility DescriptionThe resident is partly capable of performing daily activities independently. However, the assistance that is required is in general not physically demanding for the carer. The assistance may consist of verbal support, feedback or indications, but light physical assistance is also possible. This assistance can be given in combination with smaller aids (walking aids, support or grips and handles) or adaptations in the environment of the resident (grips and handles). Barbara’s remaining capacity should be stimulated. 

Characteristics• Uses walking frame or similar• Can support herself to some degree• Dependent on carer who is present in demanding situations• Not physically demanding for carer• Stimulation of remaining abilities (e.g. ambulation) is very important

Link to Personal Description

Anthropometry – Manikin F2Stature 1449 mm, Weight 61 kg, Sitting height 756 mm

Range of Motion dataShoulder Extension 38 deg. (Supported 42 deg.)Shoulder Flexion 161 deg. (Supported 164 deg.)

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Preliminary Results – Appearance

An attempt to create Albert in the illustration software Poser 7.

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According to a study by Goodman et al. (2007), based on literature review, observations and interviews with designers, designers prefer information that is:

- Quick and easy to find and use- Visual and stimulating- Flexible and open-ended and- Relate clearly to design issues

We consider that our prototype tool meet these requirements.

Discussion

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Fine tune anthropometry and range of motion data

Continue work on age-corresponding appearance

Development of a illustrative demonstrator

Evaluation

Coming Steps

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Dan Högberg

The School of Technology and Society, University of Skövde, Swedene-mail: dan.hogberg@his.se

Thank you!