08 What is Power Factor

8/19/2019 08 What is Power Factor

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Power Factor


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What is PF??

Power factor is the percentage of electricity that is beingused to do useful work. It is defined

as the ratio of ‘active or actual power’ used in the circuitmeasured in watts or kilowatts (W orKW! to the ‘apparent power’ e"pressed in volt#amperesor kilo volt#amperes ($% or K$%.

P& standart in Indonesia ' !)*


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What makes PF so Important

+ ,nergy efficiency

+ ,nergy conservation

+ -oney


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Reference

ifference type of load createsdifferent value of P&


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Dampak dari Faktor Daya Rendah+ /ntuk peralatan faktor daya yang rendah! perusahaan

listrik harus menghasilkan arus yang lebih besar

daripada yang secara teoritis diperlukan.

+ 0ika langkah#langkah tidak diambil untuk memperbaikifaktor daya beban! semua peralatan dari pembangkitlistrik ke instalasi sub#rangkaian kabel! harus lebih besardari yang diperlukan.

+ 1al ini menyebabkan peningkatan belan2a modal dantransmisi yang lebih tinggi dan kerugian distribusi ke

seluruh 2aringan.


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Reactive Power Charges+ 3leh sebab itu perusahaan listrik akan memberikan

charge untuk daya yang terbuang. 4isa berupa 5reactive

power charges5! 5 KVA maximum demand 5 atau 5 KVAavailability charges5.

+ 6ontohnya 7 tagihan berdasarkan 89 dari K$% atau

:9 dari KW (dipilih mana yang lebih besar


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Solusi+ /ntuk mengatasi kelebihan arus reaktif dan charge yang

harus dibayar dapat diatasi dengan ;Koreksi &aktor

aya


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Dampak idak !angsung dari Faktor DayaRendah

Kerugian dari rendahnya nilai faktor daya selaincharge tambahan yang diberikan adalah =ugidalam efisiensi peralatan

Ketika instalasi beroperasi dengan faktor daya

yang rendah! 2umlah daya berguna yang tersediadi dalam instalasi di trafo distribusi sangat berkurang karena 2umlah energi reaktif yangtrafo harus bawa.


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+ >oss in distribution capacity ?he figure below graphically displays the variation of the I@= losses

in feeders and branches. >osses are e"pressed in percent as afunction of power factor


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+ >arger Investment 7 Investasi yang lebih besardibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuandistribusi seperti trafo yang lebih besar.

+ -isalnya untuk instalasi ) KW! trao yangdibutuhkan adalah 7

)K$% for power factor ' :9 : K$% for power factor ' )9

:A K$% for power factor ' *9


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Dampak idak !angsung dari Faktor DayaRendah+ >arge siBe conductors

Cambar di bawah ini menun2ukkan potongan melintangdari konduktor sebagai fungsi faktor daya untuk sebuah

nilai daya aktif .


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Disadvantage of low PF

+ irect 6ost

D ,nergy 6harge for produce $%= + Indirect 6ost

D >oss in distribution capacity

D >arger Investments

?ransformer 6able

etc


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PF correction"Is it worth???

+ ?he benefit of Power &actor 6orrectionD =educe utility Power 4ills

D Increase system capacity

D Improve system 3perating 6haracteristic Cain $oltage

=educe >ine cost


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Some important data


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What makes a PF poor

+ ,Euipment esign

+ 3perating 6ondition+ >ine $oltage


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PF Correction

+ =educe the amount of =eactive ,nergy D ,liminate unloaded motor and ?ransformator

D %void supplying eEuipment with e"cees voltage

+ 6ompensate %rtificially D =otary ,Euipment

D 6apacitor


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# points to $e considered

+ =ealibility of the eEuipment

+ Probable >ife

+ 6apital 6ost

+ -aintenance cost

+ =unning cost

+ Fpace reEuired and ease of installation

In this case!! capacitor meets most of demands compare with rotary eEuipment


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What is capacitor??

+ Fimply put! a capacitor is an electric device that

can store electric charge for later release.+ Cenerally! capacitors are used in one of the three ways7D to store and release energy!

D to discriminate between 6 (direct current and %6 (alternating current freEuencies!

D to discriminate between higher and lower %6freEuencies.


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%ow it works in PF correction?

?o reduce the K$%reEuired for any givenload! you mustshorten the line that

represents the K$%=.?his is precisely whatcapacitors do.


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Capacitor&s correction 'ethod

+ Ftatic or fi"ed Power &actor 6orrectionD &i"ed capacitors provide a constant amount of

reactive power to an electrical system

+ 6entral or 4ulk Power &actor 6orrectionD ?he capacitors are controlled by a microprocessor#

based relay! which continuously monitors thepower factor of the total current supplied to thedistribution board.

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08 What is Power Factor