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7/23/2019 07-2 rights
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The Engineer's Rights
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Rights
● What is a right?
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Rights
● What is a right?● “A legal, equitable, or moral entitlement to something.” OED
– legal – carrying the weight of law
– equitable – fair, equal, ust
– moral● “!f or relating to human character or beha"ior consi#ere# as
goo# or ba#” OED● moral point of view consi#ers others $not ust self%, ta&es 'ro(con
'osition, assumes uni"ersali)ability
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*
The Engineer's Rights
● +egal ights● “-atural” $elf/0"i#ent% ights● rofessional ights● 0m'loyee ights
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Legal Rights
● he 4ill of ights of the 5 6onstitution, amen#ments 7 – 89
7. :ree#om of religion, s'eech, 'ress, assembly, 'etition
77. ;ee' an# bear arms
777.-ot “quartering” sol#iers in 'eacetime without consent
7<.:ree#om from unreasonable searches an# sei)ures<. =ue 'rocess, etc.
<7.'ee#y an# 'ublic trial, etc.
<77.rial by ury, etc.
<777.-o e>cessi"e bail, cruel an# unusual 'unishment78.rotection of rights not s'ecifically enumerate#
8. owers reser"e# to tates an# 'eo'le
● What s'ecial status #o legal rights li&e these ha"e?
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“Natural” (Self-Evident) Rights
● :rom the 5 =eclaration of 7n#e'en#ence9
“... We hol# these truths to be self/e"i#ent, that all men arecreate# equal, that they are en#owe# by their 6reator withcertain unalienable ights, that among these are Life,
Liberty an# the pursuit of appiness. @ “● What status #o “natural” rights li&e these ha"e
● in the 5?● in general?
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The Engineer's !rofessional Rights
1. ight of 'rofessional conscience● ight of 'rofessional conscience in"ol"es
– technical u#gment – e>ercise of reasone# moral con"ictions
●
moral authority to act without unreasonable interference fromothers
● ustification?
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The Engineer's !rofessional Rights
1. ight of 'rofessional conscience● ight of 'rofessional conscience in"ol"es
– technical u#gment – e>ercise of reasone# moral con"ictions
●
moral authority to act without unreasonable interference fromothers
● ustification? – =uties $'rofessional res'onsibilities% B rights to 'ursue them – 0thical theories
●
#uty ethics● rule utilitarianism● rights ethics● religious ethics
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The Engineer's !rofessional Rights
2. ight of conscientious refusal● efuse to engage in unethical 'rofessional con#uct.● urn #own assignment on moral $not technical, etc.%
'rinci'les.● 7ssues?
● What is unethical? Cay be no share# agreement,● Are there alternate assignments for the engineer?
● Limited right of conscientious refusal.
3. ight to recognition● Conetary9 :air remuneration $salary, benefits%● -on/monetary● 7ssues?
● What is fair?
● rofessional societies may hel'.
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The Engineer's !rofessional Rights
1. ight of 'rofessional conscience● What is conscience?
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The Engineer's !rofessional Rights
1. ight of 'rofessional conscience● What is conscience?
– “6onsciousness of right an# wrongE moral sense. ...heinternal ac&nowle#gement or recognition of the moral quality ofoneFs moti"es an# actionsE the sense of right an# wrong asregar#s things for which one is res'onsibleE the faculty or'rinci'le which 'ronounces u'on the moral quality of oneFsactions or moti"es, a''ro"ing the right an# con#emning thewrong.” OED
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The Engineer's E"ployee Rights
1.ri"acy● control of access to G use of information about oneself
2. 0qual o''ortunity9 non/#iscrimination● unustifie# treatment on arbitrary(irrele"ant $non/ob/relate#%
groun#s3. 0qual o''ortunity9 free#om from se>ual harassment
● i.e., from “... unwante# im'osition of se>ual requirements inthe conte>t of a relationshi' of unequal 'ower ...”
*. 0qual o''ortunity9 affirmati"e action● 'reference or a#"antage to grou' #enie# fair treatment in
the 'ast● wea& form9 e.g., hire minority o"er equally qualifie# other – strong form9 e.g., hire minority o"er more qualifie# other
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#histleblo$ing
● =isclosure, using other than a''ro"e# organi)ationalchannels, of wrong#oing to someone in a 'osition to ta&eaction.● #isclosure9 information intentionally con"eye#●
channels9 chain of comman#, organi)ational hierarchy, etc.● wrong#oing9 significant moral(ethical 'roblem for theorganization $e.g., 'ublic #anger, illegal acts, unethical'olicies('ractices, inustice, etc.%
● #iscloser9 em'loyee, 'erha's former em'loyee, 'erha's
someone closely associate# with the organi)ation● reci'ient9 someone who can #o something about it $e.g.,
go"ernment official, news me#ia, high/le"el official inorgani)ation, etc.%
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Types of #histleblo$ing
1. 0>ternal whistleblowing● information goes outsi#e organi)ation
2. 7nternal whistleblowing● information remains within organi)ation
3. !'en whistleblowing● #iscloser(agent i#entifies him(herself
*. Anonymous whistleblowing● #iscloser(agent remains anonymous
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%otives &or #histleblo$ing
● Why blow the whistle?● 7s whistleblowing always ustifie#?
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#histleblo$ing ther Ea"ples
1. ;ermit <an#i"ier $technical writer%9 4: Hoo#rich AI/=bra&e tests● :orce# against his will to falsify test re'orts for bra&e to
“meet” 5A: s'ecifications.● +ater resigne#, then re'orte#, e"entually to en. William
ro>mire.
2. ose'h 6arson9 =!0 ins'ector, !a& i#ge nuclearfacilities● !"er 13 years re'orte# cases of frau#, waste, abuse,
"iolations● emaine# with =!0, but reassigne#, suffere# illness, stress● =!0 ha# to 'ay legal J*DD,DDD legal e>'enses● 6arson cautions engineers on whistleblowing
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#histleblo$ing ther Ea"ples
3. William 6or9 +os Alamos “glo"ebo>es”● e'orte# concerns o"er lea&s, nee# for more testing● tress, illness, absence from wor&, termination
*. =a"i# Conts9 5ni"ersity of -ew !rleans fire alarms● 7nsiste# fire alarms nee#e#● :ire#
. effrey obins9 <ermont waste treatment 'lant● efuse# to sign certification, later force# to #o so● :ile# grie"ance with +abor elations 4oar#, lost, but &e't
ob
. An#rew iemas)&o9 =a"is 4esse nuclear 'lant● Allege# to !KA that he was 're"ente# from fully
in"estigating corrosion● :ire# for 'ressing for further in"estigations
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*ustified #histleblo$ing
1. Actual('otential harm is serious.
2. 6ase has been #ocumente#.
3. 6oncerns ha"e been re'orte# to imme#iate su'er"isors$u' the “chain of comman#”%.
*. -o satisfactory res'onse has been recei"e# u' the chain.. easonable ho'e that whistleblowing will hel'.
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#histleblo$ing ut+o"es
● 6onsequences to the whistleblower ● #isci'line#● subect to retaliation● ostraci)e#● fire#● blac&liste# from future em'loyment● etc.
● rotections for the whistleblower ● 'ublic recognition $e.g., in news me#ia%●
su''ort by 'rofessional organi)ations $e.g., 7000% – Ka"e been cite# in court #ecisions, but not always toengineersF benefit
● laws $e.g., 6i"il er"ice eform Act of 1LIM% – :e#eral, state laws an inconsistent 'atchwor&
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#histleblo$ing Ea"ples &ro" Tet
1. 0rnest :it)geral#9 5A: cost o"erruns2. =aniel A''legate9 =6/1D floor(hy#raulics $whistle
“swallowe#” by 6on"air(=ouglas Aircraft3. <irginia 0#gerton9 -N=('rosecutorFs software*. oger 4oisoly9 Challenger #isaster
● 6autionary re'orts $internal, before #isaster%● e'ort to ogers 6ommission $e>ternal, after #isaster%
. Kolger Korts"ang, obert 4ru#er, Ca> 4lan&en)ee9 4A● 7nternal memos $unsafe train control, 'oor testing% unhee#e#● Anonymous memo to management● 7nformation to 4AFs boar# of #irectors● 0ngagement of 'ri"ate consultant who corroborate#● elease of anonymous memos to 'ress by #irector ● 0ngineers “"in#icate#” but 'unishe#
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#histleblo$ing ,o""on Sense
1. Wor& through channels.
2. 0>'ress obections early.
3. 4e #iscreet, tactful, low/&ey. 6onsi#er othersF o'inions,feelings.
*. ;ee' su'er"isors informe#.. 4e informe#, accurate, an# #ocument your fin#ings an#
actions.
.6onsult trusted colleagues – an# others $#iscreetly%.
I. 6onsult 'rofessional society.M. 6onsult a lawyer.
L. ...
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#histleblo$ing dditional ,onsiderations
!li"er, =ouglas, Whistle/blowing engineer, J. Profl. Issues inEngrg. Educ. and Pract. 12L, 2* $2DD3% 2*/2.● 0ngineers may ha"e a whistleblowing #uty.● Cay face lawsuits if they fail.● -0, A60, AC0, 7000 co#es ha"e re'orting clauses.● Cay sometimes ha"e obligation.● :e#eral, state laws an inconsistent “'atchwor&”.● herefore, legal 'rotection "aries.● =ifficult to ma&e general statement about 'rotection one
can e>'ect.
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#histleblo$ing dditional ,onsiderations
$!li"er%● 7f ethical cultural climate lac&ing, consi#er em'loyment
elsewhere.● 7f whistleblowing becomes ethically necessary
● =ouble/chec& your moti"es.● =ocument the situation fully.● ee& out a secon# o'inion from com'etent G truste#
colleague.●
e'ort the matter to internal authorities first.● 6onsi#er fin#ing a 'osition with a new em'loyer 'rior to
blowing.● A"oi# whistle/blower lawsuits.