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8/3/2019 0eb24m II Forms of Govt.
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POLITY AND SOCIETY
Course Code: BBAHU 10101
Credit Units: 03
MODULE- II
Forms of Government
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Types of Government
Democratic Autocratic
Parliamentary Form Presidential Form
Republic Constitutional
Monarchy
Absolute
Monarchy
One-Party
Rule
Military
DictatorshipTheocracy
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DEFINITION OF UNITARY GOVERNMENT :
According to Dr. Garner Where the whole power ofgovernment is conferred by the constitution upon asingle central organ or organs; from which the localgovernments derive whatever authority or autonomythey possess and indeed their very existence, wehave a system ofUnitary Government.
It is a sovereign state governed as one single unit inwhich the central government is supreme and any
administrative divisions (subnational units) exerciseonly powers that the central government chooses todelegate. Many states in the world have a unitarysystem of government.
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In a unitary state, subnational units are created and
abolished and their powers may be broadened and
narrowed, by the central government. Although
political power in unitary states may be delegated
through devolution to local government by statute,
the central government remains supreme; it may
abrogate the acts of devolved governments or
curtail their powers.
The United Kingdom is an example of a unitarystate. Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, which
along with England are the constituent countries of
the United Kingdom
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Unitary form of Government-
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Merits of Unitary Government1. Strong government
2. Less expensive
3. Single citizenship
4. Efficient administration
5. Administrative uniformity-
6. Prompt decisions
7. Most suited to the small countries 8. More flexible-
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Demerits of the Unitary Government Apprehension of the Central Government
becoming despotic
The Central Government becomesoverburdened with work
Lack of local autonomy
More influence of Government officials
Not suitable for big states
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FEDERA
LFO
RM
OF
GOVE
RNMEN
T According to Dr. Garner - Federal Government may
be defined as a system of central and local
government combined under a common
sovereignty, both the central and localorganizations being supreme within definite
spheres, marked out for them by the general
constitution or by the act of Parliament which
creates the system Federal Government is not as
is often loosely said the central government alone,
but it is a system composed of the central and local
governments combined.
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Federations may be multi-ethnic, or cover a largearea of territory, although neither is necessarily the
case. Federations are most often founded on anoriginal agreement between a number of sovereignstates based on mutual concerns or interests.
The initial agreements create a stability thatencourages other common interests, brings thedisparate territories closer, and gives them all evenmore common ground. Some time this is recognizedand a movement is organized to merge more
closely. Other times, especially when common cultural
factors are at play such as ethnicity and language,some of these steps in this pattern are expeditedand compressed.
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Federal form of Government.
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MERITS
1. Reconciliation of local autonomy with national unity 2. Division of powers between the Centre and States leads
to administrative efficiency
3. People take more interest in local and regional affairs
4. It gives rise to big states-
5. This system is more advantageous to the smaller states
6. Citizenship of Federal Government is more dignified
than that of its units 7. Distribution of powers checks the despotism of the
Central Government
8. It is a model for the world state
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DEMERITS
1. Federal Government is weaker in comparisonwith the Unitary Government -
2. Federal Government is more expensive than the
unitary type of Government
3. Provincial tendencies are very acute
4. Lack of uniformity in administration
5. Threat to national unity
6. Double citizenship 7. The constitution being rigid cannot be adjusted to
the fast changing conditions
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MERITS
Unitary Federal Confederal
Central govt. is clearly
accountable
A single centre of
power that permits
coordinated and
decisive state action
Best suited to smallstates, or
homogeneous states
with similar regions
Another form of the
separation of powers
Encourages consensus
and compromise
between federal and
state authorities
Best suited to large
states (either population
or geographical area),and/or those with
markedly different
regions
Permits states (or
other autonomous
political units) to
cooperate while
maintaining their
sovereignty
Best suited to
cooperation in one
sector or field of government activity
economic (IMF),
diplomatic (UN),
defense (NATO)
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Unitary Federal Confederal
Can help national integration
by focusing on national
politics
Facilitates the equalisation ofregional resources (through
national tax system, for
example)
It is still possible to grant
some areas special powers
(e.g. Basque Country in Spain)
Helps in the creation of a
system of equal rights and
duties for all citizens
Can protect the rights of
territorially concentrated
minorities
Can maintain the unity ofthe country by containing
regional divisions, so
deflecting and defusing
potentially dangerous
national conflicts
Encourages small-scale
experiment, innovation and
competition between states:
the efficiency argument
May be the
only form of
cooperation
possible
DEMERIT
Unstable
members can
withdraw
easilyCan be
ineffective
when
members
cannot agree
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DEMERITS
Unitary Federal
Can result in an over-
powerful central state
Can result in national
majorities exploiting orrepressing regional minorities
Can result in a rigid and
hierarchical form of
government
Not suitable for big states
Central government may getoverburdened with work
The people dont get much
intrested.
Can result in duplication, overlap and confusion
of responsibilities and accountability
May lead to conflict, inefficiency, or stalemate
between levels of government
Can result in complex, slow and expensive forms
of government
Can be inherently conservative
Can strengthen tendencies towards national
disunity and disintegration by encouraging
breakaway of territorial units
Can deflect political attention from national
groups and interests to geographical interests
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PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT
The relation between the Executive and the
Legislature is the only way to know whether the
government is Parliamentary or Presidential. If
the real executive is responsible to thelegislature or the Parliament, the form of
government is Parliamentary.
It is also called Responsible or Cabinet form ofGovernment because the Cabinet enjoys the
real powers of the government and it is under
the control of the Parliament.
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A parliamentary system is a system of governmentin which the ministers of the executive branch aredrawn from the legislature and are accountable tothat body, such that the executive and legislativebranches are intertwined. In such a system, the
head of government is both de facto chiefexecutive and chief legislator.
Parliamentary systems usually have a cleardifferentiation between the head of government
and the head of state, with the head ofgovernment being the prime minister or premier,and the head of state often being a figurehead,often either a president (elected either popularly or
by the parliament) or a hereditary monarch
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In a parliamentary form of governmentPrime Minister is the Head of the governmentelected by the members of the parliamentfor a specified period usually, leader of the
party that wins the majority seats in theelection.
Parliamentary systems are characterized byno clear-cut separation of powers between
the executive and legislative branches,leading to a different set of checks andbalances compared to those found inpresidential systems.
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A Parliamentary system may consist of twostyles of Chambers of Parliament one with
two chambers (or houses): an elected lower
house, and an upper house or Senatewhich may be appointed or elected by a
different mechanism from the lower house.
This style of two houses is called bicameral
system. Legislatures with only one houseare known as unicameral system
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MERITS
Cooperation between Parliament and theCabinet is generally available in this system
Responsible government
The government does not become autocratic-
Adjustable according to the changingcircumstances
Head of the State gives impartial advice
Parliamentary Government is responsive to the
public opinion It has changed the absolute monarchy into
democracy
This system provides for an alternate
Government
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DEMERITS1. There is the apprehension of the dictatorship of the
cabinet.2. The Government becomes unstable if the ruling party does
not command a clear or absolute majority in the legislature.
3. Frequency in the change of Government leads touncertainty of policy.
4. Formation of the Government becomes difficult in a multiparty system.
5. This system leads to perpetual conflicts.
6. National interest are sacrificed sometimes at the altar ofparty interests.
7. In Parliamentary Government much time is wasted indiscussion during war and emergency.
8. Ministers pay more attention to the politics than theadministration.
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PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT
According to Dr. Garner, PresidentialGovernment is that system in which theExecutive( including both the Head of state
and his ministers ) is constitutionallyindependent of the legislature in respect tothe duration of his or their tenure andirresponsible to it for his or their politicalpolicies.
The President is usually directly elected by amajority vote in a universal generalelection. Examples of presidentialdemocracy include France, Mexico, USA etc.
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Presidential governments make nodistinction between the positions of head ofstate and head of government, both ofwhich are held by the president .
In such a system the chief of state is notmerely the title executive but he is the realexecutive and actually exercises the powerswhich the constitution and Laws confer upon
him. In such a system the Presidentenjoys real powers of the government. He isnot responsible to the legislature for hisadministration and policies .
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Many parliamentary governments have a symbolichead of state in the form of a president or monarch(Again, some Monarchs maintain active ReservePowers). That person is responsible for theformalities of state functions, or in the case of
Monarchs with Reserve Powers, the "hands off"ensuing of a functional Parliament, while theconstitutional prerogatives of head of governmentare generally exercised by the prime minister.
The figurehead presidents tend to be elected in a
much less direct manner than active presidential-system presidents, for example, by a vote of thelegislature. A few nations, such as Ireland andPortugal, do have a popularly elected ceremonialpresident.
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Features of presidential systems
Direct mandate in a presidential system, the presidentis often elected directly by the people. To some, this makesthe president's power more legitimate than that of a leaderappointed indirectly.
Separation of powers a presidential systemestablishes the presidency and the legislature as twoparallel structures. This arrangement allows each structureto supervise the other, preventing abuses.
Speed and decisiveness some argue that a presidentwith strong powers can usually enact changes quickly.However, others argue that the separation of powers slows
the system down. Stability a president, by virtue of a fixed term, may
provide more stability than a prime minister who can bedismissed at any time.
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Merits of the Presidential Government
1. It ensures stable government
2. This system of government is most suitablefor emergencies
3. It leads to the efficiency in administration
4. Less influence of parties
5. This type of government is based on the
theory of Separation of Powers 6. Most suitable for multi party system
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Demerits of Presidential Government
1. In this system of Government the President
enjoys wide powers and he can have his own
way in many matters.2. Since the Constitution is very rigid, it
becomes very difficult to make amendments
in it according to the changing times.
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Presidential Parliamentary Semi-presidential
MERITS
The USA is a model/ ensures
stable govt.
Separation of the
executive and legislative
institutions of government
according to classical
democratic theory
Direct election of the
president means direct
accountability of the
president to the people
Less influence of parties
Responsible govt./Most of
the worlds stable
democracies are
parliamentary systems
Fusion of executive and
legislative can create strong
and effective government
Direct chain of
accountability from votersto parliament to cabinet to
prime minister/ cooperation
Govt. is not autocratic but
democratic
In theory combines the
best of presidential and
parliamentary government
The president can be a
symbol of the nation, and
a focus of national unity,
while the prime minister
can run the day-to-day
business of the
government
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Presidential Parliamentary Semi-presidential
DEMERITS
Conflict between executive
and legislation may be
chronic, leading to
deadlock
Weak and ineffective
presidents have sometimes
tried to make their office
much stronger
Few presidential systems
have survived long
Government not
responsible to the
Parliament
The fusion of the executive
and legislative, and a large
legislative majority,
combined with tight party
discipline, can produce
leaders with too much
Power/Dictatorship
Parliamentary systems
without a legislative
majority can be weak and
Unstable/ uncertain policy
Leads to conflicts/ Bureaucracy
Acquires influence
Party interests supreme/ More
politics than administration
Conflict and power
struggles between prime
minister and cabinet,
and
between prime minister
and president are notunusual
Confusion of
accountability
between president and
prime minister
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