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10-1 Active sentences and passive sentences10-2 Form of the passive10-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs10-4 Using the by-phrase10-5 The passive forms of the present and past progressive10-6 Passive modal auxiliaries10-7 Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive)10-8 Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing10-9 Get + adjective; get + past participle10-10 Using be used/accustomed to and get …10-11 Used to vs. be used to10-12 Using be supposed to
CONTENTS
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10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
The chair is being made by the carpenter.
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10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
(a) ACTIVE: The carpenter sanded the wood.
(b) PASSIVE: The wood was sanded by the carpenter.
samemeaning
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by + O
10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
(c) Carol sold the house.
(d) The house was sold by Carol.
S OACTIVE:
PASSIVE:S
object of active subject of passive
subject of active object of by
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How do you tell the passive voice from the active voice?
In the active voice, the subject doesthe doing of the verb.In the passive voice, the subject ishaving the action done to it.
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A couple of other tricks …
If there is only one word in the verb it is active voice. Passive voice always requires the verb “to be” in some form plus a past participle – in other words, at least two words.
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A couple of other tricks …
Also, if you see the word “by” orcan insert the words “by someone”in the sentence, it is passive.Example: My money was stolen (by someone).This sentence is passive voice.
Notice, too, that it has a form of the verb “to be” plus a past participle.
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10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE
Fuel is burned by cars
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10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE
BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
(a) Coffee is grown by farmers.
(b) The raise was given by the boss.
(c) The photo will be printed by Alex.
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10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE
SIMPLE PRESENT Cars burn fuel.Fuel is burned by cars.
SIMPLE PAST
PRESENT PERFECT
FUTURE
The raise thrilled Ben.Ben was thrilled by the raise.
Al has printed the photo.The photo has been printed by Al.
New cars will save fuel.Fuel will be saved by cars.
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The nuts were gathered by the squirrel.
10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
The squirrel gathered the nuts.
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The wall was painted byMatthew.
10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Matthew painted the wall.
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The election results will be determined by
the voters.
10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
The voters will determine the election results.
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10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Erica sneezed.
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10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
(a) TRANSITIVE
(b) INTRANSITIVE
Janet earned the promotion.They saw the accident.
S V O
A problem occurred.They arrived late.
S V
TRANSITIVE
verb + object
INTRANSITIVE
verb + object
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10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
(c) TRANSITIVE VERBS
(d) INTRANSITIVE VERBS
(e) INCORRECT: Birds are fly.
ACTIVE: Janet earned the promotion.PASSIVE: The promotion was earned by Janet.
ACTIVE: Birds fly.PASSIVE: (not possible)
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10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
(c) TRANSITIVE VERBS
(d) INTRANSITIVE VERBS
ACTIVE: Janet earned the promotion.PASSIVE: The promotion was earned by Janet.
transitive verbs passive okayintransitive verbs no passive
ACTIVE: Birds fly.PASSIVE: (not possible)
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10-3 LET’S PRACTICE
transitiveintransitive
It rained yesterday.
?
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10-3 LET’S PRACTICE
transitiveintransitive
Eva won a medal.
PASSIVE: _______________________A medal was won by Eva.
?
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10-3 LET’S PRACTICE
transitiveintransitive
Tim Berners-Lee invented theWorld Wide Web.
PASSIVE: _______________________The World Wide Web wasinvented by Tim Berners-Lee. _______________________
?
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What are some intransitive verbs? agree, appear, arrive, become come, die, exist, fall, flow, go happen, laugh, live, occur, rain rise, seem, sit, sleep, sneeze stand, stay, talk, wait
These verbs don’t take objects.
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10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE
This painting
was done by my mother.
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10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE
(a) This desk was made by Manuel.
by phrase important information
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10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE
(b) This desk was made in Taiwan.
(c) Corn is eaten in many places.
(d) That apartment was built in 2007.
(e) Spanish is spoken in many countries.
usually NO by-phrase
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focus my mother
10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE
ACTIVE
(f) My mother is a great artist. She painted many beautiful portraits.
PASSIVE
(g) This painting was done by my mother. That one was done by her friend.
by-phrase focus on subjects
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10-4 LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
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10-4 LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Many students use computers.
Computers are used by many students.
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10-4 LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVE
PASSIVETina taught me how to knit.
I was taught to knit by Tina.
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One of the main reasons we use the passive voice is when we don’t want to mention who or what the action is done by. It’s unknown or not important. Still we can recognize whether a sentence is passive by the “be + past participle” structure and by putting “by someone” after the verb. If it still makes sense, it is passive.
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10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
A photo is being taken by Elton.
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10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
He is taking photos. (a) Photos are being taken by him.
She is writing a book. (b) A book is being written by her.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
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10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
He is taking photos. (a) Photos are being taken by him.
present progressive: passive form
amisare
+ being + past participle
She is writing a book. (b) A book is being written by her.
ACTIVE PASSIVE
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10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
He was taking photos. (c) Photos were being taken by him.
past progressive: passive form
waswere + being + past participle
She was writing a book. (d) A book was being written by her.
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10-5 LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Two great teams are playing hockey.
Hockey is being played by two great teams.
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10-5 LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Someone was building a guest house in Bhutan.
A guest house was being built in Bhutan.
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10-5 LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVE
PASSIVEAlan is studying the memo.
The memo is being studied by Alan.
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One way of thinking of it is that in the present and past continuous, the main part of the verb has an “ing”. What you do is replace the “ing” verb with “being” and put the past participle of that verb when you are making the passive.
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10-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES
Lin will e-mail you.
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10-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES
Lin will send it. It will be sent by Lin.Lin can send it. It can be sent by Lin.Lin must send it. It must be sent by Lin.Lin may send it. It may be sent by Lin.
ACTIVE MODALAUXILIARIES
PASSIVE MODALAUXILIARIES
FORM: modal + be + past participle
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10-6 LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVE MODALS
PASSIVE MODALS
Someone must mow the grass today.
This grass __________________.must be mowed today
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10-6 LET’S PRACTICE
You should not feed candy to babies.
Babies _____________________.should not be fed candy
ACTIVE MODALS
PASSIVE MODALS
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Hurricanes cannot be controlled.
10-6 LET’S PRACTICE
__________________________
People cannot control hurricanes.
ACTIVE MODALS
PASSIVE MODALS
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With the modals, just put the word “be” between the modal and the past participle.I must eat the cake by tomorrow.BECOMESThe cake must be eaten by tomorrow.
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10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE)
Lily is pleased with her life.
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10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE)
(a) Lily is brave.(b) Lily is short.(c) Lily is healthy.
BE + ADJECTIVE
BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
(d) Lily is divorced.(e) Lily is excited.(f) Lily is pleased.
like an adjective
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10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STATIVE PASSIVE)
(g) Lily is divorced from Jack.(h) Lily was happy with her career.(i) Lily will be excited for the trip.
past particular participle + prepositions + object
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10-7 LET’S PRACTICE
married
Jenny is __________ Grant.married to
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10-7 LET’S PRACTICE
Alma is __________ her new laptop.happy with
happy
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10-7 LET’S PRACTICE
Abe is 17.He seems ____________ his age.young for
young
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These you just have to memorize:acquainted with, bored with, divorced from, married to, done with, pleased with, engaged to, prepared for, excited about, finished with, interested in …These are on page 292 in the text.
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10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING
Emma makes pottery. I am interested in making
pottery.
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10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING
(a) I am interested in pottery.
INCORRECT: I am interesting in pottery.
(b) Pottery is interesting.
INCORRECT: Pottery is interested.
past participle feelings
present participle cause of feeling
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10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING
Ben was thrilled with the promotion.
(c) Ben was thrilled.(d) The promotion was thrilling.
past participle passive meaningpresent participle cause of feeling
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10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING
(e) I heard some disappointing news.(f) Jill read the shortened version of the book.
participial adjectives nouns
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10-8 LET’S PRACTICE
surprised surprising
Gail Gwen
Gwen’s news must be __________.
Gail looks very __________.surprised
surprising
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Most people are truly ________ when they first see it.
10-8 LET’S PRACTICE
amazed amazing
The Great Wall is ________.
amazed
amazing
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10-8 LET’S PRACTICE
terrified terrifying Some bugs are scary.
This spider is ________!This one could work either way.
I wonder if it is ________ of anything?
terrifying
terrified
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There are two things to look at here. One – These occur when the past participle is after the verb “to be”.If we are describing how something is feeling, you use the –ed form, as in “I’m bored.”If you are describing how some is, use the –ing form, as in “The instructions are confusing.”
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Two: This is what you do if the verb/adjective is directly in front of the noun.Ask “Is the noun being done to (-ed) or is it doing the doing (-ing)?”Following are some examples.
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It is freezing weather. The weather is freezing things.It is frozen food. Something is freezing the food.So, would a room be crowding or crowded?Would a man be accusing or accused?Would a car be stealing or stolen?Would a door be revolving or revolved?
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10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE
People often get thirsty
when they exercise.
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10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE
(a) I am getting thirsty.(b) Fahad got angry at him.
GET + ADJECTIVE
GET ADJECTIVE
change, beginning to be
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10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE
(c) I’m getting worried.(d) My friend and his wife got divorced.
GET + PAST PARTICIPLE
GET PAST PARTICIPLE
like an adjective, describes subject
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10-9 LET’S PRACTICE
He ___________ while he was working.
get + sleep
got sleepy
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10-9 LET’S PRACTICE
He _________________ with his work.
get + frustrated
is getting frustrated
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10-9 LET’S PRACTICE
It ________ early this year.
get + cold
got cold
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What you need to know here is that the verb “get” means that you are “becoming” something.I am getting tired.I’m not tired yet, but I soon will be.What you need to remember is that you must use the proper verb tense with get.What do I mean?
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I get tired. Stating a fact.He gets tired. Stating a fact.I am getting tired. Happening now.You are getting tired. Happening now.He is getting tired. Happening now.He got tired. Happened in the past.He will get tired. Happening in the future.
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Finally, how do you deal with questions in the passive?First, just do the same as you always have.Will John eat the pie?Will the pie be eaten by John?
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Next, if the question in the active has the question words (who, what, where, ect.), you don’t get rid of them.When will John eat the pie?When will the pie be eaten by John?
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I wish you all the best on your mid-term exam.
INSHALLAH
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10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO
We are used to driving in traffic.
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(a) We are used to this city.
(b) We are accustomed to this city.
10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO
same meaning
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10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO ANDGET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO
(c) We are used to living in this city.
(d) We are accustomed to living in this city.
to + -ing form (gerund)
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(e) I just moved to Athens, Greece. I have never lived in this city before, but I am
getting used to (accustomed to) it.
10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO
beginning to feel normal
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10-10 LET’S PRACTICE
be used to (affirmative or negative)
I always go to the beach. I __________ the sand and sea.am used to
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10-10 LET’S PRACTICE
I’m confused. I _____________ this new computer.
am not used to
be used to (affirmative or negative)
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10-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Maybe I’ll call Eva. She _____________ this type of computer.
is used to
be used to (affirmative or negative)
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10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO
He used to eat meat, but
now he is a vegetarian.
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10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO
(a) He used to eat meat, but now he is a vegetarian. INCORRECT: He used to be eating meat. INCORRECT: He is used to eat meat.
habitual past
used to + simple form of verb
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10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO
(b) He is used to eating meat.
be used to + -ing form of verb (gerund)
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10-11 LET’S PRACTICE
beØ
When I was young, I often went skiing.I ____ used to skiing back then.was
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10-11 LET’S PRACTICE
I _____ used to like skiing, butnow I prefer snowboarding.
Ø
beØ
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10-11 LET’S PRACTICE
Now, I ____ used to snowboarding.am
beØ
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10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO
You were supposed to
clean out the garage this morning.
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10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO
(a) The flight is supposed to leave in 10 minutes.
I expect the flight to leave in 10 minutes.
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10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO
(a) The flight is supposed to leave in 10 minutes.(b) I am supposed to write to Jim.
an expectation
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10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO
(c) The flight was supposed to leave at 4:30.
expected event didn’t occur
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10-12 LET’S PRACTICE
be supposed to
I expect to get email today .
I ______________ get email today.am supposed to
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10-12 LET’S PRACTICE
They were expected to arrive on May 4, but they came on May 6.
They _______________ arrive on May 6.were supposed to
be supposed to
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10-12 LET’S PRACTICE
be supposed to
I expected you to call me at
noon!
You ______ ___________call me at noon!
weresupposed to
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