0905473 Hazardous Waste Management CCC

7/30/2019 0905473 Hazardous Waste Management CCC

1/9

1

Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste

ManagementManagement09-12-2008

DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATIONDEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION

OF HAZARDOUS WASTEOF HAZARDOUS WASTE

A hazardous waste, in short, is any waste or combination ofA hazardous waste, in short, is any waste or combination ofwastes that poses a substantial danger, now or in the future, towastes that poses a substantial danger, now or in the future, tohuman, plant, or animal life, and which therefore cannot behuman, plant, or animal life, and which therefore cannot behandled or disposed of without special precautions.handled or disposed of without special precautions.

A more complete and specific definition has been published byA more complete and specific definition has been published bythe U.S. EPA.the U.S. EPA.

There areThere are two waystwo ways a waste material is found to be hazardous:a waste material is found to be hazardous:

1)1)by its presence on the EPAby its presence on the EPA--developed lists, ordeveloped lists, or

2)2)by evidence that the waste exhibits ignitable, corrosive,by evidence that the waste exhibits ignitable, corrosive,reactive, or toxic characteristics.reactive, or toxic characteristics.


2/9

2

The list of hazardous wastes includesThe list of hazardous wastes includes spent halogenated and nonspent halogenated and non--halogenated solvents;halogenated solvents;

electroplating baths; wastewater treatment sludgeselectroplating baths; wastewater treatment sludgesfrom many individual production processes; andfrom many individual production processes; andheavy ends, light ends, bottom tars, and sideheavy ends, light ends, bottom tars, and side--cutscutsfrom various distillation processes.from various distillation processes.

Some commercial chemical products are alsoSome commercial chemical products are alsolisted as being hazardous wastes when discardedlisted as being hazardous wastes when discardedincludingincluding acutely hazardousacutely hazardouswastes such as arsenic acid,wastes such as arsenic acid,

cyanides, and many pesticides, as well ascyanides, and many pesticides, as well as

toxictoxicwastes such as benzene, toluene, urethane,wastes such as benzene, toluene, urethane,and phenols.and phenols.

EPAEPAs Hazardous Waste Designation Systems Hazardous Waste Designation System

EPA has designated five categories considered asEPA has designated five categories considered as

hazardous:hazardous:

1.1. Specific type of wastes from nonspecific sources:Specific type of wastes from nonspecific sources:

halogenated & nonhalogenated & non--halogenated solventshalogenated solvents

electroelectro--plating sludgesplating sludges

and cyanide solutions from plating batchesand cyanide solutions from plating batches

2.2. Specific types of wastes from specific sources;Specific types of wastes from specific sources;

oven residue from production of chrome oxideoven residue from production of chrome oxide

green segmentsgreen segments

brine purificationbrine purification mudsmuds from the mercury cellfrom the mercury cell

process in chlorine productionprocess in chlorine production


3/9

3

3.3. Specific substances identified as acute hazardous waste:Specific substances identified as acute hazardous waste:

potassium silver cyanide,potassium silver cyanide,

toxaphenetoxaphene

arsenic oxide.arsenic oxide.

4. Specific substances identified as hazardous wastes:4. Specific substances identified as hazardous wastes:

xylenexylene

DDTDDT

carbon tetrachloridecarbon tetrachloride

5. Characteristic wastes:5. Characteristic wastes:

Wastes not specifically identified elsewhereWastes not specifically identified elsewhereexhibiting properties of ignitability, corrosivity,exhibiting properties of ignitability, corrosivity,reactivity, or toxicity.reactivity, or toxicity.

IgnitabilityIgnitability

A solid waste is said to exhibit the characteristic of ignitabilA solid waste is said to exhibit the characteristic of ignitability ifity ifa representative sample of the waste has any of the followinga representative sample of the waste has any of the followingproperties:properties:

1. It is a liquid, other than an aqueous solution1. It is a liquid, other than an aqueous solutioncontaining less than 24 percent alcohol by volume,containing less than 24 percent alcohol by volume,and has a flash point less than 60and has a flash point less than 60C.C.

2. It is not a liquid and is capable, under standard2. It is not a liquid and is capable, under standardtemperature and pressure, of causing fire throughtemperature and pressure, of causing fire throughfriction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneousfriction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneouschemical changes; and, when ignited, burns sochemical changes; and, when ignited, burns sovigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard.vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard.

3. It is an ignitable, compressed gas.3. It is an ignitable, compressed gas.

4. It is an oxidizer4. It is an oxidizer


4/9

4

CorrosivityCorrosivity

A solid waste is said to exhibit the characteristicA solid waste is said to exhibit the characteristicof corrosivity if a representative sample of theof corrosivity if a representative sample of thewaste has either of the following properties:waste has either of the following properties:

1. It is aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to 21. It is aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to 2or greater than or equal to 12.5.or greater than or equal to 12.5.

2. It is a liquid that corrodes steel at a rate greater2. It is a liquid that corrodes steel at a rate greater

than 6.35 mm per year at a test temperature ofthan 6.35 mm per year at a test temperature of5555C.C.

ReactivityReactivity

A solid waste is said to exhibit the characteristic ofA solid waste is said to exhibit the characteristic ofreactivity if a representative sample of the waste hasreactivity if a representative sample of the waste hasany of the following properties:any of the following properties:

1.1. It is normally unstable and readily undergoesIt is normally unstable and readily undergoesviolent change without detonating.violent change without detonating.

2.2. It reacts violently with water.It reacts violently with water.

3.3. It forms potentially explosive mixtures with water.It forms potentially explosive mixtures with water.

4.4. When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases,When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases,vapors, or fumes in a quantity sufficient to presentvapors, or fumes in a quantity sufficient to presenta danger to human health or the environment.a danger to human health or the environment.

contcontdd


5/9

5

5. It is a cyanide or sulfide5. It is a cyanide or sulfide--bearing waste that, whenbearing waste that, whenexposed to pH between 2 and 12.5, can generateexposed to pH between 2 and 12.5, can generatetoxic gases, vapors, or fumes in a quantity sufficienttoxic gases, vapors, or fumes in a quantity sufficientto present a danger to human health or theto present a danger to human health or theenvironment.environment.

6. It is capable of detonation or explosive reaction if it6. It is capable of detonation or explosive reaction if itis subjected to a strong initiating source or if heatedis subjected to a strong initiating source or if heatedunder confinement.under confinement.

7. It is readily capable of detonation or explosive7. It is readily capable of detonation or explosivedecomposition or reaction at standard temperaturedecomposition or reaction at standard temperatureand pressure.and pressure.

8. It is a forbidden explosive, as defined in Department8. It is a forbidden explosive, as defined in Departmentof Transportation regulations.of Transportation regulations.

ToxicityToxicity

A solid waste is said to exhibit the characteristic ofA solid waste is said to exhibit the characteristic of

extraction procedure (EP) toxicity if, using the testextraction procedure (EP) toxicity if, using the test

methods described in Appendix II of the Federalmethods described in Appendix II of the Federal

Register (55 FR 11863 and 55 FR 26986), the extractRegister (55 FR 11863 and 55 FR 26986), the extract

from a representative sample of the waste contains anyfrom a representative sample of the waste contains any

of the contaminants listed in Table 9of the contaminants listed in Table 9--1 at a1 at aconcentration equal to or greater than the respectiveconcentration equal to or greater than the respective

value given in the table.value given in the table.


6/9

6

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENTHAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

A logical priority in managing hazardous waste wouldA logical priority in managing hazardous waste wouldbe to:be to:

1. Reduce the amount of hazardous wastes generated in1. Reduce the amount of hazardous wastes generated inthe first place.the first place.

2. Stimulate2. Stimulate waste exchange.waste exchange. (One factory(One factorys hazardouss hazardouswastes can become anotherwastes can become anothers feedstock; for instance,s feedstock; for instance,acid and solvent wastes from some industries can beacid and solvent wastes from some industries can beutilized by others without processing.)utilized by others without processing.)

3. Recycle metals, the energy content, and other useful3. Recycle metals, the energy content, and other usefulresources contained in hazardous wastes.resources contained in hazardous wastes.

4. Detoxify and neutralize liquid hazardous waste streams4. Detoxify and neutralize liquid hazardous waste streamsby chemical and biological treatment.by chemical and biological treatment.


7/9

7

5. Reduce the volume of waste sludges generated in5. Reduce the volume of waste sludges generated innumber four, above, by dewatering.number four, above, by dewatering.

6. Destroy combustible hazardous wastes in special high6. Destroy combustible hazardous wastes in special high--temperature incinerators equipped with propertemperature incinerators equipped with properpollution control and monitoring systems.pollution control and monitoring systems.

7. Stabilize/solidify sludges and ash from numbers five7. Stabilize/solidify sludges and ash from numbers fiveand six to reduce leachand six to reduce leach-- ability of metals.ability of metals.

8. Dispose of remaining treated residues in specially8. Dispose of remaining treated residues in speciallydesigned landfills.designed landfills.

Chemical TreatmentChemical Treatment

It is important to remember that a chemical procedure cannotIt is important to remember that a chemical procedure cannotmagically make a toxic chemical disappear from the matrixmagically make a toxic chemical disappear from the matrix(wastewater, sludge, etc.) in which it is found, but can only(wastewater, sludge, etc.) in which it is found, but can onlyconvert it to another form.convert it to another form.

Thus, it is vital to ensure that the products of a chemicalThus, it is vital to ensure that the products of a chemicaldetoxification step are less of a problem than is the startingdetoxification step are less of a problem than is the starting

material. It is equally important to remember that the reagentsmaterial. It is equally important to remember that the reagentsfor such a reaction can be hazardous.for such a reaction can be hazardous.

The spectrum of chemical methods includes:The spectrum of chemical methods includes:

complexationcomplexation

NeutralizationNeutralization

Oxidation and reductionOxidation and reduction

PrecipitationPrecipitation


8/9

8

Stabilization/SolidificationStabilization/Solidification

Because of their elemental composition, some wastes,Because of their elemental composition, some wastes,such as nickel, cannot be destroyed or changed bysuch as nickel, cannot be destroyed or changed byphysical or chemical means.physical or chemical means.

Thus, once they have been separated from aqueousThus, once they have been separated from aqueoussolution and concentrated in ash or sludge, thesolution and concentrated in ash or sludge, thehazardous constituents must be bound up in stablehazardous constituents must be bound up in stablecompounds that meet thecompounds that meet the land banland ban restrictions forrestrictions forleachabilityleachability..

LAND DISPOSALLAND DISPOSAL

Deep Well Injection:Deep Well Injection:

Pumping wastes into geologically secure formations.Pumping wastes into geologically secure formations.Pumping of wastes into these formations has beenPumping of wastes into these formations has beenpracticed primarily in Louisiana and Texas. Inpracticed primarily in Louisiana and Texas. Inpromulgating the final third of thepromulgating the final third of the land banland banrestrictions,31 the EPA allowed disposal in Class Irestrictions,31 the EPA allowed disposal in Class I

injection wells for wastes disposed under clean waterinjection wells for wastes disposed under clean wateract regulations.act regulations.

Landfill:Landfill:

A secure landfill means that no leachate or otherA secure landfill means that no leachate or othercontaminant can escape from the fill and cause adversecontaminant can escape from the fill and cause adverseimpacts on the surface water or groundwater. Leakageimpacts on the surface water or groundwater. Leakagefrom the site is not acceptable during or afterfrom the site is not acceptable during or afteroperations. Wastes must not be allowed to migrateoperations. Wastes must not be allowed to migratefrom the site. (see Figure 9.12)from the site. (see Figure 9.12)


9/9

9

Documents

0905473 Hazardous Waste Management CCC