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8/9/2019 08 Social Justice in Housing and Urban Development - Prof. Ernesto M. Serote
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SOCIAL JUSTICE IN HOUSING
AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT:Challenges for Public Policy
MakersA UP Academic Congress
To Challenge Our Next LeadersMalcolm Hall, College of LawUniversity of the Philippines
February 1-5, 2010By
ERNESTO M. SEROTEProfessor and Director of Training (Ret.)School of Urban and Regional Planning
University of the Philippines
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Thesis of Paper
In the urban development process thepoor are always marginalized.
Government policy makers have beenfaulted as abetting inequality andexploitation of the poor.
Cities can still be made inclusive and lessdiscriminatory if policy makers adhere toprinciples of social justice.
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Socio-Spatial Structure
Period of Antiquity< Priests, administrators
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< Shipping merchants; Importers
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Industrialists/ Ship owners Professionals Administrators Landlords
Skilled tradesmen Task masters Pacemakers Shopkeepers Lower professionals and administrators
Semi-skilled, unskilled workers Coal heavers Ballast men Stevedores Riggers Construction helpers Porters Sweepers
Domestic helpers Lived in appalling housing conditions
Capitalist
Labor aristocrats(Mildling Class)
Residuum(Underclass)
Industrial Revolution Period
Social Class Structure
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Socio-Spatial StructureLate Industrial Age
Over-crowded working class accommodationsdemolished to make room for commercialdevelopment.
Displaced working class re-housed in high-risetenement at the outskirts of the city
Economic base later shifts from manufacturingto services leaving industrial workers unable tocompete for new jobs
Inner cities revitalized and new high-renthousing beyond the reach of the poor.
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Structure of Philippine SocietyEarly Spanish Regime
< Accumulated lands bypurchase, donations,trickery
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Social Structure During LateSpanish Regime< Spaniards including friar orders
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Americans introduce real estate business
Urban development mainly due tospeculative subdivision developers andindividual builders.
Resulting spatial pattern is a dual city;
formal and informal.
The poor are usually relocated to far awayresettlement sites.
Socio- spatial StructureAmerican Period to the Present
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Urban Critics on Urban Planning
Political economists (M. Castells, D. Harvey):Social inequality is the result of exploitation by theproperty market and planners are collaboratorswith property developers in the latter's
accumulation process. Post modern (J. Jacobs, R. Sennett): The city is
the product of the elite and powerful imposing theirvalues on other groups, through mechanisms of
planning like exclusionary zoning. Urban populists (H. Gans, P. Saunders): Planners
themselves are elitist who disregard the desires ofordinary people.
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Social Justice: 3 Perspectives
Redistributive Justice
John Rawls, David Harvey
People Empowerment Iris Marion Young, Jane Jacobs
Environmental Justice
Andy Merrifield, Raymond Bryant
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Social Justice Defined
Equality in enjoyment of basic rights andassignment of basic duties.
Inequality is justified if it results incompensating benefits foreveryone, especially for the leastadvantaged members of society
- John Rawls
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Social Justice Defined
Equal allocation of basic needs.
Preferential treatment for the poor andunder-privileged
Extra reward for the meritorious
- David Harvey
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Social Justice as Anti- Oppression
Exploitation of labor
Marginalization
Powerlessness Cultural imperialism
Violence
against persons and property organized crime
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Environmental Social Justice
Maldistribution of environmental benefits
Inequality in exposure to environmentalhazards and risks
Spatial and social impact of naturalresource exploitation, e.g. logging, mining,fishing, plantation crops, industrialpollution
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1st Principle of Social Justice: Equal
Allocation of Basic Needs
What do we consider our basicneeds in the Philippines?
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Social Justice as Meeting Basic
Needs 11 Basic needs of Mrs. Marcos?
Minimum basic needs of FVR?
13+1 indicators of NAPC? What one cannot do without on a daily
basis; adequate food and safe drinking
water
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Hungry Filipinos based on SWSJune 2008 Survey
% of
respondents
Families
affected
Persons
Philippines 16.3 2.9 M 14.5 M
Metro Manila 22 530,000 2.65 M
Rest of Luzon 12.3 970,000 4.85 M
Visayas 19.7 710,000 3.55 M
Mindanao 17.7 720,000 3.6 M
Source:Philippine Daily Inquirer
July 22, 2008 Issue
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Coverage on Safe Water
80% of population (2002)
MDG Target (2015) 87%
MTPDP Target (2010) 92%
Coverage on Sanitation
86.1% of population (2002)
MDG Target (2015) 84%
MTPDP Target (2010) 86%
Source:National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
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2nd Principle of Social Justice:Preferential Treatment for the
Under-Privileged
Who are considered Under-Privileged?
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From 1990 to 2005, the government has successfully
provided water for an additional 23.04 Million Filipinos;
however
The population increased by 24.5 Million over the
same period
Meeting the MDG Water & Sanitation targets is aprecondition to addressing all the other Goals.
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Social Justice in the Constitution(Article XIII)
Full protection to labor, organized andunorganized, local and overseas, fullemployment and equal employment
opportunities for all. Agrarian reform to promote the rights of
landless persons to own the land they till and
to provide support to agriculture. Protect the rights of subsistence fisherfolk to
the preferential use of communal marine andfishery resources.
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Social Justice in the Constitution(Article XIII)
Provide affordable and decent housing andbasic services to homeless citizens in urbancenters and resettlement areas.
Give priority to the health needs of theunderprivilegedsick, elderly, disabled, women and children
and endeavor to provide free medical care topaupers.
Protect working women by providing safe andhealthful working environment, taking intoconsideration their maternal functions.
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Our Record of Compliance as per
Philippine Asset Reform Report
Card RA 8371 - Indigenous Peoples Rights
Acts
RA 8550 - Philippine fisheries code
RA 6657 - Comprehensive AgrarianReform Law
RA 7279 Urban Development andHousing Act
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Ancestral domain
39.8% - Percentage of ancestral domainswhere extractive activities like loggingand mining are present
72.1% of total number of extractiveactivities are in operation without theconsent of tribes
74.1% of respondents have access toinfrastructure and extension services
Source:Philippine Asset Reform
Report Card and PhilDHRRA
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Small-scale Fisheries
56.8% of respondents said commercialfishing vessels encroached on fisherfolk-reserved waters
32.6% of respondents have access tofish ports, ice plants and other post-harvest facilities
78.3% of respondents have inadequatehousing
Source:Philippine Asset Reform
Report Card and PhilDHRRA
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Agrarian reform
13.7% of respondents said theyexperienced legal or physical harassmentfrom landowners and other groups
52.3% of respondents do not haveaccess to haulers, warehouses and otherpost-harvest facilities
44% of beneficiary-respondents wereable to access credit
Source:Philippine Asset Reform
Report Card and PhilDHRRA
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Socialized housing
32% of respondents have workingdrainage systems
56% of respondents have not yetreceived any lot entitlement certificate
49.4%of respondents reported that theircommunities have no community
development plan
Source:Philippine Asset Reform
Report Card and PhilDHRRA
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3rd Principle of Social Justice:Reward for the Meritorious
Practically unknown in the government
Mainly voluntary initiatives by the private
sector and civil society organizations,
e.g. Galing Pook Awards
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Social Justice in Housing and
Urban Development The city is for everyone who wants to live
there.
Ensure there is enough space- not
necessarily land- for the housing needs ofevery household
There should be genuine urban landreform, i.e., greater consolidation rather thandistribution of urban land.
Give preference for compact urban forms topreserve agricultural lands for food security
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Social Justice in Housing and
Urban Development All residential communities, regardless of
income levels, should be located in safe,hazard free areas.
Promote social mix and prevent theformation of residential enclaves.
Undertake honest -to- goodness socialized
housing schemes for those who cannotafford to avail of housing in the market.
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Social Justice in Housing and
Urban Development The 70% unreached by safe water are
mostly the poor in scattered communities.Make level II the minimum delivery system
in all areas.
Protect watersheds of sources of drinkingwater
Adopt water-sensitive urban designs
Maintain vegetative cover in upper
catchments of watersheds
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UDHA Policies on Housing andUrban Development
Decent and affordable housing with basicservices and employment opportunitiesavailable to underprivileged and homeless
citizens Rational use and development of urban
land
Workable policies to regulate and directurban growth and expansion towards adispersed urban net and more urban-ruralbalance
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UDHA Policies on Housing andUrban Development
Equitable land tenure system
More effective peoples participation
in the urban development process Improved capability of LGUs in
undertaking urban development and
housing
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Social Justice in Sharing of
National Wealth Increase LGU share in the IRA to 60%.
Revise sharing scheme as follows
Allocate the 40% following the currently usedformula, based on population and land area.
Allocate the 20% selectively to assist LGUsovercome special difficulties.
Part of the 20% to reward outstandingperformance of individual LGUs
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Thank You!