08 Carbon Compounds

CH

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4

Carbon Compounds

WORD UP!The BIG Picture!

CCH

A

PTER

CH

A

PTER

4

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Year Paper 1Paper 2

SPM Past-year Questions

Sec. A Sec. B Sec. C

• Antioxidants – Pengantioksida• Carbon compounds – Sebatian karbon

• Cleansing action – Tindakan pencucian• Coagulation – Penggumpalan

• Combustibility – Kebolehbakaran

• Distillation – Penyulingan• Extraction – Pengekstrakan• Fermentation – Penapaian• Hydrocarbon – Hidrokarbon• Inorganic compounds – Sebatian tak organik• Miscibility – Keterlarutcampuran• Organic compounds – Sebatian organik• Saturated fats – Lemak tepu• Solubility – Kelarutan• Unsaturated fats – Lemak tak tepu

Q31–33

Q28–30, Q47

Q29–32

Q34–38

Q36–38

Q2

Q8

Q7

Q4

Q4

Q1

57

BA

B4

Sebatian Karbon

ISTILAH!Konsep PENTING!

BBA

BB

AB

4

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Tahun Kertas 1Kertas 2

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas SPM

Bhg. A Bhg. B Bhg. C

• Pengantioksida – Antioxidants• Sebatian karbon – Carbon compounds• Tindakan pencucian – Cleansing action• Penggumpalan – Coagulation• Kebolehbakaran – Combustibility• Penyulingan – Distillation• Pengekstrakan – Extraction• Penapaian – Fermentation• Hidrokarbon – Hydrocarbon• Sebatian tak organik – Inorganic compounds• Keterlarutcampuran – Miscibility• Sebatian organik – Organic compounds• Lemak tepu – Saturated fats• Kelarutan – Solubility• Lemak tak tepu – Unsaturated fats

S31–33

S28–30, S47

S29–32

S34–38

S36–38

S2

S8

S7

S4

S4

S1

57

F5MR-ch4(57-82).indd 57F5MR-ch4(57-82).indd 57 7/17/09 6:25:04 PM7/17/09 6:25:04 PM

Chapter 4

Carbon C

ompounds

Min

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BA

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4.1 HP • Menyatakan maksud sebatian karbon• Menyatakan maksud sebatian organik dan tak organik• Memberikan contoh sebatian organik dan tak organik

Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang sebatian karbon dan hidrokarbon.

Sebatian karbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi unsur . Terdapat dua jenis

sebatian karbon, iaitu sebatian dan sebatian .

Contoh sebatian organik ialah dan , manakala

contoh sebatian tak organik ialah dan . Sebatian

berasal daripada benda hidup. Sebatian bukan

berasal daripada benda hidup.

Sebatian hidrokarbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi unsur

dan sahaja. Sumber asli sebatian

hidrokarbon ialah , , dan arang batu. gas aslipetroleum

karbonhidrogen

tak organikorganik

karbon dioksidakalsium karbonat

etanolkanji

tak organikorganik

karbon

etanol organik kanji hidrogen gas aslikarbon dioksida tak organik karbon petroleum kalsium karbonat

bikar

salur penghantar

air kapur

kelalang kon

larutan glukosa+

yis

Menghasilkan etanol melalui proses penapaian

Larutan glukosa, yis, air kapur

Kelalang kon 250 ml, tabung uji, penyumbat bersama salur penghantar, bikar, spatula

PROSEDUR

RADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

• Alkohol: Sebatiankimia yang terdiridaripada unsurkarbon, hidrogen,dan oksigen yangterdapat di dalamminuman keras.

• Etanol: Sejenisalkohol yangdigunakan untukmembuatminuman keras.

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, AktivitiMakmal 4.1, hlm. 92

PENYELIDIKANPUSTAKA

4.1

Objektif Pembelajaran4.1 Menganalisis pelbagai sebatian karbon

Sebatian karbon dan hidrokarbonKonstruktivisme

2007 Bhg. B, S7(a) & 7(c)

2007 Bhg. B, S7(b)

INKUIRI4.2

Objektif Pembelajaran4.2 Menganalisis alkohol dan kesannya terhadap kesihatan

Proses penghasilan etanolInkuiri-penemuan

2008 Bhg. A, S4(c) & 4(d)

58C

HA

PTER4

4.1 LO • State what carbon compounds are• State what organic and inorganic compounds are• Give examples of organic and inorganic compounds

Fill in the blanks with the suitable words on carbon and hydrocarbon compounds.

Carbon compounds are compounds that contain element. There are two types of

carbon compounds i.e. compound and compound. Example

of organic compound is and , whereas example of inorganic compound is

and . compounds originate from

living things. compounds do not originate from living things.

Hydrocarbon compounds are compounds that contain only

and elements. Natural sources of

hydrocarbon compounds are , and coal.natural gaspetroleum

carbonhydrogen

Inorganic

Organiccarbon dioxide calcium carbonate

ethanol starch

inorganicorganic

carbon

ethanol organic starch hydrogen natural gascarbon dioxide inorganic carbon petroleum calcium carbonate

To produce ethanol through the fermentation process

Glucose solution, yeast, lime water

250 ml conical flask, test tube, stopper with delivery tube, beaker, spatula

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

beaker

lime water

conical flask

glucose solution+

yeast

deliverytube

• Alcohol: Achemicalcompoundconsisting ofcarbon, hydrogenand oxygenelements.Normally found inhard liquor.

• Ethanol: A type ofalcohol used tomake hard liquor.

Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Laboratory Activity4.1, p. 92

2007 Sec. B, Q7(a) & 7(c)

RESEARCHLIBRARY4.1

Learning Objective4.1 Analysing various carbon compounds

Carbon and hydrocarbon compoundsConstructivism

INQUIRY4.2

Learning Objective4.2 Analysing alcohol and its effects on health

Process of producing ethanolInquiry-discovery

2007 Sec. B, Q7(b) 2008 Sec. A, Q4(c) & 4(d)

6 State three elements contained in an organic carbon compound other than carbon element. (Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen/sulphur)

7 Give two examples of inorganic compounds. (Carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate) 8 State the type of carbon compound that produces carbon dioxide when burning in the air. (Organic

compound) 9 Name the compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon elements. (Hydrocarbon compound) 10 Give three examples of hydrocarbon compounds. (Petroleum, natural gas and coal)

4.1 Analysing various carbon compounds4.1RESEARCH

Activity Activity LIBRARY 1 Name the compound that contains carbon elements. (Carbon compound)

2 State two types of carbon compounds. (Organic compounds and inorganic compounds) 3 Name the carbon compound that originates from living things. (Organic compound) 4 Give two examples of organic compounds. (Carbohydrate and protein/fat) 5 State one organic compound that can be used as fuel. (Petroleum/natural gas/coal/weed)

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Chapter 4

Carbon C

ompounds

Min

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RO

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SMin

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4.3INQUIRYExperimentExperiment 5 Name processes X and Y below.

Glucose X Ethanol Y Pure ethanol

(X: Fermentation; Y: Distillation)

4.4INQUIRYExperimentExperiment 6 Give two properties of alcohol. (Soluble in water and is a colourless liquid/Low boiling point/

Burns to produce soot-free blue fl ame) 7 Give one property of ester. (Has a fragrant smell/Does not dissolve in water)

59

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ExperimentObservation

Solution in the conical flask Lime water

Beginning of theexperiment solutionColourless and odourless Clear

End of theexperiment

solution with an

smellalcoholic

Cloudy

Cloudy

1 What process occurs inside the conical flask?Fermentation

2 How does yeast act on the glucose solution?

in the yeast glucose

3 What gas causes the changes in the lime water?Carbon dioxide

4 What type of alcohol is produced?Ethanol

decomposeZymase enzymes

ANALYSIS

1 Prepare the apparatus as shown in the diagram.2 Add 100 cm3 of glucose solution into the conical flask.3 Add two spatula of yeast into the glucose solution.4 Install a delivery tube to the stopper at the mouth of the conical flask. The other end of the

delivery tube is inserted into the lime water.5 Leave the set-up at room temperature for one to two days.6 Record your observation on the condition of solution in the conical flask and the lime water.7 Keep the product of fermentation for use in Experiment 4.3.

1 The apparatus as shown in the diagram was prepared.

2 100 cm3 of glucose solution was added into the conical flask.

3 Two spatula of yeast were added into the glucose solution.

4 A stopper with a delivery tube was installed at the mouth of the conical flask. The

other end of the delivery tube was then submerged in the lime water.

5 The set-up was left at room temperature for one to two days.

6 Observations on the condition of the solution in the conical flask and lime water were

recorded.

7 The product of fermentation was kept for use in Experiment 4.3.

STEPS

4.2 LO • State the elements found in alcohol• Give examples of alcohol• Describe the process of producing alcohol

OBSERVATION

59

BA

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EksperimenPemerhatian

Larutan dalam kelalang kon Air kapur

Awal eksperimenLarutan

berbau

tidak berwarna dan tidak

Jernih

Akhir eksperimenLarutan dan berbau

alkohol

keruh

Keruh

1 Apakah proses yang berlaku di dalam kelalang kon?Penapaian

2 Bagaimanakah yis bertindak ke atas larutan glukosa?

dalam yis glukosa

3 Apakah gas yang menyebabkan perubahan yang berlaku ke atas air kapur?Karbon dioksida

4 Apakah jenis alkohol yang terhasil?Etanol

menguraikanEnzim zimase

ANALISIS

1 Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.2 Masukkan 100 cm3 larutan glukosa ke dalam kelalang kon.3 Tambahkan dua spatula yis ke dalam larutan glukosa.4 Pasangkan penyumbat bersama salur penghantar pada mulut kelalang kon. Hujung salur

penghantar yang satu lagi dimasukkan ke dalam air kapur.5 Biarkan susunan radas pada suhu bilik selama satu hingga dua hari.6 Catatkan pemerhatian anda tentang keadaan larutan dalam kelalang kon dan air kapur.7 Simpan hasil penapaian untuk kegunaan bagi Eksperimen 4.3.

1 Radas yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah tersebut disediakan.

2 100 cm3 larutan glukosa dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang kon.

3 Dua spatula yis ditambahkan ke dalam larutan glukosa.

4 Penyumbat bersama salur penghantar dipasangkan pada mulut kelalang kon. Hujung

salur penghantar yang satu lagi dimasukkan ke dalam air kapur.

5 Susunan radas dibiarkan pada suhu bilik selama satu hingga dua hari.

6 Pemerhatian tentang keadaan larutan dalam kelalang kon dan air kapur dicatat.

7 Hasil penapaian disimpan untuk kegunaan bagi Eksperimen 4.3.

PEMERHATIAN

CARA KERJA

4.2 HP • Menyatakan unsur dalam alkohol• Memberi contoh alkohol• Menghuraikan proses pembentukan alkohol

4.2 Analysing alcohol and its effects on health4.2INQUIRY

ExperimentExperiment 1 State the process that produces alcohol. (Fermentation) 2 State the substance that is added into the carbohydrate in the process of fermentation. (Yeast) 3 Write a word equation to represent the fermentation process on glucose. (Glucose : ethanol + carbon

dioxide) 4 Name the enzyme in yeast that reacts on carbohydrate during the fermentation. (Zymase)

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Chapter 4

Carbon C

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Min

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RO

BIC

SMin

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Cha

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60C

HA

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5 From your answer in 3 and 4, complete the chemical equation in wordsto represent the chemical reaction that occurred in the conical flask.

yeastGlucose +

6 Suggest two other substances that can be used to replace glucose inthis experiment.

Pineapple juice and sugarcane juice (or any other carbohydrate)

7 State the operational definition of fermentation.

Fermentation is a process of releasing when yeast is added to a

.

8 Suggest a way to separate the contents of the conical flask to obtainpure alcohol.

Through process

Ethanol can be prepared through the action of on .

produced through the distillation process can be used to

produce and .

REFLECTION

artificial flavouringmedicine

EthanolAPPLICATIONoF IDEA

glucose solutionyeastCONCLUSION

distillation

carbohydrate

carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide ethanol

xxxxxxxxxxxx

filtered fermentationproduct

porcelainpieces

ethanol(distilled product)

thermometer

distillationcolumn

water bath

water outlet

water inlet

heat

Liebig condenser

To produce pure ethanol through the distillation process

Fermentation product (mixture of water and ethanol), tap water, porcelain pieces

Distillation flask, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, thermometer, Liebig condenser,100 ml beaker, rubber hose, retort stand

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

4.3 LO • Describe the process of producing alcohol

TSTS• Synthesising

TSTS• Generating ideas

TSTS• Generating ideas

Beer normally containsapproximately 3% ofalcohol.

Don’t smell any chemicalin the laboratory unlessinstructed by yourteacher.


Fermentation is carried out at room temperaturebecause room temperature is the optimum

temperature for the and

of yeast (fungi).reproduction

growth

1995 Sec. B, Q4

INQUIRY4.3

Production of pure ethanol through the distillation process Inquiry-discovery

APLIKASI IDEA

60

BA

B4

KBSB• Mensintesis

KBSB• Menjana idea


5 Daripada jawapan anda di 3 dan 4, lengkapkan persamaan kimia dalamperkataan untuk mewakili tindak balas kimia yang berlaku di dalamkelalang kon.

Glukosa +

6 Cadangkan dua bahan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikanlarutan glukosa dalam eksperimen ini.

Jus nanas dan jus tebu (atau sebarang karbohidrat yang lain)

7 Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi penapaian.

Penapaian adalah satu proses pembebasan apabila yis ditambah

kepada suatu .

8 Cadangkan cara untuk mengasingkan campuran bahan dalam kelalangkon bagi memperoleh alkohol tulen.

Melalui proses

Etanol dapat disediakan melalui tindakan ke atas .

yang dihasilkan melalui proses penapaian boleh digunakan untuk

membuat dan .

REFLEKSI

perisa tiruanubat

Etanol

larutan glukosayisKESIMPULAN

penyulingan

karbohidrat

karbon dioksida

karbon dioksidaetanol

Bir biasanyamengandungi kira-kira3% alkohol.

xxxxxxxxxxxx

hasil turasanpenapaian

serpihanporselin

etanol(hasil sulingan)

termometer

turuspenyulingan

kukus air

air keluar

air masuk

panaskan

kondenser Liebig

Menghasilkan etanol tulen melalui proses penyulingan

Hasil penapaian (campuran air dan etanol), air pili, serpihan porselin

Kelalang penyulingan, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, termometer, kondenserLiebig, bikar 100 ml, salur getah, kaki retort

RADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

4.3 HP • Menghuraikan proses pembentukan alkohol

Jangan hidu sebarangbahan kimia di dalammakmal kecualidiarahkan oleh guru.


Proses penapaian sesuai dijalankan pada suhu bilikkerana suhu bilik adalah suhu optimum bagi

dan

yis (kulat).pembiakan

pertumbuhan

1995 Bhg. B, S4

INKUIRI4.3 Penghasilan etanol tulen melalui proses penyulinganInkuiri-penemuan

yis

11 State one use of ester. (To make perfume)

4.5RESEARCHActivity Activity ICT

12 State one effect of alcohol on stomach. (Causes gastritis) 13 State the effect of alcohol on the liver. (Damages the liver cells)

8 Write a word equation to represent the process of esterifi cation. (Alcohol + organic acid : ester + water) 9 State the catalyst used in esterifi cation. (Concentrated sulphuric acid) 10 State two uses of alcohol. (As fuel and to make medicine/cosmetics/solvent)

60 60


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41 Prepare the apparatus as shown in the diagram.2 Add the fermentation product from the previous experiment into the distillation flask.3 Heat up the fermentation product and collect the clear liquid that comes out from the

Liebig condenser.4 Record the temperature as the clear liquid is distilled out.5 Observe the colour and odour of the distilled product.6 Record your observation on the characteristics of the distilled product.

1 The apparatus was prepared as shown in the diagram.

2 The fermentation product from the previous experiment was added into the distillation

flask.

3 The fermentation product was heated and a clear liquid that comes out from the Liebig

condenser was collected.

4 The temperature was recorded when the clear liquid was distilled out.

5 The colour and odour of the distilled product were recorded.

6 Observation on the characteristics of the distilled product was recorded.

1 Clear liquid is distilled out at the temperature range of .

2 The distilled product is and smells like .

1 What is the name of the process used in this experiment?Distillation

2 What is the function of the porcelain pieces?

To break in the mixture.

3 What is the role of the Liebig condenser?

To and vapour into liquid.

4 Why does water flow into the Liebig condenser from the bottom andexit at the top?

(a) To ensure that the Liebig condenser is with water.

(b) So that the heat is not in the condenser.

5 Name the distilled product.Ethanol

6 What is the scientific principle used to separate the substance in 5 fromwater?

The of ethanol and water are .

7 The flow chart below shows how the pure ethanol can be obtained from a glucosesolution. What are processes X and Y?

differentboiling point

trapped

fully filled

condensecool

air bubbles

ANALYSIS

alcoholcolourless

78–82 °COBSERVATION

STEPS

PROCEDURE

TSTS• Generating idea



TSTS• Conceptualising

Glucosesolution

EthanolPureethanol

X

Yeast

Y X:

Y: Distillation

Fermentation

61

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1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti dalam rajah.2 Masukkan hasil penapaian daripada eksperimen yang sebelumnya ke dalam kelalang

penyulingan.3 Panaskan hasil penapaian dan kutipkan cecair jernih yang terkeluar daripada kondenser

Liebig.4 Catat suhu pada termometer ketika cecair jernih tersuling keluar.5 Perhatikan warna hasil penyulingan dan hidu baunya.6 Catat pemerhatian anda tentang ciri-ciri hasil sulingan.

1 Susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah disediakan.

2 Hasil penapaian daripada eksperimen yang sebelumnya dimasukkan ke dalam

kelalang penyulingan.

3 Hasil penapaian dipanaskan dan cecair jernih yang terkeluar daripada kondenser

Liebig dikumpul.

4 Suhu pada termometer dicatat ketika cecair jernih tersuling keluar.

5 Warna hasil penyulingan diperhatikan dan baunya dihidu.

6 Pemerhatian tentang ciri-ciri hasil sulingan dicatatkan.

1 Cecair jernih tersuling keluar pada julat suhu .

2 Hasil penyulingan adalah dan berbau .

1 Apakah nama proses yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?Penyulingan

2 Apakah fungsi serpihan porselin?

Untuk memecahkan dalam cecair campuran.

3 Apakah peranan kondenser Liebig?

Untuk dan wapkepada cecair.

4 Mengapakah air memasuki kondenser Liebig dari bahagian bawah tetapibukan di sebaliknya?

(a) Untuk memastikan kondenser Liebig dengan air.

(b) Supaya haba tidak di dalam kondenser.

5 Namakan hasil penyulingan itu.Etanol

6 Apakah prinsip sains yang digunakan untuk memisahkan bahan di 5

daripada air?

etanol dan air adalah .7 Carta aliran di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana etanol tulen dapat diperoleh

daripada larutan glukosa. Apakah proses X dan Y?

berbezaTakat didih

terperangkap

diisi penuh

mengkondensasikanmenyejukkan

gelembung udara

ANALISIS

alkoholtidak berwarna

78–82 °CPEMERHATIAN

CARA KERJA

PROSEDUR




KBSB• Mengkonsepsikan

Larutanglukosa

EtanolEtanoltulenYis

X Y X:

Y: Penyulingan

Penapaian


62

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Pure ethanol can be obtained through the process on the fermentedproduct.

process can also be used to obtain distilledwater used in the laboratory to prepare chemical solutions.

REFLECTION

DistillationAPPLICATIONoF IDEA

distillationCONCLUSION

To study the characteristics of alcohol

Liquid ethanol, water, wooden splinter, filter paper, ethanoic acid, concentrated sulphuricacid, matches

Test tube, evaporating dish, 100 ml beaker, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner

1 Carry out the experiment as shown in the following table.2 Record your observation in the same table.

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

OBSERVATIONExperiment Observation

(a) Add a little liquid ethanol into a test tubefilled with water.

Ethanol in water.

dissolves

(b)

1 Add a little liquid ethanol into theevaporation dish.

2 Light up the ethanol.3 Put a piece of filter paper on top of the

flame and remove it quickly.

evaporationdish liquid ethanol

Ethanol is in the air. The combustion produces

flame.blue sootless

easily combustible

4.4 LO • State the general characteristics of alcohol• List the uses of alcohol

Distillation: Theprocess of heatingliquid into vapour(gas) and followedby the condensationof the vapour to getpure liquid.


Ethanol that is consumed will be absorbed into the

and can cause a person to be

.drunk

blood stream

Don’t smell any chemicalsunless instructed by yourteacher.

2001 Sec. B, Q4

INQUIRY4.4 Characteristics of alcohol

Inquiry-discovery

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Etanol tulen dapat diperoleh melalui proses ke atashasil penapaian.

Proses dapat digunakan untuk memperoleh air suling di dalam makmal untuk menyediakan larutan bahan kimia.

REFLEKSI

penyulinganAPLIKASI IDEA

penyulinganKESIMPULAN

Penyulingan: Prosespemanasan cecairmenjadi wap (gas)diikuti dengankondensasi wap ituuntuk memperolehcecair tulen.

Mengkaji sifat-sifat alkohol

Cecair etanol, air, kayu uji, kertas turas, asid etanoik, asid sulfurik pekat, mancis

Tabung uji, mangkuk penyejat, bikar 100 ml, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen

1 Jalankan eksperimen seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.2 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual yang sama.

PROSEDUR

RADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

PEMERHATIANEksperimen Pemerhatian

(a) Masukkan sedikit cecair etanol ke dalamtabung uji yang berisi air.

Etanol dengan air.

terlarut campur

(b)

1 Masukkan sedikit cecair etanol ke dalammangkuk penyejat.

2 Nyalakan cecair etanol.3 Letakkan sekeping kertas turas di atas

nyalaan dan alihkannya dengan cepat.

mangkukpenyejat

cecair etanol

Etanol dalam udara dengan nyala

.biru tanpa jelaga

mudah terbakar

4.4 HP • Menyatakan sifat umum alkohol• Menyenaraikan kegunaan alkohol


Etanol yang diminum akan meresap ke dalam

dan boleh menyebabkan

seseorang menjadi .mabuk

salur darah

2001 Bhg. B, S4

INKUIRI4.4 Sifat-sifat alkoholInkuiri-penemuan

Jangan hidu sebarangbahan kimia kecualidiarahkan oleh guru.


63

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1 Why does ethanol burn without producing any soot?

Ethanol burns in the presence of air.

2 What are the products of burning ethanol in the presence of air?

and

3 Complete the chemical equation in words to represent the burning ofethanol in the presence of air.

Ethanol + oxygen → +

4 What is the function of concentrated sulphuric acid in experiment (c)?

As a

5 What is the substance that produces the fragrant smell?Ester

6 What is the name of the process in experiment (c)?Esterification

7 Write a general chemical equation for the reaction that occurred.+ → +

8 State two uses of alcohol.

To be used as and

Alcohol in water, is easily , and reacts with organic

acid to produce .

REFLECTION

ester

combustibledissolvesCONCLUSION

solventfuel

wateresterorganic acidAlcohol

catalyst

watercarbon dioxide

watercarbon dioxide

completely

ANALYSIS

Experiment Observation

(c)

1 Prepare the above apparatus.2 Add 10 cm3 of ethanol and 10 cm3 of

ethanoic acid into the beaker.3 Add a few drops of concentrated

sulphuric acid into the mixture.4 Boil the mixture in the beaker.5 Describe the smell produced.

A is produced.fragrant smell

heat

ethanol+

ethanoic acid+

concentratedsulphuric acid





Ester is usually used to make in

the food industry. Ester is also used to make .perfume

artificial flavouring

63

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1 Mengapakah etanol terbakar dengan nyalaan tanpa jelaga dalam udara?

Etanol terbakar dengan dalam udara.

2 Apakah hasil pembakaran etanol dalam udara?

dan

3 Lengkapkan persamaan kimia dalam bentuk perkataan bagi tindak balaspembakaran etanol dalam udara.

Etanol + oksigen → +

4 Apakah fungsi asid sulfurik pekat dalam eksperimen (c)?

Sebagai

5 Apakah bahan yang berbau wangi itu?Ester

6 Apakah nama proses yang berlaku dalam eksperimen (c)?Pengesteran

7 Tulis satu persamaan kimia yang umum bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.+ → +

8 Nyatakan dua kegunaan alkohol.

Digunakan sebagai dan

Alkohol dalam air, mudah , dan bertindak balas

dengan asid organik untuk menghasilkan .

REFLEKSI

ester

terbakarterlarut campurKESIMPULAN

pelarutbahan api

airesterasid organikAlkohol

mangkin

airkarbon dioksida

airKarbon dioksida

lengkap

ANALISIS

Eksperimen Pemerhatian

(c)

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti di atas.2 Masukkan 10 cm3 etanol dan

10 cm3 asid etanoik ke dalam bikar.3 Titiskan beberapa titik asid sulfurik pekat

ke dalam campuran itu.4 Panaskan campuran dalam bikar sehingga

mendidih.5 Hidu bau yang terhasil.

terhasil.Bau wangi

panaskan

etanol+

asid etanoik+

asid sulfurik pekat



KBSB• Mensintesis

KBSB• Mensintesis

Ester biasanya digunakan untuk membuat dalam industri makanan. Ester juga digunakan untuk membuat

.minyak wangi

perisa


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4.5 LO • Explain with examples the effects of alcohol on health

The excerpt below is adapted from the website below:

Read the above excerpt carefully. Then, gather relevant information on the effects of alcohol on the health ofhumans from various websites, using the keyword ‘alcohol’ in the search engine.

Alcohol is a common substance that is used in various forms such as wine, beer and spirit. An alcoholicabuses alcohol. In that condition, alcohol acts as a depressant. In small quantities, alcohol is harmless.However, in large quantities, it can cause vomiting, dehydration and so on.

Effects on cerebellum

• Coordination of musclesis disturbed, affecting

.body balance

1 Effects on the brain

Effects on cerebrum

• Disturbs

and

• and

becomeimpaired

sight

Hearing

voluntary action

thinking

2 Effects on the nervous system and body organs.

http://home.howstuffworks.com/alcohol.htm

Effects on the liver

• Damages the liver cells

causing

where liver tissuesdegenerate into damaging

tissues.

scarred

cirrhosis

liver

Effects on the stomach

• Alcohol the internal surface of the

stomach to cause .

In serious cases, is formed.

ulcer

gastritis

erodes

Effects on the nervous

system

• The reflexes of adrunkard become

. He feels

.sleepy

slower

Effects on the skin

• The arteries in the skin

andcause massive

from the body.

heat loss

expand

thinking scarred liver cirrhosis sleepy hearing gastritis body balancesight slower heat loss erodes ulcer expand voluntary action

2007 Sec. B, Q7(b)2003 Sec. C, Q2(a)

RESEARCHICT4.5 Effects of alcohol on human health

Contextual

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4.5 HP • Menghuraikan dengan contoh kesan alkohol ke ataskesihatan

Petikan di bawah telah diubah suai daripada laman web yang berikut:

Baca petikan di atas dengan teliti. Kemudian, kumpulkan maklumat daripada laman web yang lain dengankata kunci ‘alcohol’ dalam enjin gelintar tentang kesan buruk alkohol ke atas kesihatan.

Kesan terhadap

serebelum

• Koordinasi otot terganggu menyebabkan

turut terjejas.

badan

keseimbangan

1 Kesan ke atas otakKesan terhadap serebrum

• Mengganggu

dan .

• Deria

dan menjadi kurang baik.

penglihatan

pendengaran

tindakan terkawal

pemikiran

Kesan terhadap hati

• Merosakkan sel-sel hati menyebabkan

,iaitu kemerosotan tisu-tisu hati menjadi tisu-

tisu yang berbahaya.

parut

sirosis hati

2 Kesan ke atas sistem saraf dan organ badan

Kesan terhadap sistem

saraf

• Peminum kurang pekaterhadap rangsanganmenyebabkan gerak

balasnya .Peminum berasa

.mengantuk

lambat

Kesan terhadap kulit

• Arteri kulit

dan mengakibatkan

yang banyak dari badan.

kehilangan haba

mengembangKesan terhadap perut

• Alkohol permukaan dalam perut dan

menyebabkan .Dalam keadaan teruk,

terjadi.ulser

gastritis

mengakis

http://home.howstuffworks.com/alcohol.htm

Alkohol adalah salah satu jenis bahan yang paling kerap digunakan dalam pelbagai bentuk seperti wain, bir,dan spirit. Penagih alkohol menyalahgunakan alkohol. Dalam keadaan tersebut, alkohol bertindak sebagaisatu depresan. Dalam kuantiti yang kecil, alkohol adalah tidak berbahaya. Namun demikian, meminumdalam kuantiti yang banyak akan menyebabkan muntah, kekeringan badan (dehydration) dan sebagainya.

pemikiran parut sirosis hati mengantuk pendengaran gastritis keseimbangan badanpenglihatan lambat kehilangan haba mengakis ulser mengembang tindakan terkawal

2007 Bhg. B, S7(b)2003 Bhg. C, S2(a)

PENYELIDIKANICT

4.5 Kesan alkohol ke atas kesihatan manusiaKontekstual


Chapter 4

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4.6 LO • Give examples of fats• State the sources of fats• State the elements found in fats• State what saturated fats and unsaturated fats are

4.6 LO • Compare and contrast saturated fats and unsaturatedfats

• Explain with examples the effects of consuming foodrich in saturated fats on health

Compare and contrast saturated fats with unsaturated fats.

Similarity

Consist of , ,

and elementsoxygen

hydrogencarbon

Differences

Animal fats

Solids

Vegetable oils

Liquid

Source

Higher LowerMelting point

Higher Almost nilCholesterol content

Negative effect Good effectEffect on health

Chicken fats Palm oilExample

Saturated fats

Condition at room temperature

Unsaturated fats

Excessive consumption of saturated fats can cause and

.heart attack

high blood pressure

ActivityActivityDISCUSSION

4.6

Learning Objective4.3 Analysing fats and their effects on health

Comparison between saturated fats and unsaturated fatsMastery

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4.6 HP • Memberi contoh lemak• Menyatakan sumber lemak• Menyatakan unsur dalam lemak• Menyatakan maksud lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu

4.6 HP • Membanding dan membezakan lemak tepu denganlemak tak tepu

• Menghuraikan dengan contoh kesan memakanmakanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu ke ataskesihatan

Bandingkan dan bezakan lemak tepu dengan lemak tak tepu.

Persamaan

Terbina daripada unsur ,

, dan oksigenhidrogen

karbon

Perbezaan

Lemak haiwan

Pepejal

Minyak tumbuhan

Cecair

Sumber

Lebih tinggi Lebih rendahTakat lebur

Lebih tinggi Hampir tiadaKandungan kolesterol

Kesan buruk Baik kepada kesihatanKesan ke atas kesihatan

Lemak ayam Minyak sawitContoh

Lemak tepu

Keadaan pada suhu bilik

Lemak tak tepu

Pengambilan lemak tepu yang berlebihan boleh menyebabkan

dan .penyakit jantung

tekanan darah tinggi

PERBINCANGAN4.6

Objektif Pembelajaran4.3 Menganalisis lemak dan kesannya ke atas kesihatan

Perbandingan antara lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepuMasteri

6 State the type of plant fat. (Unsaturated fat) 7 Compare the hydrogen content in saturated fat molecules and in unsaturated fat molecules. (The saturated

fat molecules contain more hydrogen atoms as compared to unsaturated fat molecules) 8 Give two examples of saturated fat. (Chicken fat and cow fat) 9 Give two examples of unsaturated fat. (Groundnut oil and coconut oil/palm oil) 10 Explain briefl y how to change an unsaturated fat (palm oil) to a saturated fat (margarine). (By adding

hydrogen atoms to the unsaturated fat in a hydrogenation reaction)

4.3 Analysing fats and their effects on health4.6DISCUSSION

ActivityActivity 1 What are the elements of fat? (Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) 2 Name the liquid state of fat. (Oil) 3 State two examples of fats in solid state. (Chicken fat and cow fat) 4 State two types of fats. (Saturated and unsaturated fats) 5 State the type of animal fat. (Saturated fat)

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4.7 LO • Explain with examples the effects of consuming foodrich in saturated fats and unsaturated fats on health

To create awareness among students on choosing healthy food in their daily dietAIM

4 You are required to gather the relevant information according to the action plan. The action plan isdivided into three stages to ensure that the information are gathered systematically.

5 The information can be collected from the resource centre or through the Internet.6 Then, an approximately 10-page folio must be prepared. It must contain the following:

(a) Title(b) List of members’ names(c) Introduction and acknowledgement(d) Project’s objective(e) Project’s action plan(f) Contents(g) Conclusion(h) Reflection(i) Bibliography

7 You may insert suitable photos or diagrams in your folio.8 Your folio must be prepared using software such as Microsoft Word.9 The time given to complete your folio is one week.

10 Each group is required to present the outcome of the research to the whole class.

1 Carry out the project in groups of two to three persons.2 Each group is required to collect information on the effects of consuming food rich in saturated and

unsaturated fats on health.

Examples of food rich in

saturated fats

Examples of food rich in

unsaturated fats

Effects of consuming food rich

in saturated and unsaturated

fats on health

3 An action plan for the gathering of information is proposed below.

Stage

I

Activity

Collect information on examples of foodrich in saturated fats

Period (Date) Action

II Collect information on examples of foodrich in unsaturated fats

III Collect information on the effects ofconsuming food rich in saturated andunsaturated fats on human health

What scientific andmoral values have youlearnt while carrying outthis project?

PROJECTCOLLABORATIVE4.7

Effects of consuming food rich in saturated and unsaturated fats on health Mastery

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4.7 HP • Menghuraikan dengan contoh kesan memakanmakanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu dan lemaktak tepu ke atas kesihatan

Menimbulkan kesedaran pelajar untuk memilih makanan yang sihat dalam gizi harianTUJUAN

4 Pelajar dikehendaki mengumpul maklumat yang relevan mengikut pelan. Pelan tindakan ini dibahagikankepada tiga peringkat untuk memastikan pengumpulan maklumat tindakan dijalankan secara sistematik.

5 Maklumat boleh dikumpulkan daripada pusat sumber atau daripada Internet.6 Kemudian, satu folio yang mempunyai kira-kira 10 muka surat disediakan. Folio anda perlu mengandungi

perkara-perkara berikut.(a) Tajuk(b) Senarai nama ahli kumpulan(c) Pendahuluan dan penghargaan(d) Objektif projek(e) Pelan tindakan projek(f) Isi kandungan(g) Kesimpulan(h) Refleksi(i) Lampiran (Bahan rujukan)

7 Anda boleh memasukkan foto atau rajah yang sesuai di dalam folio anda.8 Folio perlu dibuat dengan menggunakan perisian komputer seperti Microsoft Word.9 Masa selama seminggu diberi untuk menyiapkan folio ini.

10 Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki membentangkan hasil projek di dalam kelas.

1 Jalankan projek dalam kumpulan yang terdiri daripada dua atau tiga orang.2 Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki mengumpulkan maklumat tentang kesan memakan makanan yang kaya

dengan lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan.

Contoh-contoh makanan

yang kaya dengan

lemak tepu

Contoh-contoh makanan

yang kaya dengan

lemak tak tepu

Kesan memakan makanan yang

kaya dengan lemak tepu dan

lemak tak tepu ke atas

kesihatan badan

3 Satu pelan tindakan bagi aktiviti pengumpulan maklumat dicadangkan di bawah.

Peringkat

I

Aktiviti

Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang contoh-contoh makanan yang kaya dengan lemaktepu

Tempoh (Tarikh) Tindakan

II Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang contoh-contoh makanan yang kaya dengan lemaktak tepu

III Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang kesanmemakan makanan yang kaya denganlemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke ataskesihatan badan

PROJEKKOLABORATIF

4.7Kesan memakan makanan yang mengandungi lemak tepudan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan Masteri

Apakah sikap saintifikdan nilai murni andapelajari semasamenjalankan projek ini?

13 State three diseases that a person may suffer from if he/she consumes excessive saturated fats. (Stroke, high blood pressure and heart attack)

14 State the type of fat that is able to eliminate cholesterol in saturated fat and carries it to the liver to be decomposed. (Unsaturated fat)

11 Which type of fat is not good for health? Explain your answer. (Saturated fat. It is rich in cholesterol.) 12 Which type of fat is good for health? Explain your answer. (Unsaturated fat. It will lower the cholesterol

content in the blood.)

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Sterilisation Oil is pressed from the husk by presser

Separation Separates fruits from bunch

Digesting Removes oil impurities

Extraction Dehusking of fruit

Filtration Kills bacteria and fungi and softens the fruit

PurificationSteam is flowed through the oil to eliminate its smell. Oil is flowedthrough activated carbon to eliminate its colour.

Method Process

4.8 LO • Describe the structure of an oil palm fruit• Describe the process of extracting palm oil from the

oil palm fruit

1 Label the cross-section of the oil palm fruit with the following words.

2 Which part of the oil palm fruit produces the most oil?Mesocarp

3 What type of fats is contained in the palm oil?Unsaturated fats

4 Which other part of the oil palm fruit produces oil?Kernel

5 What substance provides the orange colour in plam oil?

pigment

6 You are given the palm oil extraction methods. Match the methods to its corresponding process.

Beta-carotene

Kernel Mesocarp Shell

Kernel

Mesocarp

Shell

Study the cross-section of the oil palm fruit given below. Then, answer the questions given.

Oil palm: The fruit thatcan produce an orangecoloured cooking oil.

Almost 90% of the palmoil product is used in thefood industry.

2004 Sec. B, Q2 2005 Sec. B, Q8


4.8

Learning Objective4.4 Analysing oil palm and its importance to the national development

Structure of an oil palm fruit and extraction of palm oilMastery

67

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B4

Pensterilan Minyak diperah daripada sabut oleh penekan

Pemisahan Memisahkan buah daripada tandan

Pencernaan Menyingkirkan bendasing daripada minyak

Pengekstrakan Memisahkan sabut daripada tempurung

Penapisan Membunuh bakteria dan kulat dan melembutkan buah

Penulenan Stim dialirkan melalui minyak untuk menghilangkan bau. Minyak dialirkan menerusi karbon yang diaktifkan untuk menyingkirkanwarna.

Kaedah Proses

4.8 HP • Menghuraikan struktur buah kelapa sawit• Menghuraikan proses pengekstrakan minyak sawit

daripada buah kelapa sawit

1 Label keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit dengan menggunakan perkataan-perkataan berikut.

2 Bahagian manakah pada buah kelapa sawit yang menghasilkan minyak yangpaling banyak?Mesokarp (Sabut)

3 Apakah jenis lemak yang terkandung di dalam minyak sawit?Lemak tak tepu

4 Bahagian lain yang manakah pada buah kelapa sawit dapat membekalkan minyak?Kernel (Isirung)

5 Apakah bahan yang memberi warna jingga minyak sawit?

Pigment

6 Anda diberikan kaedah pengekstrakan minyak sawit. Padankan kaedah itu dengan proses yang betul.

beta-karotena

Kernel (isirung) Mesokarp (sabut) Tempurung

Kelapa sawit: Buahyang dapatmenghasilkan minyakmasak yang berwarnajingga.

Kernel

(isirung)

Mesokarp (sabut)

Tempurung

Kaji keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit yang diberikan di bawah. Kemudian, jawab soalan yang diberikan.

PERBINCANGAN4.8

Objektif Pembelajaran4.4 Menganalisis minyak sawit dan kepentingannya kepada perkembangan negara

Struktur buah kelapa sawit dan pengekstrakan minyak sawit Masteri

Hampir 90% daripadahasil minyak sawitdigunakan dalamindustri makanan.

2004 Bhg. B, S2 2005 Bhg. B, S8

6 What is the purpose of fl owing palm oil through activated carbon? (To remove its colour)

4.9THINKINGActivityActivity 7 State two uses of palm oil. (As cooking oil and to make soap/candle/condensed milk/margarine)

8 State two types of vitamins that palm oil contains. (Vitamins A and E) 9 What is the advantage of consuming palm oil as cooking oil? (Palm oil does not contain cholesterol.) 10 State one potential use of palm oil in transportation. (To produce a type of fuel to replace diesel for heavy

vehicles)

4.4 Analysing oil palm and its importance to the national development4.8DISCUSSION

ActivityActivity 1 State the part in an oil palm fruit which supplies a lot of oil. (Mesocarp) 2 State the part in an oil palm fruit which produces a little oil but of high quality. (Kernel) 3 Name the process of obtaining oil from oil palm fruit. (Extraction) 4 Name the process where oil palm fruits are steamed in hot vapour to kill bacteria and fungi. (Sterilisation) 5 Name the process where oil palm fruits are removed from the bunches. (Threshing)

67 67


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4.9 LO • List the uses of palm oil 4.9 LO • List the nutritional substances found in palm oil

Oil palm fruits have many uses. Study the photos below carefully and answer the following questions.

1 Name the things that are made from palm oil in the diagram above.

2 State three other uses of palm oil

(a) To make

(b) To make

(c) To make

3 Palm oil is used as cooking oil. State two advantages of such a use.

(a) Palm oil while boiling.

(b) Palm oil does not contain .

4 Complete the table below with vitamins that are contained in palm oil and its function.

cholesterol

does not foam

cosmetics

ink

lubricant

soap

condensed milk

cooking oil

margarine

hair cream

candle

Vitamin Function

A To prevent

E To prevent heart attack

night-blindness

5 Palm oil contains beta-carotene. What type of disease can be prevented by beta-carotene?

Cancer

Oil palm products

4.9 Uses of palm oil and its nutrientsContextual

2004 Sec. B, Q3 2005 Sec. B, Q8

68

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4.9 HP • Menyenaraikan kegunaan minyak kelapa sawit 4.9 HP • Menyenaraikan bahan berkhasiat dalam minyakkelapa sawit

Buah kelapa sawit mempunyai banyak kegunaan. Kaji foto yang berikut dengan teliti dan jawab soalan dibawah.

1 Namakan barang yang dibuat daripada minyak sawit dalam rajah di atas.

2 Nyatakan tiga kegunaan minyak sawit yang lain.

(a) Membuat

(b) Membuat

(c) Membuat

3 Minyak sawit digunakan sebagai minyak masak. Nyatakan dua kelebihannya.

(a) Minyak sawit apabila dididihkan.

(b) Minyak sawit tidak mengandungi .

4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan vitamin yang terkandung dalam minyak sawit dan fungsinya.

kolesterol

tidak berbuih

bahan kosmetik

dakwat

minyak pelincir

sabun

susu pekat

minyak masak

marjerin

krim rambut

lilin

Vitamin Fungsi

A Untuk mencegah

E Untuk mencegah penyakit jantung

rabun malam

5 Minyak sawit mengandungi beta-karotin. Apakah jenis penyakit yang dapat dicegah oleh beta-karotin?

Penyakit kanser

Hasil minyak sawit

BERFIKIR4.9 Kegunaan minyak sawit dan nutriennya Kontekstual

2004 Bhg. B, S3 2005 Bhg. B, S8


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4.10 LO• Describe the process of making soap• State that oils contain fatty acids and glycerol• State that soap is a salt produced by the reaction

between sodium hydroxide and fatty acids

1 Put 5 cm3 of palm oil into a beaker.2 Add 30 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution into the same beaker.3 Boil and stir the mixture for five minutes. Avoid the mixture from foaming.4 Add 50 cm3 of distilled water and two spatulas of table salt (sodium chloride) into it.5 Boil the mixture. Stir it for several minutes.6 Let the mixture in the beaker cool before filtering the white solid that is produced.7 Carry out the following tests on the white solid.

(a) Rub the white solid between your fingers.(b) Shake a little white solid together with water in a test tube.(c) Test the white solid with a moist red litmus paper.

8 Record your observation on the characteristics of the product obtained.

heat

glass rod

palm oil+

concentrated sodiumhydroxide solution

To study the process of making soap from the reaction of oil with sodium hydroxide solution

Palm oil, concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (4 mol dm–3), sodium chloride powder, redlitmus paper, distilled water

250 ml beaker, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, glass rod, spatula, 10 ml and 100 mlmeasuring cylinders, test tube

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

1 5 cm3 of palm oil was put into a beaker.

2 30 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution was added into the

same beaker.

3 The mixture was boiled and stirred for five minutes. Foaming of the mixture was

prevented.

4 50 cm3 of distilled water and two spatulas of table salt (sodium chloride) were

added.

5 The mixture was boiled and stirred for several minutes.

6 The mixture in the beaker was left to cool before the white solid that was produced is

filtered.

STEPS


INQUIRY4.10

Learning Objective4.5 Analysing the process of making soap from oil and the cleansing action of soap

Process of making soapsInquiry-discovery

1996 Sec. B, Q5

69

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4.10 HP • Menghuraikan proses pembuatan sabun• Menyatakan minyak terdiri daripada asid lemak dan

gliserol• Menyatakan sabun ialah garam hasil daripada tindak

balas antara natrium hidroksida dengan asid lemak

1 Masukkan 5 cm3 minyak sawit ke dalam sebuah bikar.2 Tambahkan 30 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida ke dalam bikar yang sama.3 Didihkan dan kacaukan campuran itu selama lima minit. Elakkan campuran itu daripada

berbuih.4 Tambahkan 50 cm3 air suling dan dua spatula garam biasa (natrium klorida).5 Didihkan dan kacau campuran selama beberapa minit.6 Biarkan campuran dalam bikar menyejuk dan turaskan pepejal putih yang terhasil.7 Jalankan ujian yang berikut ke atas pepejal putih itu.

(a) Gosok pepejal putih di antara dua jari.(b) Goncang sedikit pepejal putih bersama-sama air dalam tabung uji.(c) Uji dengan kertas litmus merah lembap.

8 Catat pemerhatian anda tentang ciri-ciri hasil yang diperoleh.

panaskan

rod kaca

minyak sawit+

larutan natriumhidroksida pekat

Mengkaji proses pembuatan sabun melalui tindak balas minyak dengan larutan natriumhidroksida

Minyak sawit, larutan natrium hidroksida pekat (4 mol dm–3), serbuk natrium klorida, kertaslitmus merah, air suling

Bikar 250 ml, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, penunu Bunsen, rod kaca, spatula, silinderpenyukat 10 ml dan 100 ml, tabung uji

PROSEDUR

RADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

1 5 cm3 minyak sawit dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah bikar.

2 30 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida pekat ditambahkan ke dalam bikar yang sama.

3 Campuran itu dididihkan dan dikacau selama lima minit. Campuran itu dielakkan

daripada berbuih.

4 50 cm3 air suling dan dua spatula serbuk garam biasa (natrium klorida) ditambahkan.

5 Campuran dididihkan dan dikacau selama beberapa minit.

6 Campuran dalam bikar dibiarkan sejuk dan pepejal putih yang terhasil dituraskan.

CARA KERJA


INKUIRI4.10

Objektif Pembelajaran4.5 Menganalisis proses pembuatan sabun daripada minyak dan tindakan pencucian sabun

Proses pembuatan sabunInkuiri-penemuan

1996 Bhg. B, S5

4 Name the process where an alkali is boiled together with vegetable oil during the process of making soap. (Hydrolysis)

5 State the purpose of adding sodium chloride powder in the mixture of palm oil and concentrated sodium hydroxide during the soap making. (To lower the solubility of soap in water)

6 State a washing agent that is used to remove dirt or grease from organic materials. (Soap)

4.5 Analysing the process of making soap from oil and the cleansing action of soap

4.10INQUIRYExperimentExperiment 1 State two substances that made up fats or oils. (Fatty acids and glycerol)

2 State two types of oil that can be used in the manufacture of soap. (Palm oil and coconut oil/olive oil) 3 Name the soap making process. (Saponifi cation)

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7 The following tests were carried out on the white solid.

(a) Rubbed between the fingers

(b) A little white solid was mixed with water in a test tube and shaken

(c) The white solid was tested with moist red litmus paper

8 Observation on the characteristics of the product were recorded.

OBSERVATIONTest on the white solid Observation

Feel with your fingers Smooth

Shake in water A lot of are producedbubbles

Moist red litmus paper Turns to blue

1 What is the name of the white solid produced?Soap

2 Name one other substance that can be used to replace the sodium hydroxide solution.Potassium hydroxide solution

3 What is the reaction that occurs between sodium hydroxide solution and palm oil?Hydrolisis

4 Suggest one example of another oil that can replace palm oil.Coconut oil

5 What is the function of sodium chloride?

To reduce the of soap in water.

6 Based on your observation, what is the chemical characteristic of soap?Alkaline

7 Oil is a natural ester and its molecules are made up of a combination of two substances.What are they?

and

8 Complete the following chemical equation in words to represent the reaction of soapmaking in this experiment.

Palm oil + sodium hydroxide → +

Soap can be prepared through the reaction between oil and

.

Water cannot eliminate oily dirt. Therefore, is used to clean up

oily dirt.

Soaps do not pollute the environment because they are ,

i.e. it can be by bacteria.decomposed

biodegradableREFLECTION

soapAPPLICATIONoF IDEA

sodium hydroxide solutionCONCLUSION

glycerolsodium fatty acid salt

glycerolFatty acids

solubility

ANALYSIS

70

BA

B4

7 Ujian yang berikut dijalankan ke atas pepejal putih itu.

(a) Digosok di antara kedua jari.

(b) Sedikit pepejal putih digoncang bersama-sama air dalam tabung uji.

(c) Diuji dengan kertas litmus merah lembap.

8 Pemerhatian tentang ciri-ciri hasil yang diperoleh dicatat.

PEMERHATIANUjian ke atas pepejal putih Pemerhatian

Rasa dengan jari Licin

Goncang dengan air Banyak terhasilbuih

Kertas litmus merah lembap Berubah kepada warna biru

1 Apakah nama pepejal putih yang terhasil?Sabun

2 Namakan satu bahan lain yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan larutan natriumhidroksida.Larutan kalium hidroksida

3 Apakah tindak balas yang berlaku antara larutan natrium hidroksida dengan minyaksawit?Hidrolisis

4 Cadangkan satu contoh minyak lain yang dapat menggantikan minyak sawit.Minyak kelapa

5 Apakah fungsi natrium klorida?

Untuk mengurangkan sabun dalam air.

6 Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, apakah sifat kimia sabun?Beralkali

7 Minyak adalah ester semula jadi dan molekulnya terdiri daripada gabungan dua bahan.Apakah bahan itu?

dan

8 Lengkapkan persamaan kimia di bawah untuk mewakili tindak balas pembentukan sabundalam eksperimen ini.Minyak sawit + natrium hidroksida → +

Sabun dapat disediakan melalui tindak balas minyak dengan

.

Air tidak dapat menyingkirkan kotoran berminyak. Oleh itu,

digunakan untuk membersihkan kotoran berminyak.

Sabun tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar kerana sabun ialah bahan

, iaitu dapat oleh bakteria.diuraikan terbiodegradasikan

REFLEKSI

sabunAPLIKASI IDEA

hidroksida

larutan natriumKESIMPULAN

gliserolgaram natrium asid lemak

gliserolAsid lemak

keterlarutan

ANALISIS

10 How do the soap molecules act on the surface tension of water during the cleansing action? (The soap molecules reduce the surface tension of water.)

11 Name parts X and Y for the soap molecule below. (X: Hydrophilic/Head; Y: Hydrophobic/Tail)

waterwater X

Y

water X

Y

grease

4.11DISCUSSIONActivityActivity 7 State two parts that made up a soap molecule. (Ionic head and hydrocarbon tail)

8 State the part of soap molecule that dissolves in water. (Ionic head/Head part/Hydrophilic part) 9 State the part of soap molecule that dissolves in oil or grease. (Hydrocarbon tail/Tail part/Hydrophobic part)

70 70


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4.11 LO• Explain the cleansing action of soap molecules4.11 LO• State the characteristics of the components of a soapmolecule

Study the soap molecule carefully. Draw and complete the information on the cleansing action of soap.

Cleansing action of soap

The portion of the soap moleculesdissolve in grease whereas the

portiondissolves in water.

head

tail The of water

causes the portion of the soap molecules

dissolved in the to be carried upwards. So, the

portion

dissolved in is

pulled. The dirt is .removed

grease

tail

water

head

movement

Tail portion(hydrocarbon/organic)• Dissolves in oil or grease

Head portion (ionic)• Dissolves in water

Soap molecule

grease

water

➮

head tail water movement removed grease

surface

Soap was first made bythe Romans 2 000 yearsago.


4.11Cleansing action of soap

Contextual

2003 Sec. C, Q2(b)

71

BA

B4

4.11 HP • Menerangkan tindakan pencucian oleh molekulsabun

4.11 HP • Menyatakan ciri-ciri komponen dalam satu molekulsabun

Kaji molekul sabun dengan teliti. Lukis dan lengkapkan maklumat tentang tindakan pencucian sabun.

Tindakan pencucian sabun

Bahagian molekul sabun larut dalam grismanakala bahagian

larutdalam air.

kepala

ekor airmenyebabkan bahagian

molekulsabun yang larut dalam

dibawabersama oleh air. Seterusnya,

bahagian

yang larut dalam

ditarik. Kotoran .tertanggal

gris

ekor

air

kepala

Pergerakan

Bahagian ekor(hidrokarbon/organik)• Larut dalam minyak atau gris

Bahagian kepala (ion)• Larut dalam air

Molekul sabun

gris

air

➮

kepala ekor air pergerakan tertanggal gris

permukaan

Sabun mula dibuatoleh orang Rom pada2 000 tahun dahulu.

2003 Bhg. C, S2(b)

PERBINCANGAN4.11 Tindakan pencucian sabunKontekstual


Chapter 4

Carbon C

ompounds

Min

dM

ind

RO

BIC

SMin

dM

ind R

OB

ICS

Cha

pter

4C

arbo

n C

ompo

unds

72C

HA

PTER4

4.12 LO • State what polymers and monomers are• Give examples of polymers and monomers• Describe polymerisation and depolymerisation

4.12 LO • State what natural polymers and synthetic polymers are• Give examples of natural polymers and synthetic

polymers

1 Complete the concept map on polymers based on the given information.

natural polymer protein isoprene nylon polythenesynthetic polymer glucose plastic monomers polymerisation

Polymers

Monomers

are formed from thecombination of

classified into

example is divided into

is formedthroughNatural polymer

formedfrom

formedfrom

formedfrom

Rubber Protein Starch

example example

Syntheticrubber

Syntheticfibre

Neoprene

example

Plastic

Polythene Nylon

Polymerisation

Synthetic polymer

2 Label the following diagram on polymerisation and depolymerisation.

Polymer

Polymerisation

DepolymerisationMonomer

Isoprene Amino acid Glucose

depolymerisation monomer polymerisation


4.12

Learning Objective4.6 Understanding natural polymers

PolymersConstructivism

A long-chained polymermolecules may contain 5 000 to millions ofmonomers.

72

BA

B4

4.12 HP • Menyatakan maksud polimer dan monomer• Berikan contoh polimer dan monomer• Menghuraikan pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran

4.12 HP • Menyatakan maksud polimer asli dan polimer sintetik• Berikan contoh polimer asli dan polimer sintetik

1 Lengkapkan peta konsep tentang polimer berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi.

polimer asli protein isoprena nilon politenapolimer sintetik glukosa plastik monomer pempolimeran

Polimer

Monomer

terbentuk daripadapenggabungan

dikelaskan kepada

contoh dibahagi kepada

dibentuk melalui

Polimer asli

terbentuk daripada

terbentuk daripada

terbentuk daripada

Getah Protein Kanji

contoh contoh

Getah sintetik

Gentiansintetik

Neoprena

contoh

Plastik

Politena Nilon

Pempolimeran

Polimer sintetik

2 Label rajah yang berikut tentang proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran.

Polimer

Pempolimeran

PenyahpolimeranMonomer

Isoprena Asid amino Glukosa

penyahpolimeran monomer pempolimeran

PERBINCANGAN4.12

Objektif Pembelajaran4.6 Memahami polimer asli

PolimerKonstruktivisme

Satu rantai panjangmolekul polimermungkin mengandungi 5 000 hingga berjuta-juta monomer.

4.13INQUIRYExperimentExperiment 7 Name the process of combining small molecules (monomers) together to form a long chain of molecules

(polymer). (Polymerisation) 8 Name the process of splitting a polymer molecule into its monomers. (Depolymerisation) 9 State the monomer of the following natural polymers.

(a) Starch (Glucose)(b) Protein (Amino acid)(c) Fat (Fatty acid and glycerol)(d) Natural rubber (Isoprene)

4.6 Understanding natural polymers4.12DISCUSSION

ActivityActivity 1 State the long molecule chains that consist of smaller molecules (monomers). (Polymer) 2 State the small molecules that combine to form polymers. (Monomer) 3 Name the type of polymer that is produced naturally by living things. (Natural polymer) 4 Name the type of polymer that is made by humans through chemical reactions. (Synthetic polymer) 5 State two examples of natural polymer. (Starch and protein) 6 State two examples of synthetic polymer. (Plastic and nylon)

72 72


Chapter 4

Carbon C

ompounds

Min

dM

ind

RO

BIC

SMin

dM

ind R

OB

ICS

Cha

pter

4C

arbo

n C

ompo

unds

73

CH

APTER

4

4.13 LO • Describe polymerisation and depolymerisation

To study the polymerisation and depolymerisationprocesses

Thread, beads

Scissors

1 Thread the beads to form a long chain.2 Cut the chain at the centre and record your observation.

1 A of beads is formed.

2 The beads will from each other when the thread is cut.

1 Complete the table below to form an analogy.ANALYSIS

detach

long chainOBSERVATION

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

2 What are polymers?

molecules that are made up of many molecules.

3 Name the following processes based on its explanation.

smallerLarge

bead

thread

Material/Process Analogy

Bead Monomer

Long chain of beads Polymer

Process of threading beads Polymerisation

Process of separating the beads Depolymerisation

A is produced from the combination of

.monomers

polymerCONCLUSION

To study the characteristics of natural rubber

Rubber band

Tongs, Bunsen burner, dry cell, connection wire, crocodile clips, bulb, switch

1 Carry out the experiment as listed in the table given in the next page.2 Record your observation in the same table and give the inferences.

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

Polymerisation:Combination of smallermolecules to form alarge molecular chain.

TSTS• Making analogy

Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Monomers,polymers, polymerisation and depolymerisation,p. 104

INQUIRY4.13 Polymerisation and depolymerisation processes

Inquiry-discovery

INQUIRY4.14 Characteristics of natural rubber

Inquiry-discovery

Process Explanation

Polymerisation Monomers combine to form polymer

Depolymerisation Polymers break down into monomers

73

BA

B4

4.13 HP • Menerangkan proses pempolimeran danpenyahpolimeran

Mengkaji proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran

Benang, manik

Gunting

1 Masukkan benang ke dalam manik-manik untukmembentuk rantai yang panjang.

2 Gunting rantai tersebut di bahagian tengah dan catatkan pemerhatian anda.

1 Satu manik yang dibentuk.

2 Manik-manik akan dari satu sama lain apabila benang digunting.

1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah untuk membentuk analogi.ANALISIS

terpisah

panjangrantai PEMERHATIAN

PROSEDUR

RADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

2 Apakah itu polimer?

Molekul yang terdiri daripada gabungan molekul-molekul .

3 Namakan proses yang berikut berdasarkan penerangannya.

kecil besar

manik

benang

Bahan/Proses Analogi

Manik Monomer

Rantai manik yang panjang Polimer

Proses merantaikan manik-manik Pempolimeran

Proses memisahkan manik-manik Penyahpolimeran

KBSB• Membuat analogi

terhasil daripada gabungan

.mononer-monomer

PolimerKESIMPULAN

Pempolimeran:Penyambunganmolekul-molekul kecilmenjadi rantai molekulyang besar.

Mengkaji sifat-sifat getah asli

Gelang getah

Penyepit, penunu Bunsen, sel kering, wayar penyambung, klip buaya, mentol, suis

1 Jalankan eksperimen seperti yang disenaraikan dalam jadual halaman sebelah.2 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual yang sama dan berikan inferens.

PROSEDUR

RADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, monomer,polimer, pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran, hlm. 104

Proses Penerangan

Pempolimeran Monomer-monomer bergabung untuk membentuk polimer

Penyahpolimeran Polimer terurai kepada monomer-monomer

INKUIRI4.13 Proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeranInkuiri-penemuan

INKUIRI4.14 Sifat-sifat getah asliInkuiri-penemuan

4.15 GUIDEDExperiment Experiment PEKA

13 State structures P, Q and R for the rubber particle below. (P: Negative charge; Q: Protein membrane; R: Rubber molecule)

P

Q

R

10 State the monomer of the following synthetic polymers.(a) Polythene (Ethene)(b) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (Chloroethene)

4.14INQUIRYExperimentExperiment 11 State three properties of natural rubber. (Soft, elastic and non-heat resistant/does not conduct electricity)

12 What made up rubber particle? (Rubber molecules that are covered by protein membranes with negative charges)

73 73


Chapter 4

Carbon C

ompounds

Min

dM

ind

RO

BIC

SMin

dM

ind R

OB

ICS

Cha

pter

4C

arbo

n C

ompo

unds

74CHAPTER

4

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Stretch the rubber band beforeletting go.

The rubber band becomes

whenstretched and recovers itsoriginal shape when it is

.released

long

Rubber is

.elastic

2

Heat the rubber band as shown in theabove diagram.

The rubber band

and becomes

. Ifthe burning continues, the

rubber band with a sooty yellow flame.

burns

sticky

melts

Rubber and becomes

when heated because it

has a melting point.

low

sticky

meltsrubber band

tongs

Bunsen burner

3

• Prepare the apparatus as shownabove.

• Turn on the switch and record your observation.

The bulb

.light up

does not Rubber

electricity.

conduct

does not

rubberband

1 Give an operational definition for natural rubber.

Natural rubber is an substance that becomes when heated.

2 Natural rubber is a natural polymer. What is the monomer of natural rubber?Isoprene

3 Is rubber suitable as a fuel? Explain your reason.

. Rubber produces too much that will the environment when it is burnt.

pollutesootNo

stickyelastic

What conclusion can be made from this experiment?

Rubber is , and become

when heated, and electricity.does not conduct

stickymelts easilyelastic

CONCLUSION

OBSERVATION

ANALYSIS

In 1770, JosephPriestley carried out anexperiment with asubstance that canerase pencil marks. Hecalled it ‘Rubber’.

4.14 LO • State the characteristics of natural rubber Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Laboratory Activity4.4, p. 105

Natural rubber is suitable to be used to makeglove. This is because natural rubber is

.elastic

APPLICATIONoF IDEA

TSTS• Making inference

Pada tahun 1770,Joseph Priestleymenjalankaneksperimen dengansuatu bahan yangdapat memadamkantanda pensel. Beliaumenamakan bahan itu'Pemadam' (Rubber).

74

BAB

4

1 Berikan definisi secara operasi bagi getah asli.

Getah asli ialah bahan yang dan menjadi apabila dipanaskan.

2 Getah asli merupakan satu polimer semula jadi. Apakah monomer bagi getah asli?Isoprena

3 Adakah getah sesuai digunakan sebagai bahan api? Berikan alasan anda.

. Getah menghasilkan banyak yang alam sekitar apabila terbakar.

mencemarkanjelagaTidak

melekitkenyal

KBSB• Membuat inferens

Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini?

Getah adalah , , dan menjadi

apabila dipanaskan, serta arus elektrik.

APLIKASI IDEA

tidak mengkonduksikan

melekitmudah meleburkenyal

KESIMPULAN

PEMERHATIAN

ANALISIS

4.14 HP • Menyatakan sifat-sifat getah asli Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5,Aktiviti Makmal 4.4, hlm. 105

Eksperimen Pemerhatian Inferens

1 Regangkan gelang getah dankemudian lepaskannya.

Gelang getah menjadi

apabila ditarik dan kembalikepada bentuk asal apabila

.dilepaskan

panjang

Getah adalah

.kenyal

2

Panaskan gelang getah seperti dalamrajah di atas.

Gelang getah

dan

menjadi .Apabila pembakaranditeruskan, gelang getah

dengannyala kuning berjelaga.

terbakar

melekit

melebur

Getah dan menjadi

apabila dipanaskan kerana getah mempunyaitakat lebur yang

.rendah

melekit

meleburgelang getah

penyepit

penunuBunsen

3

• Sediakan susunan radas sepertiyang ditunjukkan di atas.

• Hidupkan suis dan catatpemerhatian anda.

Mentol

.menyala

tidak Getah

arus elektrik.

mengkonduksikan

tidak

gelanggetah

Getah asli adalah sesuai digunakan untuk membuatsarung tangan. Ini adalah kerana getah asli adalah

.kenyal

14 State one substance that can coagulate latex. (Ethanoic acid/Any acid) 15 State one substance that can prevent the coagulation of latex. (Ammonia solution/Any

alkali) 16 How does alkali react with latex to prevent the coagulation of latex? (Hydroxide ions in

ammonia solution neutralise the acid produced by bacteria in the latex) 17 Name the process where sulphur is added to natural rubber to strengthen it. (Vulcanisation)

18 Name the rubber obtained through the vulcanisation. (Vulcanised rubber) 19 How do the suphur atoms act on the rubber polymers during the process of vulcanisation? (Form cross

linkages among rubber polymers) 20 State three properties of vulcanised rubber compared to unvulcanised rubber. (Stronger or harder, more

elastic and more heat resistant)

74 74

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4.15 LO • Explain the action of acids on latex• Explain the action of ammonia solution on latex

To study latex coagulation by the action of acid and the prevention of latex coagulation by alkali

can coagulate latex

(a) that is kept constant : Volume of latex

(b) that is manipulated : Presence of acid

(c) that responds : Latex coagulation

Latex, ethanoic acid

100 ml beaker, glass rod, 10 ml measuring cylinder

1 Pour 20 cm3 of latex into a beaker.2 Add 5 cm3 of ethanoic acid into the latex.3 Stir the mixture in the beaker and record your

observation on the condition of latex after 10 minutes.

1 20 cm3 of latex was poured into a beaker.

2 5 cm3 of ethanoic acid was added into the latex.

3 The mixture in the beaker was stirred and the observation on the condition of the latex

was recorded after 10 minutes.

can prevent latex coagulation

(a) that is kept constant : Volume of latex

(b)that is manipulated : Presence of alkali

(c) that responds : Prevention of latex coagulation

Latex, ammonia solution

100 ml beaker, glass rod, 10 ml measuring cylinder

The experiment in Section A is repeated using ammonia solution to replace ethanoic acid.

1 20 cm3 of latex was poured into a beaker.

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

VARIABLES

AlkaliHYPOTHESIS

SECTION B

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

VARIABLES

AcidHYPOTHESIS

SECTION A

AIM

glass rod

latex

ethanoicacid

C2P4C2P

1234S

Latex: White and stickyrubber milk obtainedfrom the rubber tree.

Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Experiment 4.5,p. 107

PROCEDURE

C1P1

PEKA4.15 Actions of acid and alkali on latexInquiry-discovery

C1P2

C1P3

C1P4

STEPS

PROCEDURE

C1P5

C1P2

C1P3

C1P4

2004 Sec. C, Q1

STEPS

Mengkaji penggumpalan lateks oleh tindakan asid dan pencegahan penggumpalan lateks oleh alkali

dapat menggumpalkan lateks

(a) yang dimalarkan : Isi padu lateks

(b) yang dimanipulasikan : Kehadiran asid

(c) yang bergerak balas : Penggumpalan lateks

Lateks, asid etanoik

Bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, silinder penyukat 10 ml

1 Tuang 20 cm3 lateks ke dalam sebuah bikar.2 Tambahkan 5 cm3 asid etanoik ke dalam lateks.3 Kacau campuran dalam bikar dan catat pemerhatian

tentang keadaan lateks selepas 10 minit.

1 20 cm3 lateks dituangkan ke dalam sebuah bikar.

2 5 cm3 asid etanoik ditambahkan ke dalam lateks.

3 Campuran dalam bikar dikacau dan pemerhatian tentang keadaan lateks dicatat selepas

10 minit.

dapat mencegah penggumpalan lateks

(a) yang dimalarkan : Isi padu lateks

(b) yang dimanipulasikan : Kehadiran alkali

(c) yang bergerak balas : Pencegahan penggumpalan lateks

Lateks, larutan ammonia

Bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, silinder penyukat 10 mlRADAS

BAHAN

AlkaliHIPOTESIS

BAHAGIAN B

CARA KERJA

PROSEDUR

RADAS

BAHAN

AsidHIPOTESIS

BAHAGIAN A

TUJUAN

Eksperimen di Bahagian A diulang dengan menggunakan larutan ammonia bagimenggantikan asid etanoik.

1 20 cm3 lateks dituangkan ke dalam sebuah bikar.

PROSEDUR

75

BA

B4

4.15 HP • Menerangkan tindakan asid ke atas lateks• Menerangkan tindakan larutan ammonia ke atas

lateks

rod kaca

lateks

asidetanoik

Lateks: Susu getahyang berwarna putihdan melekit yangdiperoleh daripadapokok getah.

C2P4C2P

1234S

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Eksperimen4.5, hlm. 107

TERBIMBINGPEKA

4.15 Tindakan asid dan alkali ke atas lateksInkuiri-penemuan

PEMBOLEHUBAH

CARA KERJA

2004 Bhg. C, S1

C1P1

C1P2

C1P3

C1P5

C1P2

PEMBOLEHUBAH

C1P3

C1P4

C1P4


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Coagulation of latex

Latex + ethanoic acid Latex coagulates

Latex + ammonia solutuion Latex does not coagulate

1 Label the structure of a rubber particle below.

protein membrane

rubber moleculerubber particle

negative charge

C3P1 C3P2 C3P3

C4P

123S

Experiment

2 5 cm3 of ammonia solution was added into the latex.

3 The mixture in the beaker was stirred and the observation on the condition of the latex

was recorded after 10 minutes.

C2P

1234S

OBSERVATION

ANALYSIS

2 Why latex does not coagulate naturally?

The rubber particles one another as they carry the electrical charge.

3 Complete the flow chart below to give inferences on your observation when the acid isadded to the latex.

samerepel

TSTS• Making inference

Guide:

rubber molecule

protein membrane

negative charge

C1P5

The ethanoic acid contains ions withpositive charges

hydrogen

––

––

– ––

––

––

––

–

– ––

––

– H+

H+

ethanoic acid

latex

rubber particle

break neutralisedcoagulates hydrogencollide combine

4 Give an inference to your observation when alkali (ammonia solution) is added to the latex.

Ammonia solution contains ions with

charges, which neutralise any acid produced by in the latex.

5 Suggest two other substances that can be used in the laboratory to replace

(a) ethanoic acid : acid and acidsulphuricHydrochloric

C4P1bacteria

negativehydroxide

The negative charges on the rubber protein membrane

are .neutralised

Rubber particles causing the

protein membranes to .break

collide

The released rubber molecules

with one another. Latex .coagulates

combine

C4P1

C3P

123S

76

BA

B4

Penggumpalan lateks

Lateks + asid etanoik Lateks menggumpal

Lateks + larutan ammonia Lateks tidak menggumpal

1 Label struktur zarah getah di bawah.

membran protein

molekul getahzarah getah

cas negatif

2 Mengapakah lateks dalam keadaan semula jadi tidak akan menggumpal?

Zarah-zarah getah antara satu sama lain kerana mempunyai cas yang .

3 Lengkapkan carta alir di bawah untuk memberi inferens kepada pemerhatian anda apabilaasid dicampurkan kepada lateks.

samamenolak

C3P1 C3P2 C3P3

C3P

123S

C4P

123S

Eksperimen

2 5 cm3 larutan ammonia ditambahkan ke dalam lateks.

3 Campuran dalam bikar dikacau dan pemerhatian tentang keadaan lateks dicatat

selepas 10 minit.

C2P

1234S

KBSB• Membuat inferens

ANALISIS

PEMERHATIAN

Panduan:

molekul getah

membran protein

cas negatif

4 Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda apabila alkali (larutan ammonia) dicampurkankepada lateks.

Larutan ammonia mengandungi ion-ion yang bercas

yang dapat meneutralkan sebarang asid yang dihasilkan oleh

dalam lateks.

5 Cadangkan dua bahan lain yang dapat digunakan dalam makmal untuk menggantikan

(a) asid etanoik : Asid dan asid sulfurikhidroklorik

bakteria

negatif

hidroksida

Asid etanoik mengandungi ion yangbercas positif.

hidrogen

pecah dineutralkan menggumpal hidrogen berlanggaran bergabung

Cas negative pada membran protein getah

.dineutralkan

Zarah-zarah getah menyebabkan

membran protein .pecah

berlanggaran

Molekul-molekul getah yang terbebas

antara satu sama lain. Lateks .menggumpal

bergabung

––

––

– ––

––

––

––

–

– ––

––

– H+

H+

asid etanoik

lateks

zarah getah

C1P5

C4P1

C4P1


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4

4.16 LO • Describe the vulcanisation of rubber• Relate the characteristics of vulcanised rubber to the

structure of its molecule

4.16 LO • List the uses of vulcanised rubber

What is the conclusion that can be made from this experiment?

Acid cause latex to whereas alkali latex coagulation.

and are used to coagulate latex andprevent latex coagulation, in the rubber industry.

Latex that is left overnight will coagulate because in the latex will

produce that causes latex coagulation.acid

bacteriaREFLECTION

ammonia solutionFormic acidAPPLICATIONoF IDEA

preventcoagulates

CONCLUSION

C4P3

(b) ammonia solution : solution and

solution

6 Name the type of acid used in rubber estates for latex coagulation.Formic acid (Methanoic acid)

7 Can this hypothesis be accepted? Yes C4P2

potassium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide

The diagram below shows the process of making vulcanised rubber from latex.

1 Name the monomer for natural rubber.Isoprene

2 What is substance X?Formic acid (or any acid)

3 (a) What is process Y?Vulcanisation

(b) Explain briefly how process Y can be carried out.

Solid rubber is with .

4 What happens to the rubber molecules during process Y?

The rubber molecules are linked to .

5 Draw a diagram to show the structure of vulcanised rubber molecules.

6 State two advantages of vulcanised rubber as compared with natural rubber.

(a) Stronger/Harder

(b) More heat resistance

rubbermolecule

sulphuratom

SS

SS

sulphur atoms

sulphurheated

Vulcanisedrubber

Solidrubber

Latexmixed with

substance X

process Y


4.16Vulcanisation of rubber

STS

2000 Sec. B, Q4

77

BA

B4

4.16 HP • Menerangkan proses pemvulkanan getah• Menghubungkaitkan sifat getah tervulkan dengan

struktur molekulnya

4.16 HP • Menyenaraikan kegunaan getah tervulkan

C4P3

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan proses pembuatan getah tervulkan daripada lateks.

1 Namakan monomer bagi getah asli. Isoprena

2 Apakah bahan X?Asid formik (atau sebarang asid yang lain)

3 (a) Apakah proses Y?Pemvulkanan

(b) Terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana proses Y boleh dijalankan.

Pepejal getah dengan .

4 Apakah yang terjadi kepada molekul getah semasa proses Y?

Molekul getah bergabung dengan .

5 Lukiskan rajah untuk menunjukkan struktur molekul getah tervulkan.

6 Nyatakan dua kelebihan getah tervulkan jika dibandingkan dengan getah asli.

(a) Lebih kuat/keras

(b) Lebih tahan kepada haba

molekulgetah

atomsulfur

SS

SS

atom-atom sulfur

sulfurdipanaskan

Getah divulkanPepejalgetah

Lateksdicampur dengan

bahan X

proses Y

(b) larutan ammonia : Larutan dan larutan

6 Namakan jenis asid yang digunakan di ladang getah untuk menggumpalkan lateks.Asid formik (asid metanoik)

7 Bolehkah hipotesis yang dibuat diterima? Ya

kalium hidroksida

natrium hidroksida

C4P2

Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini?

Asid dapat lateks manakala alkali dapat penggumpalan lateks.

dan masing-masing digunakan untukmenggumpalkan lateks dan mencegah penggumpalan lateks dalam industri getah.

Lateks yang dibiarkan semalaman akan menggumpal kerana di

dalam lateks menghasilkan yang menyebabkan penggumpalan lateks.asid

bakteriaREFLEKSI

larutan ammonia Asid formik APLIKASI IDEA

mencegah menggumpalkan

KESIMPULAN

PERBINCANGAN4.16 Pemvulkanan getahSTM

2000 Bhg. B, S4


SPMSPM Key To Success Key To SuccessSPM Key To Success

Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the SPM exam.

Make sure you can answer all the questions correctly.

78

1 Complete the fermentation equation below and fill in the blanks with the correct words.

Glucose + +

2 State three characteristics and three uses of alcohols (example: ethanol).

Characteristics Uses

(a) (a)

(b) (b)

(c) (c)

3 Complete the esterification equation below.

+ +

4 Label the structure of the oil palm fruit below and state three uses and three nutritional substances of palm oil.

Uses of palm oil Nutritional substances of palm oil

(a) (a)

(b) (b)

(c) (c) Contains vitamin AManufacturing of margarine

Contains vitamin EProduces candles

Contains unsaturated fats (cholesterol free)Manufacturing of cooking oil

wateresterorganic acidAlcohol

As fuelBurns easily

Manufacturing of cosmeticsColourless liquid

Manufacturing of medicineDissolves in water

pure ethanolethanolGlucose

carbon dioxideethanolyeast

Fermentation

process

Distillation

process

Catalyst:Concentrated sulphuric asid

heated

enzyme

in decomposes glucose.

yeast

Zymase

Reaction that takes place is called

.esterification

Characteristics:

(a) Pleasant smell

(b) Not soluble in water

The process that occurs is

called .fermentation

(clouds lime water)

The produces the most oil.

husk

Mesocarp

Shell

Kernel

Produces

oil but it is of quality.

high

little

Uses:

(a) Manufacturing of perfume

(b) Manufacturing of flavouring

SPMSPM Kunci Kejayaan Kunci KejayaanSPM Kunci Kejayaan

Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan SPM. Pastikan anda boleh menjawab semua

soalan berikut.

78

1 Lengkapkan persamaan penapaian di bawah dan isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai.

Glukosa + +

2 Nyatakan tiga sifat alkohol dan tiga kegunaan alkohol (contoh: etanol).

Sifat Kegunaan

(a) (a)

(b) (b)

(c) (c)

3 Lengkapkan persamaan pengesteran di bawah.

+ +

4 Labelkan struktur buah kelapa sawit dan nyatakan tiga kegunaan serta tiga bahan berkhasiat dalam minyak sawit.

Kegunaan minyak sawit Bahan berkhasiat dalam minyak sawit

(a) (a) Mengandungi

(b) (b) Mengandungi

(c) (c) Mengandungi vitamin AMembuat marjerin

vitamin EMembuat lilin

lemak tak tepu (tanpa kolesterol)Membuat minyak sawit

airesterasid organikAlkohol

Sebagai bahan apiMudah terbakar

Membuat bahan kosmetikCecair tidak berwarna

Membuat ubatLarut dalam air

etanol tulenetanolGlukosa

karbon dioksidaetanolyis

panaskan

Enzim

dalam menguraikan glukosa.

yis

zimase

Tindak balas yang berlaku disebut

.pengesteran

Ciri-ciri:

(a) Berbau wangi

(b) Tidak larut dalam air

Menghasilkan

minyak tetapi berkualiti

.tinggi

sedikit

Proses yang berlaku disebut

.penapaian

Prosespenapaian

Prosespenyulingan

Mangkin:Asid sulfurik pekat

(mengeruhkan air kapur)

Sabut menghasilkanpaling banyak minyak.

Mesokarp/Sabut

Tempurung

Kernel/Isirung

Kegunaan:

(a) Membuat minyak wangi

(b) Membuat perisa


79

5 Complete the process of soap production, as shown below.

6 Complete the cleansing action of soap, as shown below.

7 Match the natural polymers with its monomer.

8 Fill in the blanks with correct words regarding latex.(a) Latex coagulation:

(b) Latex does not coagulate:

(c) Unvulcanised rubber vulcanised rubber (ready to be made into tyres)

(d) Draw the structure of vulcanised rubber.

(e) Compare vulcanised rubber with unvulcanised rubber.

Vulcanised rubber Unvulcanised rubber

Tough and hard Soft

Elastic Less elastic

Heat resistant Sticky when heated

S SS S

rubber molecules

sulphur atom

latex Add

latex Add

Monomer

Isoprene

Glucose

Amino acid

Natural polymer

Starch

Protein

Natural rubber

process

+ +

is added to reduce the solubility of soapin water.

Sodium chloride

glycerolfatty acid saltalkaliPalm oil

Hydrolysis

Hydrocarbon tail

dissolves in grease.

Grease will be removed

during . rinsing

Ionic head

dissolves in water.

, example: formic acid Acid

, example: ammonia solutionAlkali

heated with sulphur

(soap)xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

heat

glass rod

grease cloth grease

cloth

processVulcanisation

79

5 Lengkapkan proses pembuatan sabun di bawah.

6 Lengkapkan tindakan pencucian sabun dibawah.

7 Padankan polimer semula jadi dengan monomernya.

8 Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang lateks.(a) Penggumpalan lateks:

(b) Lateks tidak menggumpal:

(c) Getah tak tervulkan Getah tervulkan (sedia digunakan untuk membuat tayar)

(d) Lukiskan struktur getah tervulkan.

(e) Bandingkan getah tervulkan dengan getah tak tervulkan.

Getah tervulkan Getah tak tervulkan

Kuat dan keras Lembut

Kenyal Kurang kenyal

Tahan haba Menjadi lekit apabila dipanaskan

S SS S

molekul getah

atom sulfur

lateks Tambahkan

lateks Tambahkan

Monomer

Isoprena

Glukosa

Asid amino

Polimer semula jadi

Kanji

Protein

Getah asli

, contoh: asid formikAsid

, contoh: larutan ammoniaAlkali

panaskan bersama sulfur

Proses

+ +

Natrium klorida ditambah untuk mengurangkan keterlarutan sabundalam air.

gliserolgaram asid lemakalkaliMinyak sawit

hidrolisis

Ekor hidrokarbon

larut dalam gris.

Semasa membilas ,

gris akan tertanggal.

Kepala ion

larut dalam air.

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

haba

rod kaca

gris kain gris

kain

(sabun)

Proses pemvulkanan

F5MR-ch4(57-82).indd 79F5MR-ch4(57-82).indd 79 7/20/09 11:28:20 AM7/20/09 11:28:20 AM

SPMSPM Enhancement CornerSPM Enhancement Corner

Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

PAPER 1

4

80

1 The products below are made fromsubstance X.

What is X?A AlcoholB Palm oilC Petrol D Kerosene

2 The chemical equation below showsthe reaction between organic acidand alcohol.

Compound XA dissolves in waterB has a pH less than 7C has a fragrant fruity smell D burns with a blue flame in air

3 The word equation below shows achemical reaction.

Which of the following correctlydescribes the process and substanceX formed?

Process Substance X

A Esterification EsterB Oxidation EtheneC Fermentation EthanolD Extraction Antibiotic

4 What will happen if several drops ofconcentrated sulphuric acid areadded to a mixture of organic acidand then heated?A A fragrant liquid is produced.B The solution turns frothy.C A yellow liquid is produced.D A pungent gas is released.

5 Diagram 1 shows the cross-sectionof an oil palm fruit.

Diagram 1

Which of the following represents X,Y and Z?

X Y Z

A Shell Mesocarp HuskB Mesocarp Shell KernelC Kernel Shell MesocarpD Mesocarp Kernel Shell

6 What is the monomer of naturalrubber?A PolytheneB IsopreneC NeopreneD Chloroethene

7 The word equation below shows theprocess of making soap.

Fat + X ⎯⎯→ soap + glycerol

What is X?A EsterB Organic acidC YeastD Alkali

8 Diagram 2 shows the elimination ofoily filth from a certain surface bysoap molecules.

Diagram 2

What do X and Y represent?X Y

A Organic tail Ionic headB Ionic head Organic tailC Organic tail Molecular

sectionD Ionic head Molecular

section

9 Diagram 3 shows that latex does notcoagulate even after a few weeks.

Diagram 3

What is solution Y?A Ethanoic acidB Distilled waterC Lead(II) nitrate solutionD Ammonia solution

10 Diagram 4 shows a type of chemicalchange.

Diagram 4

What are processes X and Y?X Y

A Polymerisation VulcanisationB Depolymerisation PolymerisationC Polymerisation DepolymerisationD Vulcanisation Combustion

11 The information below shows theeffects of excessive consumption ofX on health.

Which of the following is X?A Fat C AlcoholB Morphine D Table salt C

• Gastritis• Liver cirrhosis• Affecting body balance

C

X

Y

D

latex+

solution Y

A

XY

soap molecule

oil

D

B

B

X

YZ

A

C

Glucose ⎯⎯→ X + carbon dioxide

C

Organic acid + alcohol ⎯→ X + water

B

• Soap• Candle• Hair conditioner

CLONE2001

CLONE2003

CLONE2006

CLONE2003

CLONE2004

CLONE2004

CLONE2007

CLONE2007

yeast

CLONE2003

CLONE2006

CLONE2007

heated

CLONE2008

CLONE2008

SPMSPM Sudut PengukuhanSPM Sudut Pengukuhan

Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.

KERTAS 1

4

80

KLON2001

1 Bahan di bawah dibuat daripadabahan X.

Apakah bahan X?A AlkoholB Minyak sawitC PetrolD Kerosin

2 Persamaan kimia di bawah menun-jukkan tindak balas antara asidorganik dan alkohol.

Didapati sebatian X yang dihasilkanA larut dalam airB mempunyai pH

kurang daripada 7C berbau sedap seperti buahD terbakar dengan nyalaan

biru dalam udara

3 Persamaan perkataan di bawah me-nunjukkan suatu tindak balas kimia.

Antara yang berikut, yang manakahmenunjukkan proses dan bahan X

yang terbentuk?Proses Bahan X

A Pengesteran EsterB Pengoksidaan EtenaC Penapaian EtanolD Pengekstrakan Antibiotik

4 Apakah yang akan berlaku jikabeberapa titik asid sulfurik pekatditambahkan pada campuran asidorganik dan alkohol dan kemudiandipanaskan?A Cecair berbau harum terhasil.B Larutan menjadi berbuih.C Cecair berwarna kuning terhasil.D Gas berbau sengit terbebas.

5 Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratanrentas buah kelapa sawit.

Rajah 1

Antara yang berikut, yang manakahmewakili X, Y, dan Z?

X Y Z

A Tempurung Mesokarp SabutB Mesokarp Tempurung KernelC Kernel Tempurung MesokarpD Mesokarp Kernel Tempurung

6 Apakah monomer untuk getah asli?A PolitenaB IsoprenaC NeoprenaD Kloroetena

7 Persamaan perkataan di bawahmenunjukkan proses pembuatansabun.

Lemak + X ⎯→ sabun + gliserol

Apakah X?A EsterB Asid organikC YisD Alkali

8 Rajah 2 menunjukkan penyingkirankotoran minyak daripada suatupermukaan oleh molekul sabun.

Rajah 2

Apakah yang diwakili oleh bahagianX dan Y pada molekul sabun?

X Y

A Ekor organik Kepala ionB Kepala ion Ekor organikC Ekor organik Bahagian

molekulD Kepala ion Bahagian

molekul

9 Rajah 3 menunjukkan lateks yangtidak membeku walaupun dibiarkanbeberapa minggu.

Rajah 3

Apakah larutan Y?A Asid etanoikB Air sulingC Larutan plumbum(II) nitratD Larutan ammonia

10 Rajah 4 menunjukkan sejenisperubahan kimia.

Rajah 4

Apakah proses X dan Y?X Y

A Pempolimeran PemvulkananB Penyahpolimeran PempolimeranC Pempolimeran PenyahpolimeranD Pemvulkanan Pembakaran

11 Maklumat di bawah menunjukkankesan pengambilan X yangberlebihan terhadap kesihatan.

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah X?A Lemak C AlkoholB Morfin D Garam biasa

C

• Gastritis• Sirosis hati• Menjejaskan keseimbangan

badan

C

X

Y

D

lateks +

larutan Y

A

XY

molekul sabun

minyak

D

B

B

X

YZ

A

C

Glukosa ⎯⎯→ X + karbon dioksida

C

Asid organik + alkohol ⎯→ X + air

B

• Sabun• Lilin• Perapi rambut

KLON2003

KLON2006

KLON2003

KLON2004

KLON2004

yis

KLON2003

KLON2006

KLON2007

KLON2008

panaskan

KLON2007

KLON2008

KLON2007


81

1 Diagram 1 shows the apparatus used to prepare a type of chemical in the laboratory.

Diagram 1

(a) Name the chemical. Ethanol

(b) (i) What is your observation of the lime water?It turns cloudy

(ii) Give an inference to your observation.Carbon dioxide is released

(c) Write one equation in words for the chemical reaction that occurred.yeast

Sugarcane juice ⎯⎯⎯→ ethanol + carbon dioxide

(d) Give one other example that can replace sugarcane juice in this experiment. Glucose/Pineapple juice

(e) How do we purify the product collected? Through distillation

Section B

Answer all the questions in this section.

2 Diagram 2 shows a cross-section of an oil palm fruit.

Diagram 2

(a) Label parts P and Q in Diagram 2.(b) Label with letter ‘X’ the part which produces the most oil in Diagram 2.

lime watersugarcane juice

+yeast

Section AAnswer all the questions in this section.

PAPER 2

P: Shell

Q: Kernel

X

12 Which of the following is rich inunsaturated fat?A Palm oilB GheeC Cow fatD Chicken fat

13 Which of the following substances iscontained in palm oil?A Vitamin CB Vitamin EC CholesterolD Glycerol BA

CLONE2007

CLONE2007

CLONE1995 Sec. B, Q4

CLONE2008



81

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan radas yang digunakan untuk menyediakan sejenis bahan kimia di dalam makmal.

Rajah 1

(a) Namakan bahan kimia itu. Etanol

(b) (i) Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada air kapur?Air kapur menjadi keruh

(ii) Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda.Karbon dioksida terbebas

(c) Tulis satu persamaan dalam perkataan bagi tindak balas kimia yang berlaku.yis

Jus tebu ⎯⎯⎯→ etanol + karbon dioksida

(d) Berikan satu contoh lain yang dapat menggantikan jus tebu dalam eksperimen ini. Glukosa/Jus nanas

(e) Bagaimanakah hasil yang dikutip dapat ditulenkan? Melalui proses penyulingan

Bahagian B

Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit.

Rajah 2

(a) Labelkan bahagian P dan Q dalam Rajah 2.(b) Labelkan bahagian yang menghasilkan paling banyak minyak dengan huruf ‘X’ dalam Rajah 2.

air kapurjus tebu+ yis

Bahagian AJawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

KERTAS 2

P: Tempurung

Q: Kernel

X

12 Antara yang berikut, yang manakahkaya dengan lemak tak tepu?A Minyak sawitB Minyak sapiC Minyak lembuD Lemak ayam

13 Antara bahan yang berikut, yangmanakah terkandung dalam minyaksawit?A Vitamin CB Vitamin EC KolesterolD Gliserol

B

A

KLON1995 Bhg. B, S4

KLON2004 Bhg. B, S2

KLON2005 Bhg. B, S8

KLON2007

KLON2008

KLON2007


82

(c) What is the process to produce palm oil from the fruit?

Extraction

(d) Name the stage in (c) where the microorganisms in the oil palm fruit are destroyed.

Sterilisation

(e) What is the advantage of palm oil to health?

Cholesterol free/Contains vitamin E

(f) Name one vitamin found in palm oil.

Vitamin A/Vitamin E

(g) Tick (✓ ) the items which are made from palm oil.

Section C

Answer the following questions.

3 (a) Explain briefly how ester can be prepared using an alcohol and an organic acid in the laboratory. [4 marks](b) A student plans to convert natural rubber to vulcanised rubber in the school laboratory. Explain how the student can

produce a vulcanised rubber from the latex that is provided to him. Your explanation must include:• The aim of the student• The name of the process involved• The steps involved in carrying out the above process [6 marks]

Answer:3 (a) • 10 cm3 of liquid ethanol (alcohol) and 10 cm3 of ethanoic acid (organic acid) are added into a beaker.

• Add several drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into the mixture.

• Boil the mixture.

(b) Aim • To change natural rubber to vulcanised rubber

Name of the process involved • Vulcanisation

Steps • A little ethanoic acid (or other acids) is added into the latex.

• The mixture of latex and acid is stirred.

• The solidified (colligated) latex is dipped into some sulphur monochloride

solution.

• The vulcanised rubber produced is left to dry.

✓✓

82

(c) Apakah nama proses untuk menghasilkan minyak sawit daripada buah kelapa sawit?

Pengekstrakan

(d) Namakan peringkat di (c) yang mikroorganisma pada buah kelapa sawit dimusnahkan.

Pensterilan

(e) Apakah kelebihan minyak sawit kepada kesihatan?

Tiada kolesterol/Mengandungi vitamin E

(f) Namakan satu vitamin yang terkandung dalam minyak sawit.

Vitamin A/Vitamin E

(g) Tandakan (✓ ) bahan yang diperbuat daripada minyak sawit.

Bahagian C

Jawab soalan yang berikut.

3 (a) Terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana ester dapat disediakan daripada suatu alkohol dan asid organik dalam makmal.Namakan alkohol dan asid organik yang digunakan. [4 markah]

(b) Seorang pelajar ingin menukarkan getah asli kepada getah tervulkan dalam makmal. Terangkan bagaimana pelajar ituboleh mendapatkan getah tervulkan daripada cecair lateks yang dibekalkan. Penerangan anda mestilah mengandungiperkara berikut:• Tujuan pelajar• Namakan kaedah yang digunakan• Langkah-langkah yang perlu dilakukan dalam kaedah itu [6 markah]

Jawapan:3 (a) • 10 cm3 cecair etanol (alkohol) dan 10 cm3 asid etanoik (asid organik) dimasukkan ke dalam suatu bikar.

• Titiskan beberapa titis asid sulfurik pekat ke dalam campuran bahan.

• Didihkan campuran bahan.

(b) Tujuan • Menukarkan getah asli kepada getah tervulkan

Nama kaedah • Pemvulkanan

Langkah-langkah • Sedikit asid etanoik (atau sebarang asid) ditambahkan ke dalam cecair lateks.

• Campuran lateks dan asid dikacau.

• Pepejal lateks dicelupkan ke dalam larutan sulfur monoklorida.

• Getah tervulkan yang terhasil dikeringkan.

✓✓


Documents

08 Carbon Compounds