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APA Publication Manual
7
APA 19291,000 APA
APA, 2001, p. xxi
1
2
6 APA, 2009, 2011
1 http://www.med.wright.edu/sites/default/files/mph/APA_Mini_Manual_6th_ed.pdf2 http://freelancewrite.about.com/od/mechanicsofwriting/a/styleguides.htm
8
p.33
(APA)
APA
APA Publication Manual
9
p.47APA Publication ManualAPA
10
AERA standard :
(AERA, 2006, Educ Res)SIOP policy ; SIOP, 2003
CONSORT(CONSORT, 2010)
: 95%CI17a
Kelley & Preacher, 2012, Psych Meth
11
Educational and Psychological Measurement
Thompson, 1994Journal of Applied Psychology:
Murphy, 1997Psychological Science:
APS, 2011
Vacha Haase & Thompson (2004, J Counsel Psych): 23
Kelley & Preacher, 2012, Psych Meth
12
1994 Cohen(p<.05)
1996 APA
Wilkinson & APA Task Force (1999)
1994 APA Manual 4
2001 APA Manual 5
Finch et al. (2001)
2009 APA Manual 6
Kline (2004)APA
(Fidler, 2010, ICOTS8)
2
13
1987
19901990
1991
19952002
20052007
2006
1.2.
•
3.••
4.
14
15
2.
sample size …effect size …
An Effect size is simply an amount of anything ofinterest (Cumming & Fidler, 2009, J Psych)
p 16
( , 2002, p.163)
2 t
17
N
N
.05=.05 p<.05
18
p =
3
*
p
* p
Loftus, 1996, Curr Dir Psych Sci19
*
20
(power curve)
-2 -1 0 1 2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-2 -1 0 1 2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-2 -1 0 1 2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-2 -1 0 1 2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-2 -1 0 1 2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-2 -1 0 1 2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-2 -1 0 1 2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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0.6
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0.6
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1.0
n=10n=20n=50n=100n=200n=500n=1,000n=2,000n=5,000n=10,000n=20,000n=50,000n=100,000
2 ( =1 )
(
)
2 t
Cohen (1994) “The Earth is Round (p<.05)”
21
H0: vs H1:
H0
22
(N )
H1:H0:
H1:H1:
23
0.01SD
0.1SD 1SD24
3. d
4
25
d
(POV; percent of variance explained)25 26population sample
27population sample
d
28
d
Cohen d:
Hedges g:
:
Glass : 229
(Hedges & Olkin, 1985)
(Hedges, 1981)
(Glass et al, 1981)
d
30McGrath & Meyer, 2006, Psych Meth;, 2012
5
Wilkinson & Task Force on Statistical Inference, 1999,Amer Psych; Sapp, 2004, Sleep Hypn
31 32
95%CI
BCa (Bias corrected and accerelated)Kelley (2005, Educ Psych Meas), Algina et al. (2006, EducPsych Meas)
BCa33
dCohen (1969)
8Feldt (1973)
Iowa Test of BasicSkills, ITBS 3
ITBSCohen 34
dCohen
Thompson (2002, J Counsel Devel): =.05
35
d
36
Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothenstein, 2008Wiley, Fig 13.1
6
37
23 150.30 Finn & Achilles (1990)
0.32(<30) vs 0.47 Smith & Glass (1980)
1.03vs 0.00 Mosteller, Light, &
Sachs (1996)0.08
0.06
vs 0.06 Giaconia & Hedges(1982)
0.17vs 0.44 Wang & Baker (1986)
Coe, 2002, BERA Conference; Lipsey and Wilson, 1993, Am Psych
38
0.32 Kulik, Bangert, & Kulik(1984)
vs 0.30 Shymansky, Hedges, &Woodworth (1990)
0.42 Hembree (1988)
0.70 Fuchs & Fuchs (1986)
0.40 Cohen, Kulik, & Kulik(1982)
0.300.10 Bangert, Kulik & Kulik
(1983)
Coe, 2002, BERA Conference; Lipsey and Wilson, 1993, Am Psych
39
d
(POV; percent of variance explained)39
1
1
40
r 1
41
1 ANOVA1
42
A
AB
B
2
7
(Olejnik & Algina, 2003, Psych Meth)
43 44
,
,
,
,
A B
B
Cohen (1969)
Ferguson (2009, Prof Psych) ( )
45
e.g., Pierce et al., 2004, Educ Psych Meas
cf.
46
Richardson, 2011, Educ Res Rev;Grissom & Kim, 2011
47
r
Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothenstein, 2008Wiley, Fig 14.5
48
Cohen
Cohen
Sun et al. (2010, J Educ Psych): 2005 2007 , 1410%
Alhija & Levy (2009, Educ Psych Meas): 2003 200410 30 100%
8
49
p
McMillan & Foley 2011, Res Eval;“Reporting and discussing effect Size: still the road lesstraveled?”
p ....Cumming (2012) Understanding the New Statisticsp
ESCIhttp://www.latrobe.edu.au/psy/research/projects/esci
, n=32
95%
50
51
Jitendra et al. (2007). A comparison of single and multiplestrategy instruction on third grade students' mathematicalproblem solving. J Educ Psych, 99, 115 127.
Sun et al. (2010, J Educ Psych)
Cohen
52
SAT 9 n=45,M=20.92, SD=7.05 n=43, M=18.59,SD=7.36
F(1,84)=5.96, p<.05, effect size=0.52
range=1.553.72
53
Terrier (2012). Step to Step Variability in TreadmillWalking: Influence of Rhythmic Auditory Cueing. PLoSOne, 7, e47171. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047171
Treadmill Tr + RACwidth Non
Stationarity Index, NSIHedges
54
9
55
(Terrier , 2012, Fig 2)
56
(Terrier , 2012, Fig 4)
Bloom et al. (2007). Performance Trajectories andPerformance Gaps as Achievement Effect Size Benchmarksfor Educational Interventions. J Res Educ Effec, 1, 289 328.
Grade K Grade 12 1
57 58
(Bloom et al., 2007, Tab 1)
59
(Bloom et al., 2007, Fig 1)
60
4.
10
2 dr
61 62
p (p<.05)
Take home message
Ellis (2010)
63
p
Cohen, 1994, , ....
Hoijtink, 2011, Chapman&Hall/CRC; Dienes, 2008, Palgrave; Morey & Rouder,2011, Psych Meth
64
Rrpsychi
http://cran.r project.org/web/packages/rpsychi/ANOVAhttp://www11.atpages.jp/~riseki/pukiwikiplus/index.php?ANOVA%B7%AFpsych Revelle, W. http://personality project.org/r/
ESCI (Cumming, G.)http://www.latrobe.edu.au/psy/research/projects/esci
65 66Grissom & Kim (2011)Effect Sizes for Research (2 ed)
Cumming (2012)Understanding the New Statistics
11
