08 Articulations General Features 1213061568031340 8

7/31/2019 08 Articulations General Features 1213061568031340 8

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Chapter 9

Articulations


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What is a joint?


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Articulations (joints)

frequently allow

movement between

bones. However, not all

joints are flexible or

moveable.


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Arthrology is the study of joints


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Kinesiology is the study of the functional relationship of the

skeleton, joints, muscles, and nerves.


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The structure of a joint greatly

determines the range of movement


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Mobility versus Stability. You cannot have both!


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There are 3 types

of structuraljoints and there

are 3 types of

functional

articulations.

You must know

the terms for all of

them!


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Shown is the fractured humerus of a

Native American that was not

immobilized to allow healing and

fusion. It eventually progressed to

form a false joint (pseudoarthrosis) in

the brachium.


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Brachialpseudoarthosis in an

uncooperative

homeless alcoholic.


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Gomphoses are fibrous synarthrotic joints only found in the maxillae

and mandible where the root of the tooth is attached to the alveolus


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Read about gomphoses and

orthodontic braces in the

clinical view in the text.


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Sutures are initially fibrous synarthrotic joints that are only found in

the skull. They replace the membranous fontanels at about 18 months

of age. In early adulthood the fibrous connective tissue is replaced by

bone so the skull bones are bone fused to bone (a synostosis).


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A syndesmosis also exists between the distal ends of the radius and

ulna. It also allows slight movement (amphiarthrotic).


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A syndesmosis exists between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula

and is permits slight movement (amphiarthrotic)


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Syndesmoses are possible

because of the interosseous

membrane that holds the

bones together, while stillallowing slight movement.


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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CORRECT ABOUT

ORTHODONTIC BRACES?

A APPLIED IN THE BUCCAL CAVITY

B CAUSE TENSION ON PERIODONTALLIGAMENTS

C ALTER FIBROUS JOINTS

D AFFECT SYNARTHROSES

E ALL OF THE ABOVE


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Synchondroses are joined together by hyaline cartilage and, since

they are immovable, they are also synarthroses.


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Synchondroses

have hyaline

cartilage between

the articulatingbone segments.

One example is

epiphyseal

growth plates.These growth

plates eventually

become

synostoses.


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Costal cartilage persists into adulthood and forms sychondroses.

In old age these cartilages do occasionally ossify and form

synostoses.


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Symphyses are joined together by fibrocartilage and, since

they are slightly moveable, they are also amphiarthroses.


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The pubic symphysis is an amphiarthrotic cartilaginous joint that can

be loosened by hormones produced in pregnancy.


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Recall that the

hormone

relaxin loosensthe symphysis

pubis and the

sacroiliac joint

during

pregnancy to

increase the

diameter of the

true pelvis and

the pelvic outletto facilitate

parturition.


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symphysis

Intervertebral joints betweenthe bodies of the vertebrae

and their separating

intervertebral discs form

amphiarthrotic symphyses


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Close-up view of fibrocartilage


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Synovial joints are diarthrotic (freely moveable) joints encased by

joint capsules that contain joint (synovial) fluid.


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Diarthrotic synovial

joints are the most

obvious type ofarticulation in the body.


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A synovial joints

range of motion islimited by the

shape of the

articulating bones,

ligaments, tendons,

the joint capsule,

and by muscles that

span the joint.


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There is tremendous

individual

variability in jointmotility, most of

which is related to

body conditioning.


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Ruby Ring born SLC, UT

1921-2002

8th of 9 children

Left home at 14 yrs old

to be a contortionist


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Read the clinical view in the text about Marfan Syndrome


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Synovial joints are

enclosed by a fibroelastic

joint capsule, which has an

outer layer called the

fibrous capsule and in inner

layer called the synovial

membrane..


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The synovial membrane secretes aviscous oily synovial fluid which

lubricates the articular cartilage and

which brings nutrients and removes

wastes from the chondrocytes


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The popping sound that

occurs when a joint is pulled

or stretched is typicallycaused by gas bubbles that

form in the synovial fluid

and burst (causing the

popping sound) when the

pressure in the synovial

fluid is decreased.

Popping sounds of the


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Popping sounds of the

back when stretched

or pressed can also be

caused by rupturing

gas bubbles in thesynovial fluid or by

sudden repositioning

of articular surfaces

Since articular


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Since articular

cartilage is

avascular, it heals

poorly. In this

endoscopic view of

the knee, the doctor

is drilling holes

through the

damaged articularcartilage into the

bony epiphysis so

blood can reach the

cartilage to affectrepair.


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Articular

cartilage of

the knee after

holes are

drilled into

the bony

epiphysis so

blood canreach the

cartilage to

promote

healing.


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The repititious

compression/relaxation that

occurs during exercise is

vital to the articular

cartilages well-being

because the accompanying

pumping action enhancesits nutrition and waste

removal from thesurrounding synovial fluid.


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Ligaments, which connect bones to bones across a joint, are

composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. The elbow is shown.


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Read article

about Tommy

Johns surgery.


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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CORRECT

STATEMENT?

A A SYMPHYSIS IS FOUND BETWEEN T12 AND L1

B MARFAN SYNDROME IS CAUSED BY DEFECTIVE

FIBRILLIN

C ARTICULAR CARTILAGE IS AVASCULAR

D SYNCHONDROSES MAY BECOME SYNOSTOSES

E ALL OF THE ABOVE


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Bursae are fibrous saclike structures that contain synovial fluid

and are lined with synovial membrane


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Numerous tendon

sheaths are found

spanning the wristand ankle joints


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Tendons, which are not part of

the joint itself, are composed of

dense fibrous connective tissue.Tendons connect muscles to

bones and help stabilize joints.

They sometimes limit the range

of motion of the joint.


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Planar

(gliding) joints

are uniaxial.

Examples are

intercarpal

joints and

intertarsal

joints


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The articulating processes (superior articular processes of one

vertebrae articulate with inferior articular processes of another

vertebrae) of adjacent vertebrae are diarthrotic synovial gliding

(planar) joints.


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Note that that the spine is a synovial gliding (planar)joint between

the vertebral articular processes and an amphiarthroticsymphysis

between the vertebral bodies.


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Hinge joints are

uniaxial joints


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The

interphalangeal

joints are

diarthroticsynovial hinge

joints. They are

uniaxial.


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The proximal articulation

between the head of the

radius and the radial notch

of the ulna is a diarthrotic

synovial pivot joint. It is

uniaxial.


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The atlantoaxial joint is a diarthrotic synovial

pivot joint that allows the head to move side

to side in a no motion. It is uniaxial.

Atlantoaxial joint demonstrating side to side no motion


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Atlantoaxial joint demonstrating side-to-side no motion


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Condyloid joint is when an oval convex surface of one bone

fits into an elliptical concave depression of another bone. It is

biaxial.


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Metacarpophalangeal joints for fingers #2 through #5 are diarthrotic

synovial condyloid joints.


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The radiocarpal joint

is an example of a

diarthrotic synovialcondyloid joint. It is

biaxial.


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Th ti l ti b t th ll d th i i th iddl


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Malleus

Incus

The articulation between the malleus and the incus in the middle

ear is another example of a biaxial saddle joint.


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The acetabulofemoral (hip)joint is a diarthrotic

synovial ball-and-socket

joint. It is multiaxial.


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The

glenohumeral

(shoulder) joint is

a diarthroticsynovial ball-

and-socket joint.

It is multiaxial.


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The ball-and-

socket joints of the

shoulder and hip

provide great

range of motion!

They aremultiaxial.

IN THE ARTICLE CAN HIS HIP BE SAVED? THE


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IN THE ARTICLE CAN HIS HIP BE SAVED? , THE

DOCTOR WAS VERY FEARFUL WHILE TREATING A 25-

YEAR-OLD MALES HIP DISLOCATION. WHY?

A HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK

B DEATH OF OSTEOCYTES

C INABILITY TO REMOVE ISINGLASS WITH

BULLDOG ARTERY FORCEPS

D SYNOVIAL FLUID CAVITATION

E ALL OF THE ABOVE

Bones act as levers to help move


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Bones act as levers to help move

the resistance (R), the muscles

provide the force or effort (E), and

the joints act as pivots or fulcra (F).

Ankle


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Ankle

Gliding motion is a simple movement in which two opposing surfaces slideslightly back-and-forth or side-to-side to one another. The angle between the

bones does not change.


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Abducted arm

and abducted


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Adducted arm

and adducted

fingers

Abducted

arm and

adductedfingers

and abducted

fingers


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Despite what is shown in this picture, flexion and extension occur in

an anterior-posterior plane!


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Flexion and of the knee and hip

followed by extension of both

Flexion

Extension


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Flexion of the

vertebral columnby contraction of

the rectus

abdominus

muscles.


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Lateral flexion decreases a joint

angle in a coronal plane. This

type of movement occurs

primarily between the vertebrae

in the cervical and lumbarregions of the vertebral column.


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Despite what is shown in this picture, flexion and extension occur in

an anterior-posterior plane!


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In the anatomical position all of

the joints are fully extended (at

a 180 degrees, except for theankle joint which is at 90

degrees.


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Tetanus is a


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bacterial

infection that

leads to severemuscle

contractions.

The

hyperextended

spine is called

opisthotonos.

Rugby


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Hyperextension of the

knee will cause severe

damage to the joint

capsule and associated

ligaments!


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Circumduction of ball-

and socket joints


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and-socket joints.


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Rotation of head by use of atlantoaxial joint


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Excessive rotation of atlantoaxial joint!


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The rotation shown is possible because of the diarthrotic

synovial pivot joint between the head of the radius and the

radial notch on the nearby ulna


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THE CALF MUSCLES UTILIZE THE ACHILLES TENDON


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THE CALF MUSCLES UTILIZE THE ACHILLES TENDON

TO INSERT ONTO THE CALCANEUS. WHEN THESE

MUSCLES CONTRACT, WHAT WILL OCCUR?

A PLANTARFLEXION

B CIRCUMDUCTION

C ABDUCTION

D DORSIFLEXION

E MOVEMENT OF A CONDYLOID JOINT


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pronated

supinated


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Hugh Grant


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g G a

demonstrating

protraction and

retraction of thepelvic girdle in the

movie Music and

Lyrics.


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08 Articulations General Features 1213061568031340 8