Force Protection OperationsMarch OPDReact to Unexploded Ordinance HazardsAWT 093-401-5040

March 2004

Purpose

The purpose is to familiarize leaders with force protection tactics, techniques, and procedures which have been successful in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.OPD MARCH 2004

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Agenda

ReferencesForce Protection Operations TTPSummary and ReviewConclusion

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References

CALL 03-20FM 4-01.011

FM 7-98FM 3-21

FM 71-1FM 3-19.4

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Force Protection OperationsSecurity OperationsCheckpoint OperationsExplosive HazardsConvoy Operations

React to Unexploded Ordinance Hazards AWT 093-401-5040OPD MARCH 2004

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Explosive HazardsUnexploded Ordinance (UXO) and Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) that have failed to function as designed

UXO and IED that have failed to detonate by design (for example: area denial munitions, land mines, and booby traps)OPD MARCH 2004

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Explosive HazardsThree steps to take in reacting to UXO/IED

Recognize the explosive hazard

React to the explosive hazard

Report the explosive hazardOPD MARCH 2004

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Explosive HazardsImprovised Explosive Devices (IED)

Package type

Vehicle borne

Suicide bomberOPD MARCH 2004

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Methods of ActivationCommand activation--by radio, electric leads, pull wire/mechanical strikers.

Action by the subject/target--trip wire, pressure device, light sensitive device, electric. Time delay--clock, burning fuse, chemical delay, atmospheric pressure

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Suicide VestOPD MARCH 2004

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Partially Detonated IED

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IEDs in OIF/OEFOPD MARCH 2004

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Pepsi Can IED

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Saddam Poster IED

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More IEDsCar AlarmD Cell Batteries

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IEDs in OIF/OEF

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IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED)TACTICS, TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES (TTPs)Median StripMedian StripMedian StripThe Basic No Frills IED AttackIED Placed on ShoulderMil/Civ ConvoyDirection of TrafficVariation: IED Placed in the Median StripTypical Iraqi 4 lane highway

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IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED)TACTICS, TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES (TTPs)Median StripMedian StripMedian StripThe Broken Down Vehicle IED AttackDirection of TrafficIEDStopped fake Broken Down vehicle canalizesmilitary traffic into close proximity to IED

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IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE (IED)TACTICS, TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES (TTPs)Median StripMedian StripMedian StripThe Fiendishly Clever IED AttackDirection of TrafficThe Real IEDs Daisy Chained TogetherEasily seenFake IEDVisible WiresLead vehicle sees fake IED and stops. The convoy stops behind it. Real IEDs on flanks of stopped convoy are then command detonated

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Ambush TechniqueOPD MARCH 2004

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Result of IED/Ambush

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OPD MARCH 2004Chechnya IED

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Chechnya IEDOPD MARCH 2004

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Chechnya IEDOPD MARCH 2004

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Chechnya IEDOPD MARCH 2004

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Chechnya IEDOPD MARCH 2004

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What Can You do to Mitigate Threat?Keep Alert: Make yourself a Hard Target Be Prepared for IED Attack Followed by Ambush

Be and Appear VigilantPersonnel Who Look Ready to Fight Back Make Bad TargetsBad Guys Wait for the Next ConvoyOPD MARCH 2004

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What Can You do to Mitigate Threat?

Maintain Convoy Speed when Possible

Maintain vehicle dispersion

Be Extra Cautious at choke points -Iraqi Vehicle Breakdowns -Bridges, one way roads, traffic jams, sharp turns, etc

If Something Causes the Convoy to Stop, Watch Your Flanks for IEDs (Post Ops)OPD MARCH 2004

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What Can You do to Mitigate Threat?Vests and Helmets Save LivesWear Them!

Ballistic Glasses Save Eyesight

Wear Earplugs-Prevents damage to eardrums

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What Can You do to Mitigate Threat?Rehearse Actions on Contact for an IED

Get Out of the Kill Zone Fast

Do NOT Approach the IEDSoldier was Killed Doing this when the IED was Command Detonated as the Soldier Inspected ItOPD MARCH 2004

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SummaryThe purpose has been to familiarize leaders with force protection tactics, techniques, and procedures which have been successful in Afghanistan and IraqOPD MARCH 2004

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Look Hard, Be HardThis is about shifting the mindset of soldiers from identifying what they do as a soldier- - Im a cook, Im an infantryman, Im a postal clerk - - toward I am a warrior when people ask what they do for a living. BG Benjamin Freakley Commander U.S. Army Infantry Center

March 2004

Conclusion

U.S. soldiers can use the lessons learned in Afghanistan and Iraq to successfully secure fixed sites, deter and prevent terrorist attacks, and save lives.OPD MARCH 2004

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QUESTIONS?OPD MARCH 2004

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Every soldier on the battlefield, within an operational area, or in a military training area must be able to recognize and react properly to the UXO hazard.Three steps:1Recognize the hazardfour different categories: 1 droppedbombs, dispensers, sub-munitions 2 projectedprojectiles, mortars, rockets, guided missiles, rifle grenades 3 placedland mines, booby traps 4 throwngrenades2React to the hazard immediate actions: dont move closer to a suspect UXO/IED once it is identifieddont strike, move, or touch a suspect UXO/IEDdont use radios or other electronic devices within 100m of a suspect UXO/IEDput on MOPP IV if there are peculiar smells, liquids, or dead animals in the vicinity of the suspect UXO/IED, as chemical agents may be present mark the UXO/IED: similar to a contaminated areause engineer tape, marking ribbon, or UXO markernote the physical characteristics of the suspect UXO/IED and surrounding terrain features to aid future identification evacuatewithdraw on same route and watch out for additional hazardsevacuate personnel and equipment a safe distance from the area

3Report the hazardformat will depend on unit SOP, but will include at a minimum:whounit which discovered UXO/IEDwhattype of explosive and subgroupwherelocation description and/or gridwhentime the item was discoveredAn IED is a home-made explosive device to cause death or injury. They can be produced in varying sizes, functioning methods, containers, and delivery methods.

Most IEDs are package type, and metal or lead pipes are most common containers.

IEDs have a great variety of fuzing/firing systems, to include:time device, command detonation, booby trap

Intended effect of IEDs are also varied upon the intent of the terrorist:high explosive/fragmentation, explosive formed penetrator, shape charge, hoax device, and chemical/biological/radiological

Common characteristicskey identification features and indicators of suspected IEDs or the presence of IEDs:exposed wires, cord, or fuze protruding from objects that normally dont have such attachments;unusual smells, sounds or substances emanating from objects;object seems out of place in its surroundings;object or area being noticeably avoided by local populace

Vehicle borne IEDs are devices that use a vehicle as the package or container for the explosive device. It has similar characteristics or indicators as package type IEDs, plus other indicators including: an auto that is riding low on its springs, even if the auto appears to be empty; explosives can be concealed within the body panels, distributing the weight around the rear end;Suspicious large boxes or satchels, bags or containers in plain viewThe firing system is sometimes found in the front/engine compartment, and the main explosive usually out of sight in the rearUnusual or overwhelming fuel-type odorsOwner/driver cannot be located, or if present, exhibits some kind of suspicious behavior

A suicide bomber presents a singularly difficult threat for soldiers; the aim of a suicide bomber is not to commit suicide, but to injure or killas many soldiers and/or civilians as possible

A suicide explosive is delivered via package type attached to or carried by the terrorist or by vehicle. Most frequently they are command detonated by a switch or button.

Indicators of suicide bombers are difficult; there is no true profile. They can be male, female, of any age group. There is usually no distinctive or identifiable clothing worn, other than baggy clothes or a coat to conceal the IED package. Clothing may not be appropriate for seasonal climate. Otherwise, will attempt to blend in with populace. Some males have disguised themselves as females.

Special considerations: Suicide bomber will detonate the device if they believe that they have been discovered. If a suspect is determined to be a suicide bomber, deadly force is normally the only option. Prepare for and expect an explosion, shoot from as great a distance as possible, from a protected position, if possible.

Note straight road surrounded by high groundDrive safely but aggressively.

Leaders must find balance between maintaining a rapid rate of movement, and not driving at a speed fast enough to increase the risk of injury due to vehicle accident.

Keep good separation between vehicles so drivers and crews have time to react to any contact.Ensure all personnel have on the proper protective gear. This is a leadership check that may very well save the lives of your soldiers. After an IED detonation get out of the kill zone FAST!

There may be other devices attached to the first one by time fuze.

Move at least 500m away from the point of detonation.