06 Lecture_6_Emergency PnP in TENORM Rev7

8/13/2019 06 Lecture_6_Emergency PnP in TENORM Rev7

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National Committee for the Certification of

Radiation Protection Officer

EMERGENCY PLAN AND PROCEDURE

IN INDUSTRY INVOLVINGNORM/TENORM


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National Committee for the Certification of Radiation Protection Officer


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Contents

Introduction

Types of Emergencies

Transportation Accident

Fire

Injury to PersonnelEmergency Response Plan (ERP)

Hierarchy of Command

Accident Reporting

Monitoring and Assessment

Immediate Control MeasureCoordination With Authorities

Emergency Equipment

Decontamination

Emergency Preparedness


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Incident / Accident

Any unintendedevent, including operating

errors, equipment failures or other

mishaps, the consequencesor potentialconsequences of which are not negligible

from the point of view of protection or

safety.

AEL(BSRP) Regs. 2010


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Radiological emergency is defined as a situationthat produces extraordinary or abnormal radiationexposure or contamination or both.

Such emergency may originates from theprocessing and handling of NORM/TENORM.

The uniqueness of this emergency over otherradiological emergency makes handling of suchemergency unique.

Introduction


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Prevention of Accidents

67. (1) prevent as far as possible, any accident that could

reasonably be foreseen for any radiation source, and to

l imi t the consequences of any accident.


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(2) The licensee shall ensure that

(a) adequate procedu res are estab l ished for the control of the radiation

source and of any potential accident that is reasonably foreseeable;

(b) the system, components and equipment which are important for safety

are insp ected and tested in a manner as specified by the appropriate

authority for any degradation that could lead to abnormal conditions

or inadequate performance;

(c) appropriate maintenance, insp ect ion and test ing are carried out without

undue occupational exposure;



(d) appropriate automatic systemsfor safely shutting off or reducing

radiation output from the radiation source when the operating

conditions exceed the operating ranges are provided; and

(e) a system which can detect and respond immediately to abnormal

operating conditions that can significantly affect the protection or

safety and to allow for timely corrective action to be taken, is provided.



Emergency related to NORM/TENORM is largelyattributed to accidental release or dispersion of mineralor dustcontaining TENORM into the environment.

Such emergency happens due to: Accidental and uncontrolled discharge of effluent - transportation

accident involving shipment of TENORM

Fire in NORM processing plant.

The water used in the extraction of valuable minerals containingTENORM is accidentally discharged into the open water system

e.g. river.

Uncontrolled or accidental discharge of effluentcontaining TENORM posed radiological hazards to theenvironment.

Types of Emergencies



TENORM are normally transported in bulk.

An accident during transportation of TENORM

can cause its dispersion or release into theenvironment and which subsequently lead toradiological contamination of man, theenvironment and living organisms.

Transportation of TENORM should complywith regulations and guidelines as set by

AELB.

Transportation Accident



A fire in a TENORM facility or plant can cause aradiological emergency.

High temperature from a fire incident facilitatesspread or release of TENORM into theenvironment.

The release results in abnormal and unwantedconcentrations of radiological materials in theenvironment and could affect the public includingthe rescue teams.

Fire


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Personnel may be exposed to both externaland internalradiation from NORM/TENORM.

External radiation exposure is due to exposure of

radiation present outside the body. Internal radiation exposure is due to exposure of

radiation present inside the body.

Modes of entry of radionuclides into the body are by: Ingestion

Inhalation

Absorption (through wound)

Care must be taken prevent entry of radionuclides intothe body during any emergency.

Injury to Personnel



The emergency response plan for industry involving

TENORM should be specific to the potential

accidents arising from such industry.

Objectives of emergency response plan are:

To limit the radiation exposure to as low as

reasonably achievable or lower than the permissible

equivalent dose. Reduce the impact of the radiological accident.

To bring the situation back to normal.

To save life by providing first aid to victim.

Emergency Response Plan (ERP)



Emergency plans

68. (1) The licensee shall establish an emergency plan* for responding

to and correcting every reasonably foreseeable emergency situation

involving a radiation source.

*(emergency plan means a set of procedures to be implemented in the event of an

accident;)

(2) Every emergency plan established under subregulation (1) shall be

subject to the approval of and the conditions imposed by the

appropriate authority.



68 (3) An emergency plan shall include

(a) the emergency organization;

(b) allocation of responsibilities for individuals identified in the emergency

plan;

(c) identification of the various operating conditions and other conditionsof the radiation source which could lead to the need for intervention;

(d) measures to be taken during an emergency;

(e) the establishment of intervention levels for different emergency

situations;



(f) a list and description of equipment that is necessary during an

emergency;

(g) a description of thepublic information arrangements in the event of

an accident;

(h)protective actions to be taken subsequent to an emergency; and

(i) the criteria for terminating, the measures and protective actions

mentioned in paragraph (d) and (h), respectively.



(4) The licensee shall ensure that the content, features and extent of

emergency plans take into account the results of any accident

analysis, operating experience and accidents that have occurred withradiation sources of a similar type.

(5) The licensee shall review and update the emergency plan as

determined by the appropriate authority.

(6) The licensee shallprovide training for personnel who are or will be

involved in implementing the emergency plan.

(7) The emergency plans shall be rehearsed at suitable intervals in

conjunction with the relevant authorities.(8) The licensee shallprovide prior information to the members of the

public who could be affected by an accident which may occur at his

facility.



Success and failure of emergency response is dependent on theeffectiveness in executing emergency response plan.

Clear and operational hierarchy of command to manage emergencyquickly and effectively should be established and implemented.

Hierarchy of command for radiological emergency should beintegrated with other occupational safety and health emergencyhierarchy of command so as to ensure effectiveness and efficiency

of response.

The RPO/RPS should be competent to establish or ascertain thatthe radiological emergency situation has happened.




The RPO may be appointed to act as Site Emergency Coordinator (SEC)

with the overall command of the radiological emergency and to provide

liaison with the authority (AELB) and external support teams.

Example of external support team includes Fire and Rescue Department.,First Aider, Radiological Monitoring Team, Decontamination Team,

Historian and Record Keeper.

RPO should declare that the radiological emergency is back to normal

(emergency ended) and subsequently inform the relevant authorities ofsuch action.

Hierarchy of command must be reviewed periodically to ensure its

effectiveness.




There are two stages in the reporting of accident:

Notification of accident; and

Full accident investigation.

Company or organisation must make it a policy for their workers tonotify all incidences at the work place.

The Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304) and OccupationalSafety Health Act 1994 make it mandatory for licensee and

employer to notify all accidents.

AELB requires all accident to be notified to them verbally as soonas possible or within 24 hours of happening.

Accident Reporting



RPO carries out a through investigation of the an accident

when the an emergency is over and the condition is safe

for him/her to carry out the investigation.

The finding of an investigation is evaluated, the corrective

and preventive measures recommended are to be

implemented and subsequently monitored for completion.

Full investigation report of the radiological accident is

submitted by the RPO to AELB within 30 days from the

date of accident.

Accident Reporting



The absorbed doses, dose rates and contamination levels ofpersons involved in the emergency and the emergency area shouldbe determined using appropriate methods and equipments.

All film badges and/or TLD worn by personnel involved in theaccident shall be collected and sent to accredited institution forevaluation of the absorbed dose immediately.

Radiation data collected via portable survey meter, personaldosimeter or area radiation monitoring system must be gathered,

analysed and evaluated to ascertain ` contamination or exposurelevel.

In the case of off site emergency , radiological environmentalmonitoring may be considered and conducted.

Monitoring and Assessment



In case of the release of radioactive material, animmediate control measure such as the followingshould be used to prevent a further release ofradionuclide and safety protection of workers:

Close the ventilation system to isolate the affected within orconnected with incident area.

Transfer the workers out away from the danger area to asafe area.

Perform first aid / emergency treatment to victim (if anyrequired).

If require, Control access/egress to affected area by puttingup barricade or warning sign to close the entrance to theaffected area Inform RPO.

Immediate Control Measure


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Radiation emergency response action activitiesare coordinated with AELB and other relevancelocal authorities responsible in planning andresponding to radiological emergency.

The authorities involved in responding toradiological emergency include Police, Fire and

Rescue Department, Nuclear Malaysia,Hospital, Malaysian Universities such as UKM,USM and external (IAEA) experts.

Coordination With Authorities


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Radiation emergency equipment can be divided intotwo categories, i.e. radiation detection andmeasurement equipment and radiation protectionequipment.

Examples of radiation monitoring and measurementequipment are portable radiation survey meter, geigermeter etc.

Examples of radiation protection equipment are: Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

Chemical/radiation protection suit

Contamination special suit

Shielding materials, radiation sign, warning sign, first aid box

Emergency Equipment


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The emergency response plan should be informed to allradiation workers.

All radiation workers should be familiar with the contentsof the emergency response plan and relevantprocedures.

The radiation workers involved in emergency responseshould be properly explained and trained on the

procedures of the emergency response plan.

The emergency response plan should be tested, byconducting regular drills.

Emergency Preparedness


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Short uiz


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National Committee for the Certification of

Radiation Protection Officer

Thank You


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Controlled Area

controlled area means any area in which specific

protection measures and safety provisions are required

for controlling normal exposures or preventing thespread of contamination during normal working

conditions, and preventing or limiting the extent of

potential exposures;

AEL(BSRP) Regs. 2010


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Supervised Area

supervised area means an area for which

occupational exposure conditions are kept underreview even though specific protective measures and

safety provisions are not normally needed;

AEL (BSRP) Regs. 2010


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06 Lecture_6_Emergency PnP in TENORM Rev7