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2009

Pr esent perfectIntroduction(a song from Gram mar chan ts by Carolyn Grah am)

Ha ve you ever been to Boston?

Yes, I ha ve. No, I ha vent .


Yes, I ha ve. No, I ha vent.





Ha ve you ever work ed in Boston?








In t his un it you will study t he present perfect. When we use t he pr esent perfect, th ere is

always connection with now. The action in t he past h as a r esult now.

Grammar presentation [Examples]

1. Where is your key? I dont kn ow. Ive lost it . (I ha vent got it now.)2. He told me his name, but I ve forgot ten it. (I can t r emem ber it now.)3. Is Sa lly h er e? No, shes gone out.(She is out now.)4. I can t find my ba g. Have you seen it? (Do you k now wher e it is n ow?)*Contractions ve = have ha vent = have not s = has ha sn t = has n ot

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[Structure/Form]

The presen t per fect sim ple is have/has + past part icipate.Affirma tive [Negat ive] Sta tem ent s Yes/No Quest ions

I

You ha ve (not) Ha veI

you

He

She

It

ha s (not) Ha she

she

it

We

You

They

have (not)

worked.

Havewe

you

they

worked?

(Affirm at ive stat ement I h ave worked. Negative sta tement I ha ve not worked.

Yes/No Quest ion Ha ve I worked?)

*The past participle often ends in ed finished/decided etc., but man y importa nt verbsa re irregularlost /forgot ten /gone / seen /done / /wr i t t en etc. (See a list of irr egular verbs.)

We often use t he pr esent perfect wit h t he following words.for an d since

We us e for when we ment ion t he length of th e period.e.g. She ha snt ph oned for a ges. (= th e last time sh e phoned was a ges ago)

We us e since when we ment ion t he st art ing point of the period.e.g. I ha vent s een Richa rd s ince Tuesda y. (=Tuesda y was t he last time I saw h im)

ever , never a nd before

We use th e present perfect with indefinite t ime words su ch as ever, n ever and before.It is often used to talk about personal experience. We do not use the present perfect

with definite past t ime words su ch as yesterda y, last night .

e.g. Have you ever played t he guit ar ?

Ive never been t o Boston.

I h avent met him before.

already, just a nd yet

We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected. (Alreadycomes after have.)

e.g. Newspaper? No, th an ks. Ive alr eady rea d it .

Youre lat e. Weve alr eady st ar ted .

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We also use the pr esent per fect with yet in questions and negatives. (Yet usuallycomes at th e end of a sen ten ce.)

e.g. Ha ve you spoken to J ohn yet? No, not yet . He h asnt come in yet.We often use t he pr esent per fect with just.(Jus t comes a fter have.)e.g. Ive just come back from Spa in. The r ain ha s just stopped.

*Note

The difference between gone t o and been t o.J im is on holiday. He h as gone to Ita ly. (= He is t her e now or on h is way th ere.)

J an e is back home n ow. She ha s been t o Italy. (= She h as now come ba ck.)

Communication practiceFin d someone who. us ing Ha ve you ever .?

Go around the class and ask as many of your classmatesas possible if they have done

th e th ings listed below. W ite down th e na mes of th e people who have done t hem.r

(When youd like to develop the t opic, you can exten d th e conver sa tion a s follows.)

[Exam ple of procedure]

1. Have you ever slept in a cave? Yes, I ha ve. (No, I ha vent .)

2. When was tha t? When Im lost in t he mount ain last sum mer.

3. Did you enjoy it? No, it wa s a h orr ible experien ce.

4. What happened? I couldn t sleep a ll night becau se th ere wer e

vampire bat s in the cave.

1. Find someone who ha s written a lett er t o a n ewspaper.

(Asking; Ha ve you ever writ ten a lett er to a n ewspaper ? NAME:__________________

2. Find someone who has eat en sna ils.

(Asking; Ha ve you ever ea ten sna ils?) NAME:__________________________________

3. Find someone who has slept in a par k.

(Asking; Ha ve you ever slept in a par k?)NAME:_________________________________

4. Find someone wh o has spoken to a fam ous per son.

(Asking; Ha ve you ever spoken to a fam ous person?)NAME:______________________

5. Find someone who has spent m ore th an a mont h in hospita l.

(Asking;Have you ever spent m o e tha n a month in hospital?NAME:______________r

6. Find someone wh o has lost a wa llet.

(Asking;Ha ve you ever lost a wa llet? )NAME:__________________________________

7. Find someone wh o has been bu ngee jum ping.

(Asking; Have you eve been bung e jum ping?)NAME:___________________________r e

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Focus ed pra cticeThe following passa ge is about Tiger Woods. Underline t he exp essions t ha t describe

things that sta rted in the past and a re still happening, which are w itten using thep esent perfect. e.g. have eaten

r

rr

At the end of every year, sports magazines name their choice for Athlete of

th e Year. Golf ha s never been a ma jor sport in th e U.S. This may chan ge. Some

people have already called a young golf star born in 1975 the greatest golfer of our

time.

Eldrick (Tiger) Woods was born of parents of Native American, African,

Chinese, Eur opean, a nd Th ai h erita ge. He began to swing mini-golf clubs when he

was ten months old. His father was of course his trainer. From the age of 15, he

started to win amateur championships. In August in 1996, Tiger became a

professional. Since then he has been winning professional championships.

Tiger doesnt only th ink a bout winning. Fan s h ave seen h im sign

autographs for half an hour after a day of playing golf. He went to one of the top

un iversities in t he U .S. In his free tim e, Tiger tea ches golf classes for poor childr en

living in th e city, He ha s ha d th e cour age to speak out t o Americans t ha t 23 pr ivat e

clubs in t he U .S. do not a llow him to play becau se of th e colour of his skin . Perh ap s

someday Tiger Woods will be a choice for Athlet e a nd Per son of th e year.

NAGATA, J un ko 7/29/2009

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Conditiona l sent ences1. Zero / pr esent condit iona l (Type 0)2. Fir st condit iona l (Type 1)3. Second cond itiona l (Type 2)4. Thir d condit iona l (Type 3)

1. Zero / pr esen t cond itiona l (Type 0)A ) FormIf + S+ present simple.., + present or imperat ive

B) Meanings This type of sent ence is used t o refer to conditions which ar e always tr ue.e.g. If Mike reads on t he tra in, he feels sick.(Every time Mike reads on t he t ra in, the sa me t hing ha ppens: he feels sick.)

This t ype of senten ce is a lso used to refer t o scient ific facts.e.g. If you put on pa per on a fire, it burns quickly. It is also used to give inst ru ctions.e.g. If the phone rings , answer it .*In Zero / pres ent condit iona l sent ences w h e n or w h e n e v e r can be u sed inst ead of if.

2. Fir st condit iona l (Type 1)A ) FormIf + S+ presen t sim ple, + will fut ur e

B) Meanin g This type of sent ence is used t o pred ict likely or pr obable resu lts in t he futu re, if

a condit ion is met .e.g. If we don t leave now, well m iss the train.

If we leave now, we wont need to hurry. First conditional sentences are often used to express promises, warnings and

threats .

e.g. If you pass your exams , Ill give you a job.If you dont t ur n that music down, youll go deaf.

* Some modal verbscan be used instea d ofwill.e.g. If we leave now, we m a y catch the train.

If you come to London a gain, you m u s t call and see us.

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* U n l e s s can be sometim es be used inst ead of if not.e.g. U n l e s s we leave n ow, well miss t he tr ain . (If we dont leave now, well mis s t hetrain.)

3. Second condit iona l (Type 2)A ) FormIf + + past simple, + would/ could/ might + presen t s imple

B) Meanin g This type of sentence is used to speculate about imaginary or improbable

situa tions (th e implicat ion is th at th e conditions will not be m et).e.g. You d feel healthier if you did more exer cise.

If you went to Africa, you d have to have s evera l injections. (It s n ot likely youllgo to Africa , but it is possible.)

Second conditional sent ences can refer to un real situa tions.e.g. If people didn t dr ive so fast, there wouldn t be so many fatal accidents.(Actua lly people do drive fast an d th ere a re a lot of fata l accident s.)

Second condit iona l sent ences ar e often u sed express a dvice.e.g. If I were you, I wouldn t d rive so fast .* Migh t and could can be used instead of would in the main clause of secondconditional sentences to show uncertainty.

e.g. If you did more exercise, you m i g h t feel healthier.

4. Third condit ional (Type 3)A ) FormIf + S+ past perfect, + would/ could/ might ha ve+ past pa rt iciple

B) Meanin g This type of senten ce looks ba ck a t th e pa st an d speculates a bout possibilities

which didnt h app en.e.g. If Id had your addr ess, Id h avesent you a postcard. (I didnt h ave your ad dress ,

so I didnt send you a postcard.)

You might not ha ve crush ed into the bus if you d been dr iving more slowly.NoteWhen t heif clause comes be fore the m ain clause, it is followed by a comm a .When t he if clause comesafter the m ain clause, th ere is no comm a between t heclauses. NAGATA, J un ko 7/29/2009

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090806 Nag at A