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CSIRO LAND & WATER Andrew Baker, Paul Shand and Rob Fitzpatrick 1 February 2013 February 2008 June 2012

07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

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Page 1: 07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

CSIRO LAND & WATER

Andrew Baker, Paul Shand and Rob Fitzpatrick1 February 2013

February 2008

June 2012

Page 2: 07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

What are acid sulfate soils*

ASS Monitoring |  Andrew Baker2  |

Soils and sediments that contain detectable sulfide minerals, principally pyrite (FeS2) or monosulfides (FeS), or have been impacted by their oxidation products

• Sulfidic soils are those that contain detectable sulfide

• Hypersulfidic soil is sulfidic soil material that is capable of severe acidification (pH < 4) as a result of oxidation of contained sulfides

• Sulfuric soil has a pH less than 4 as a result of oxidation of contained sulfides* Sullivan, L.A., Fitzpatrick, R.W., Bush, R.T., Burton, E.D., Shand, P. and Ward, N.J. 2009 Modifications to theclassification of acid sulfate soil materials. Southern Cross GeoScience Technical Report No. 309.

Page 3: 07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

Monitoring of ASS recovery

ASS Monitoring |  Andrew Baker3  |

• 17 transects/study areas 

• 34 study sites

• Soil profiles (≈ 1 m deep) collected at each site on 6 or more occasions between March 2008 and June 2012

• Over 1100 soil samples:• Described/classified• Peroxide pH• Incubation pH• Acid‐base accounting

Page 4: 07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

ASS Monitoring |  Andrew Baker4  |

Drought, recovery and ASS neutralisation

June 2012 – Site 1

Page 5: 07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

ASS neutralisation

ASS Monitoring |  Andrew Baker5  |

At the time of the most recent sampling, both sites had been inundated for approximately 21 months

Waltowa

Sampling sites

Dog Lake

Page 6: 07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

ASS Monitoring |  Andrew Baker6  |

Changed from Sulfuric (field pH < 4) to Hypersulfidic (field pH > 4) within five months of inundation

Profile dry for greater than 2 ½ years

Waltowa

Profile saturated to 21 months

October 2008 March 2010

Profile dry for greater than 2 ½ years

Profile saturated to 21 months

Dog Lake

January 2011 June 2012

Remained Sulfuric (field pH < 4) even after 21 months of inundation

May2010

January 2011 June 2012

Page 7: 07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

Slow ASS neutralisation 

ASS Monitoring |  Andrew Baker7  |

pHKCl

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cum

ulat

ive

frequ

ency

0.20.5

12

510

2030

50

7080

9095

9899

99.8

Pre/early drought (late 2007)Sampling - a (October 2009)Sampling - b (March 2010)Sampling - c (January 2011)Sampling - d (June 2011)Sampling - e (December 2011)Sampling - f (June 2012)

Page 8: 07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

ASS monitoring summary

ASS Monitoring |  Andrew Baker8  |

Soil acidification hazard after reflooding (2010 to mid 2012)

HighMedium/HighMediumLow/MediumLow

Time inundated following drought (by June 2012)

#     =     36 months

*     =     30 months

Presence of acidic soil

No symbol

=      21 months

Acidic soil (high acidificationhazard)Acidic soil (medium acidificationhazard)

Page 9: 07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

Conclusions• Drying can cause sulfuric soil conditions to develop around the Lower Lakes

• Following inundation, the neutralisation rate of acidic soil material is highly variable: • at some sites sulfuric conditions prevailed for less than five months, • other sites have remained sulfuric for more than 21 months

• Not all acidic soils have been neutralised 

• Soil pH levels in many areas have not returned to pre‐drought levels

• Acidification hazard remains high in many parts of the lakes 

ASS Monitoring |  Andrew Baker9  |

Page 10: 07 Andrew Baker CSIRO Feb 2013 · Monitoring of ASS recovery 3 | ASS Monitoring | Andrew Baker • 17 transects/study areas • 34 study sites • Soil profiles (≈1 m deep) collected

Thank you