08 Method Study

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METHOD STUDY
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Overview of Management

METHOD STUDY

Method study is the systematic

recording and critical examination of

existing and proposed ways of doing

work, as a means of developing and

applying easier and more effective

methods and reducing costs.
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OBJECTIVES OF METHOD STUDY

1. Improvement of processes and procedures

2. Improvement in the design of plant andequipment

3. Improvement of layout4. Improvement in the use of men, materialsand machines

5. Economy in human effort and reduction ofunnecessary fatigue

6. Improvement in safety standards

7. Development of better working environment.
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METHOD STUDY PROCEDURE

1. DEFINE

2. RECORD

3. EXAMINE4. DEVELOP

5. DEFINE NEW METHOD

6. INSTALL

7. MAINTAIN


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COMMONLY USED RECORDING TECHNIQUES

1. Outline Process Charts2. Flow Process Chart

3. Two Handed Process Chart

4. Multiple Activity Chart

5. Simo Chart

6. Flow Diagrams

7. String Diagrams

8. Cyclegraph

9. Chronocyclegraph

10.Travel Chart

Man Type

Material Type

Equipment Type

USING TIME SCALE


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CLASS OF

CHANGE

HANDS &

BODY

MOTION

WORK

STATION

PROCESS PRODUCT RAW

MATERIAL

1 New Minor

Changes

Same Same Same

2 New New Same Same Same

3 New New New Same Same

4 New New New Modified Same

5 New New New Modified New

CLASS OF CHANGE


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Class Pivot Body member(s) moved

1 Knuckle Finger

2 Wrist Hand and Finger

3 Elbow Forearm, hand and fingers

4 Shoulder Upper arm, forearm, hand andfingers

5 Trunk Torso, Upper arm, forearm, hand and

fingers

CLASSIFICATION OF MOVEMENTS



EXAMINE

The questioning technique is the means

by which the critical examination is

conducted, each activity being subjected

in turn to a systematic and progressive

series of questions.



PRIMARY QUESTIONS

the PURPOSE for which

the PLACE at which

the SEQUENCE in which

the PERSON by whom

the MEANS by which



ELIMINIATING

COMBINING

REARRANGING

OR

SIMPLIFING

those activitiesWith a view to



SECONDARY QUESTIONS

The secondary questions cover the

second stage of the questioning

technique, during which the answers to the

primary questions are subjected to further

query to determine whether possible

alternatives of place, sequence, persons

and means are practicable and preferredas a means of improvement upon the

existing method.
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PURPOSE: what is done?

why is it done?

what else might be done?

what should be done?

PLACE: where is it done?

Why is it done there?

Where else might it is done?

Where should itbe done?



SEQUENCE: When is it done?

Why is it done?

When might it be done?

When should it be done?

PERSON: who does it?

Why does that person do it?

Who else might do it?

Who should do it?

MEANS: How is it done?

Why is it done that way?

How else might it be done?

How should it be done ?



DEFINING THE IMPROVED METHOD

The report should show:

1. Relative costs in material, labour and overheadsof the two methods, and savings expected.

2. The cost of installing the new method, includingthe cost of new equipment and of re-laying outshops or working areas

3. Executive actions required to implement the newmethod.

It should also give details regarding :1. The tools and equipment to be used2. A description of the method

3. A diagram of the work place layout, jigs/fixturesetc



INSTALLING THE IMPROVED METHOD

1. Gaining acceptance of the change by

the Management

2. Gaining acceptance of the change bythe workers

3. Maintaining close contact with the

progress of the job until satisfied that itis running as intended



THE PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY

A. Use of the human body

1. The two hands should begin and complete theirmovements at the same time

2. Motion of the arms shall be symmetrical and inopposite directions and should be madesimultaneously

3. Hands and body motions should be made at thelowest classification at which it is possible to dothe work satisfactorily

4. Rhythm is essential to the smooth and automatic

performance of a repetitive operation.5. Work should be arranged so that eye movementsare confined to a comfortable area, without the needfor frequent changes of focus.



B. Arrangement of the work place

1. Definite and fixed stations should be provided for all

tools and materials.

2. Gravity feed, bins and containers should be used to

deliver the materials as close to the point of use as possible.

3. Tools, materials and controls should be located within

the maximum working area.

4. Materials and tools should be arranged to permit the

best sequence of motion.

5. Provision should be made for adequate lighting.

6. The colour of the workplace should contrast with that

of the workplace to reduce eye fatigue.



C. Design of tools and equipment

1. The hands should be relieved of all work of

'holding' the workpiece where this can be done by

fixture etc.

2. Two or more tools should be combined whereverpossible

3. Levers, cross bars and handwheels should be so

placed that the operative can use them with the

least change in body position and the greatestmechanical advantage.


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PURPOSE OF WORK MEASUREMENT

1. To find ineffective time in a process

2. To set standard for output level

3. To evaluate worker's performance4. To plan work force needs.

5. To determine available capacity

6. To compare work methods7. To facilitate operations scheduling

8. To establish wage incentive schemes


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THE TECHNIQUES OF

WORK MEASUREMENT

1. Stop-watch time study

2. Work sampling

3. Predetermined time

standards(PTS)

4. Standard Data


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A FAIR DAY'S WORK

Amount of work that can be produced by a

qualified employee when working at normal

pace and effectively utilizing his time where

work is not restricted by process limitations.

Work Measurement

Work measurement is the application of

techniques designed to establish the time for

a qualified worker to carry out a specific job at

a defined level of performance.


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THE QUALIFIED WORKER

A qualified worker is one who isaccepted as having the necessaryphysical attributes, who possess therequired intelligence and education and

who has acquired the necessary skilland knowledge to carry out the work inhand to satisfactory standards of safety,quantity and quality

STANDARD RATING

Rating is the assessment of theworker's rate of working relative to the

observers' concept of the rate


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STANDARD PERFORMANCE

It is the rate of output which qualified

workers will naturally achieve without over-

exertion as an average over the working

day or shift, provided that they know and

adhere to the specified method and

provided that they are motivated to apply

themselves to their work.

S


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TIME STUDY

Basic Steps

a. Obtaining and recording all available information aboutthe job, operator and the surrounding conditions likely to

affect the execution of the work

b. Recording the complete description of the method,

breaking down the operation into 'elements'c. Measuring with a stopwatch and recording the time

taken by the operator to perform each 'element' of the

operation.

d. Assessing the ratinge. Extending observed time to 'basic times'

f. Determining the allowances to be made over and above

the basic time for the operation

g. Determining the 'standard time' for the operation.


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FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF WORKING

(outside the control ofworker)

1. Variation in the quality of materials used

2. Changes in the operating efficiency of the equipment

3. Changes in climatic and surrounding conditions of operation.

FACTORS WITHING THE CONTROL OF WORKER

a. Acceptable variations in the quality of the product

b. Variations due to his ability

c. Variations due to his attitude

SCALES OF RATING

100-133

60-80

75-100

0-100

Documents

08 Method Study