08_Review of FMD Epi in Central Africa

8/6/2019 08_Review of FMD Epi in Central Africa

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FMDTechnicalWorkshopforAfrica

FMD Technical Workshop for AfricaContributing to the FMD Global Strategy

Nairobi 26-30 January 2009

Review on Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease(FMD) in Central Africa

Rufael, T., Sahle, M.


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Introduction

FMDV has global distribution, with the exception of

North America, Western Europe, and Australia. There are seven serotypes of FMDV(O, A, C, SAT 1, 2

and 3, and Asia 1).

60 subtypes have also been described (WRL).

There is no cross protection between FMDV

serotypes.

Affects over 70 domestic and wild Life species


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Introduction

Six serotypes, are endemic in most sub-Saharan

African countries With marked differences in the distribution and

prevalence of serotypes

For all serotypes geographically distinct topotypes

occur

Antigenic variation between various topotypes

In Central Africa, serotypes O, A, SAT1 and SAT2 are

considered as endemic (Fig. 1)


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Fig. 1 The status of FMD in Africa


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Objective

The main objective of these presentation is to

improve the information base on FMD in centralAfrica by compiling and reviewing epidemiological

information.


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FMD situation in

Central Africa Region

O, A, SAT1 and SAT2 are predominantly occur in central Africa

(Fig. 2)

Important disease corridor Region linking the East Africa

region with West Africa

Fig. 2 Spread of FMD in Africa Regions


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Distribution of FMD virus

in Central Africa

Nucleotide sequencing of the VP1 gene was used todetermine the molecular epidemiology of FMD inCentral Africa (Table 1)

From the O topotypes endemic in Africa, the twotopotypes (II and III) is occurred in Central Africa

From A topotypes which are unique to Africa, topotype Iis endemic to Central Africa

Respect analysis of virus from central Africa reveled thatthere are three (V, VI, III) topotypes of SAT1 in central

Africa. Survey on SAT2 in all major regions on the continent

show that topotype V was mostly occurred in CentralAfrica.


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Table 1. FMD virus serotypes and

topotypes in Central Africa

1948- 2002

D. R. of the CongoCongo

Gabon

Nigeria

Niger

Cameroon

Central Africa Republic

Chad

Countries

Vosloo et al, 2002XSAT2

O,SAT2

Knowles and Samuel

2003, Vosloo et al, 2002

IVII, VII

V

A

SAT1

SAT2

O

Knowles and Samuel

2003, Sangare et al,

2003, Sahle 2003

II, III

I

VI, VIII

O

A

SAT1

SAT2

Knowles and Samuel

2003I

A

O,SAT2

Knowles and Samuel

2003I

A

SAT1

ReferencesTopotypesSerotypes


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Livestock population in the

Central Africa and production

trend of importance

Livestock play the major socio economic role in the

Central Africa region

Almost 74,450 million sheep and goats, 33,195

million live cattle and 8,605 million pigs in the

Central Africa (FAOSTAT,2000) (Table 2)

Livestock are kept in different production or farming

system

Traditional production systems (Pastoral,

agropastoral and Mixed) are much more common

than non-traditional systems (Ranching and dairy)


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Table 2. Livestock population (000)

in the central African countries

45

1100

2124855

39

1430

649

275Pigs

28511575D. R. of the Congo

4400930900Congo

9019535Gabon243002050019830Nigeria

646943122174Niger

385038805900Cameroon

24732112951Central Africa

Republic

107013701330ChadGoatsSheepCattleCountries

[FAOSTAT (2000)]


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Livestock movement related to its

importance for FMD risk

In Central Africa significant livestock populations are

characterized by seasonal transhumance that can cause longdistance animal movement for grazing and watering

Trade indicator are most likely to be associated with animal

movements where there are considerable areas of demand

and production surplus adjacent to each other

Transhumance and Trade were the most important Vehicles

for spreading of FMD in central Africa Region.

Participatory epidemiology would be required to analysis thedirection of livestock movements and also disease spread


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Features of the interaction between

buffalo and cattle in the epidemiology

of FMD in central Africa

Wild life in Africa, particularly the Cape buffalo (Syncerus

caffer) have been identified as a natural reservoir for the SATserotypes of FMDV

Cattle in Central Africa are managed on open range land withcommunal grazing potential contact with wildlife populations

Wildlife and livestock interface is a critical for diseasetransmission particularly around common watering andcontamination of grazing areas

Serosurveillance of wildlife in Eastern and Central Africa (1994-2002) 67.7% buffalo tested were positive for FMDV NSP

antibodies (Bronsvoort et al., 2008) Molecular characterization from outbreaks in cattle and virus

recovered from buffalo suggests that any control strategy forFMD in cattle must address control in buffalo.


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The main gap in information that

affects management of FMD

risk decision making

The main gapes for FMD Control in central Africa is currentlydue to:

The problem of under reporting of FMD outbreaks formolecular characterization

Lack of information on distribution and prevalence

estimates which is only available for a small fraction ofcountries

Lack of new vaccines that can produce high and sustainedneutralizing antibody titers

Absence of surveillance for better understanding of theepidemiology of FMD in buffalo and non- buffalo wildlife

Diagnostic Ability of FMD


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Economic impact of FMD

in central Africa Region

FMD is one of the most important TADs and has

major impacts on countrys ability to trade inlivestock and animal products

Loss related to the reaction of veterinary services to

the presence of the disease


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Economic impact cont

In pastoral areas:

Decrease milk production


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Economic impact cont

In agropastoral areas:

Reduced draught animal power


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Control of FMD in Central Africa

If the countries wish to access the foreign livestock

market of the developed world, control of FMD will beaddressed

FMD control is relevant for improvement in livelihoods andincome generation of developing countries and to protectlivestock industries of the developed world

Control of FMD in endemic areas like central Africa is not easydue to:

Uncontrolled livestock movement due to transhumanceway of life

Immunological diversity in prevalent serotypes andtopotypes require specific vaccine to ensure efficientcontrol

Role of wildlife in epidemiology of FMD


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Conclusion

The review has confirm that the movement of infected

animals is the most important factor in the spread of FMD

within Central Africa Region.

The coordinated regional and global approach for FMD

control should be based on a sound epidemiological

assessment of the incidence and distribution of FMD inendemic region

The strategy for FMD control in endemic setting is important

to take in to account the lessons from the global rinderpesteradication Programme in Africa, of which participatory

approach was one way


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Acknowledgement

Joseph Domenech, President of the GF-TADs for Africa, FAO

CVO and Chief of AGAH and his staff for invitation to this

historical workshop of Africa

EUFMD staffs Keith Sumption and Nadia for their energetic

coordination

World Reference Laboratory at The Animal health Institute,

Pirbright laboratories Scientists for the information of workon FMD


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08_Review of FMD Epi in Central Africa