1-1 CHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology

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CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

Life: Biological Life: Biological Principles and the Principles and the

Science of ZoologyScience of Zoology

Life: Biological Life: Biological Principles and the Principles and the

Science of ZoologyScience of Zoology

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Zoology:Zoology:

The scientific study of animal lifeThe scientific study of animal life

IntroductionIntroduction


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Because life shares a common Because life shares a common evolutionary origin, principles learned evolutionary origin, principles learned from the study of one group often from the study of one group often pertain to other groups as wellpertain to other groups as well

The Uses of PrinciplesThe Uses of Principles


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Fundamental Properties of LifeFundamental Properties of Life

Does Life Have Defining Properties?Does Life Have Defining Properties? What is life?What is life?

No simple definitionNo simple definition The history of life shows extensive and The history of life shows extensive and

ongoing change called ongoing change called evolutionevolution This common history can be traced backward through This common history can be traced backward through

time from the diverse forms observed today and in the time from the diverse forms observed today and in the fossil recordfossil record to their common ancestor that arose in the to their common ancestor that arose in the atmosphere of the primitive earthatmosphere of the primitive earth


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Fundamental Properties of LifeFundamental Properties of Life

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life Made up of specific moleculesMade up of specific molecules Hierarchical OrganizationHierarchical Organization ReproduceReproduce Genetic CodeGenetic Code Require EnergyRequire Energy DevelopDevelop Interact with EnvironmentInteract with Environment MovementMovement


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General Properties of Living SystemsGeneral Properties of Living Systems

1. Chemical Uniqueness1. Chemical Uniqueness: : Living systems demonstrate a unique and Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organizationcomplex molecular organization

Small molecules are assembled into Small molecules are assembled into macromoleculesmacromolecules::

1.1. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids2.2. ProteinsProteins3.3. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates4.4. LipidsLipids

All living organisms contain these macromoleculesAll living organisms contain these macromolecules


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Proteins are composed of Amino Acids


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2. Complexity and Hierarchical Organization2. Complexity and Hierarchical Organization::Living systems demonstrate a unique and Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical organizationcomplex hierarchical organization

In living systems there exists a hierarchy of In living systems there exists a hierarchy of levels that includes:levels that includes:

MacromoleculesMacromoleculesCellsCells TissuesTissues

Organ SystemsOrgan SystemsSpecies/OrganismSpecies/Organism

PopulationPopulation


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Volvox globator - Green Algae

Kingdom Protista - multicellular protist


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Ciliated Epithelial Cells - Mucus Secreting


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EmergenceEmergence: The appearance of new : The appearance of new characteristics at a given level of characteristics at a given level of organization (need to study all levels)organization (need to study all levels)

These characteristics are called These characteristics are called emergent emergent properties properties

Example: all humans have anatomical structures for speech Example: all humans have anatomical structures for speech and hearing, but each population’s communication is different.and hearing, but each population’s communication is different.


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3. Reproduction3. Reproduction::Living systems can reproduce Living systems can reproduce themselvesthemselves At each levelAt each level of the biological hierarchy of the biological hierarchy

living forms reproduce to generate others living forms reproduce to generate others like themselves:like themselves: GenesGenes replicated to produce new genes. replicated to produce new genes. CellsCells divide producing new cells. divide producing new cells. OrganismsOrganisms reproduce, sexually or reproduce, sexually or

asexually, to produce new organismsasexually, to produce new organisms PopulationsPopulations may fragment to produce new may fragment to produce new

populationspopulations


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Reproduction at four levels: Molecular (A)- DNA replication

Cellular (B) - Mitosis, Organism (C) - King snake,

Species (D) -Sea Urchin


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4. Possession of a Genetic Program4. Possession of a Genetic Program::A genetic program provides :A genetic program provides : Nucleic Acids: Nucleic Acids: Polymers built of repeated units Polymers built of repeated units

called nucleotides (A, T, C, G)called nucleotides (A, T, C, G) DNADNA: Long, linear, chain of nucleotides containing : Long, linear, chain of nucleotides containing

genetic information - double helixgenetic information - double helix Sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA determines Sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA determines

the order of amino acids in proteinsthe order of amino acids in proteins Genetic Code:Genetic Code: correspondence between base correspondence between base

sequences in DNA and the sequence of amino acids sequences in DNA and the sequence of amino acids in a proteinin a protein

Bio Reminder- Transcription, Translation, ReplicationBio Reminder- Transcription, Translation, Replication


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Watson and Crick - The Double Helix


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5. Metabolism5. Metabolism::

Living organisms maintain themselves Living organisms maintain themselves by acquiring nutrients from their by acquiring nutrients from their environmentsenvironments Metabolic processes include:Metabolic processes include:

DigestionDigestion Energy production (Respiration)Energy production (Respiration) Destructive (catabolic) and Constructive Destructive (catabolic) and Constructive

(anabolic) reactions(anabolic) reactions


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Feeding - Amoeba and Chameleon


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6. Development6. Development::

All organisms pass through a All organisms pass through a characteristic life cyclecharacteristic life cycle Development describes the characteristic Development describes the characteristic

changes that an organism undergoes from changes that an organism undergoes from its origin to its final adult formits origin to its final adult form


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Adult Monarch Butterfly emerging from its Pupal Case


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7. Environmental Interaction7. Environmental Interaction::

All animals interact with their All animals interact with their environmentsenvironments EcologyEcology: The study of organismal : The study of organismal

interaction with an environmentinteraction with an environment All organisms respond to environmental All organisms respond to environmental

stimuli, a property called stimuli, a property called irritabilityirritability


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A lizard regulates its body temperature by choosing different locations at different

times of the day.


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8. Movement8. Movement::Living systems and their parts show precise Living systems and their parts show precise and controlled movements arising from and controlled movements arising from within the systemwithin the system Living systems extract energy from their Living systems extract energy from their

environments permitting the controlled environments permitting the controlled movementsmovements

Movements at the cellular level are required for:Movements at the cellular level are required for:Reproduction, Growth, Responses to stimuli, Reproduction, Growth, Responses to stimuli, etc.etc.

On a larger scale:On a larger scale:Entire populations or species may disperse Entire populations or species may disperse from one location to another over timefrom one location to another over time


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Zoology As Part of BiologyZoology As Part of Biology

AnimalsAnimals originated in the Precambrian originated in the Precambrian seas over 600 million years agoseas over 600 million years ago

Characteristics of Animals:Characteristics of Animals: EukaryotesEukaryotes: cells contain membrane-: cells contain membrane-

enclosed nuclei (nuclear envelope)enclosed nuclei (nuclear envelope) HeterotrophsHeterotrophs: Not capable of : Not capable of

manufacturing their own food and must manufacturing their own food and must rely on external food sources (opposite = rely on external food sources (opposite = Autotroph)Autotroph)

Cells lack cell wallsCells lack cell walls


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Euglena - combines animal (ability to move) and plant (photosynthetic) properties


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Principles of SciencePrinciples of Science

Nature of science:Nature of science: Science is Science is guided by natural law guided by natural law (not religion)(not religion) Science has to be Science has to be explained by reference to explained by reference to

natural lawnatural law Science is Science is testable against the observable worldtestable against the observable world The The conclusions of science are tentativeconclusions of science are tentative and and

therefore not necessarily the final wordtherefore not necessarily the final word Science is Science is falsifiablefalsifiable


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Scientific MethodScientific Method Hypothetic-deductive MethodHypothetic-deductive Method::

Scientific process of making a judgment from Scientific process of making a judgment from prior knowledge and then seeking empirical tests prior knowledge and then seeking empirical tests (experiments) that potentially lead to its rejection(experiments) that potentially lead to its rejection


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HypothesisHypothesis: : Potential answers to questions being Potential answers to questions being

askedasked Derived from prior observations of Derived from prior observations of

nature or from theories based on such nature or from theories based on such observationsobservations

If a hypothesis is very powerful in If a hypothesis is very powerful in explaining a wide variety of related explaining a wide variety of related phenomena, it attains the level of a phenomena, it attains the level of a theory (Can a theory be changed?)theory (Can a theory be changed?)


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The scientific method may be The scientific method may be summarized as a series of steps:summarized as a series of steps:

1.1. ObservationObservation2.2. QuestionQuestion3.3. Hypothesis FormationHypothesis Formation4.4. Empirical TestEmpirical Test

Controlled ExperimentControlled ExperimentIncludes at least 2 groupsIncludes at least 2 groups

Test GroupTest Group Control GroupControl Group

5.5. ConclusionsConclusionsAccept or reject your hypothesisAccept or reject your hypothesis

6.6. PublicationsPublications


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Powerful theories that guide extensive Powerful theories that guide extensive research are called research are called paradigmsparadigms (models (models for something scientific)for something scientific)

Two major paradigms that guide Two major paradigms that guide zoological research:zoological research:1.1. Darwin’s Theory of EvolutionDarwin’s Theory of Evolution2.2. The Chromosomal Theory of The Chromosomal Theory of

InheritanceInheritance


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Theories of Evolution and HeredityTheories of Evolution and Heredity

Darwin’s Theory of EvolutionDarwin’s Theory of Evolution Over 140 years oldOver 140 years old Published in Published in On the Origin of Species by On the Origin of Species by

Means of Natural SelectionMeans of Natural Selection in England in in England in 18591859


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Ernst Mayr (Harvard University) Ernst Mayr (Harvard University) proposed that Darwinism should be proposed that Darwinism should be viewed as five major theories:viewed as five major theories:

1.1. Perpetual ChangePerpetual Change

2.2. Common DescentCommon Descent

3.3. Multiplication of the SpeciesMultiplication of the Species

4.4. GradualismGradualism

5.5. Natural SelectionNatural Selection


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1854- Darwin


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Theory 1 - Perpetual ChangeTheory 1 - Perpetual ChangeThe living world is neither constant nor The living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but is always perpetually cycling, but is always changingchanging

Documented by the fossil recordDocumented by the fossil record


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Theory 2 - Common DescentTheory 2 - Common Descent

All forms of life descended from a All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of common ancestor through a branching of lineageslineages

Life’s history has the structure of a Life’s history has the structure of a branching evolutionary tree, known as a branching evolutionary tree, known as a phylogenyphylogeny

Serves as the basis for our taxonomic Serves as the basis for our taxonomic classification of animalsclassification of animals


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Theory 3 - Multiplication of SpeciesTheory 3 - Multiplication of SpeciesThe evolutionary process produces new The evolutionary process produces new species by splitting and transforming species by splitting and transforming older onesolder ones

(interbreeding of 2 different species does not occur)(interbreeding of 2 different species does not occur)


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Theory 4 - GradualismTheory 4 - GradualismLarge differences in traits among species Large differences in traits among species originate through the series of many small originate through the series of many small changes over very long periods of timechanges over very long periods of time


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Hawaiian Honeycreeper Variations


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Theory 5 - Natural SelectionTheory 5 - Natural Selection

A creative process that generates beneficial A creative process that generates beneficial

forms from the small individual variations that forms from the small individual variations that occur among organisms within a populationoccur among organisms within a population

AdaptationAdaptation

An anatomical structure, physiological process, or An anatomical structure, physiological process, or behavioral trait that evolved by natural selection and behavioral trait that evolved by natural selection and improves an organism’s ability to survive and leave improves an organism’s ability to survive and leave descendantsdescendants

Example - similar vertebrate limb structureExample - similar vertebrate limb structure


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Similarities among limb structure in vertebrates.


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Darwin's theory of natural selection Darwin's theory of natural selection faced a major obstacle when first faced a major obstacle when first proposed because it lacked a proposed because it lacked a successful theory of successful theory of heredityheredity

Thus the 2nd part of evolution:Thus the 2nd part of evolution:Chromosomal Theory Of InheritanceChromosomal Theory Of Inheritance


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Mendelian Heredity and the Mendelian Heredity and the Chromosomal Theory of InheritanceChromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Foundation for current studies of genetics Foundation for current studies of genetics and evolution in animalsand evolution in animals

Genes are passed from one generation to Genes are passed from one generation to the next. the next.

Chromosomes contain the genes and they Chromosomes contain the genes and they are replicated and passed to produce are replicated and passed to produce offspring.offspring.


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1-1 CHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology