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450   INDEX

“Big Five” personality dimensions, 295, 320 psychology, 298style approach, 17, 123–125factors of, 15, 18

“Big Three” explanations of suffering and mo- test performance, 128collective control, 230, 239rality, 25

 biological determinism, 201–202 collective efficacy, 231–232, 239

collectivism, 291–292, 300, 304, 311 biological sciences, 53BIRGing (basking in reflected glory), 235, 239 horizontal (HC), 36, 39, 40, 42

individual difference perspective, 348Board of Ethnic Minority Affairs, 292Boulder model (scientist-practitioner model), in-group enhancement hypothesis, 347

measurement of, 44290prevalence of, 43 bride price/wealth, 209–210social identity theory perspective, 348vertical (VC), 36, 39, 40, 42California Psychology Inventory, 15

caretaking, 198, 203–204, 208–209 collectivism–in-group enhancement hypothe-sis, 347–348See also  child care; child rearing

categorization, 125–126, 140–141, 253–254, collectivistic cultures, 36, 165, 185, 273, 276

Committee on the Equality of Opportunity in258color-coding, 125 Psychology, 292

Committee on Standards of Training for Clini-Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test, 85causal attribution, 250 cal Psychologists, 289

communal sharing, 346theory of, 333–334child care, 208 communication

context, use of, 40, 43See also  caretakingchild rearing, in Japan, 105 dialogic models of, 351

styles, 183childrenplay and toys, 205–207 communities of practice, 144

commutative law of multiplication, 143work, 203

Chinese Value Survey, 320 comparative approach, 23, 25comparativism.  See comparative approachclassical conditioning, 54

classical experimental paradigm, 81 complexity-simplicity, 43conceptsclassification, systems of, 211

clinician bias hypothesis, 268 abstract, 145accessibility, applicability, and/or availabil-cocktail party universals, 18

cognition ity of, 332–333concrete concepts, 145consistency, 37

in context, 139   See also knowledge activationconceptual development, 140cultural differences, 140

definition of, 120 conceptual equivalence, 294–295

conflict, styles of compromising, 43development, 140developmental theory, 207–208 conflict resolution, 225, 368–369

conformity, 39, 364–365distributed, 144in East Asia, 350 confrontational, 43

conservation task performance, 122Piaget’s theory, 122school settings, 145 conservatism, 40

constructionist approaches, 26self and, 340shared, 144 construct(s)

history of, 37situated, 139, 144–145socially shared, 139 measurement of bandwidth versus fidelity, 44

narrow, 44spatial directions, absolute and contingent,

129 construct underrepresentation, 82context, 59, 139, 144in Western cultures, 349

cognitive contextualized concepts, 145cultural, 140competence, 120

development, 17, 109, 121–122, 153 model of intelligence, 144sociocultural, 140goals, 120–121

performance, 123 variables, 88