EU in the worldForeign relations

External Relations European Neighbourhood Policy External Trade Development Humanitarian Aid Enlargement

A system of external relations National foreign policies Intra-EU connections EC/EU level policies

Categories Large Western states Neutrals Small states Former socialist countries in the East

Evolution of foreign policies Trade policy naturally with common market Foreign policy

◦ Measure of independence◦ NATO, other organizations handle it

Early attempts at political and defense cooperation 1950 European Defence Community European Political Community 1954: French Parliament votes no

Western European Union (WEU) 1954 Brussels Treaty

◦ BeNeLux, France, Germany, Italy, UK Aim is to ensure European defense 1984 Rome declaration

◦ European security policy◦ Harmonisation of defence policies

1990 Spain, Portugal join

European Political Cooperation 1969 Hague summit Member States agreed to hold consultations

on different levels to start cooperating in this area

1986 SEA incorporates this informal system formally into the Treaties

Coordination of national foreign policies to reach a common conclustion and act on it

Levels of operation Heads of State and Government Foreign ministers Political Committee

Just consultation: no certainty of acting together

Collapse of the Soviet system Unified Germany

1992, Maastricht Common Foreign and Security Policy =

second pillar of the EU Still operating on an intergovernmental

basis◦ Member State governments◦ European Council◦ Council of Ministers◦ Unanimity

Prospects of CFSP The common foreign and security policy

shall include all questions related to the security of the Union, including the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common defence.

Western European Union (WEU) an integral part of the development of the

Union implement decisions and actions of the Union

which have defence implications

WEU◦ Defence component of EU◦ European pillar of NATO

WEU’s new roles Before: common defense 1992 Petersberg Declaration1. Humanitarian and rescue tasks2. Peacekeeping tasks3. Crisis management, peacemaking

Results of Maastricht Weak cooperation Joint actions fail Stronger Member States pursue their own

interests◦ Germany recognising Croatia◦ France nuclear testing◦ UK supporting Iraq invasion

Yugoslav dissolution wars

Wars during the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia:◦ War in Slovenia (1991)◦ Croatian War of Independence (1991-1995)◦ Bosnian War (1992-1995)

NATO campaigns against Serbia:◦ NATO bombing of Republika Srpska (1995-96)◦ NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (1999)

Wars in Albanian-populated areas:◦ Kosovo War (1996-1999)◦ Southern Serbia conflict (2000-2001)◦ Macedonia conflict (2001)

EC/EU participation? Yugoslavia might spill over Compromises: immediate practical

cooperation and leave the door open for more ambitious steps toward unity later

EU not speaking with one voice inability of the EC to settle the dispute EC dependence on NATO military

resources

Kosovo conflict: NATO intervention once more necessary

Amsterdam - Reform of CFSP Modified legal sources

◦ common strategies by European Council QMV for implementation in some cases Constructive abstention for joint actions High Representative of CFSP = Secretary General of

the Council Troika: leadership of 3

◦ Before Amsterdam: previous, current, next President of the Council

◦ After: President of Council, Secretary-General, Commissioner respolsible for external relations

Policy Planning and Early Warning Unit Joint actions financed from EU budget Closer cooperation with WEU

Saint Malo process 1998: British position changes on WEU

◦ Its integration into EU does not threaten NATO cooperation

◦ Britain supportive of French plans in European defense

Saint Malo declaration: EU should have an international influence equal to the size of its economy

No duplication of NATO capabilities

European Security and Defence Policy Cologne European Council

◦ By 2000, WEU ceases to exist EU performs the Petersberg tasks

◦ EU needs an effective military force not dependent on NATO

Helsinki European Council◦ Create by 2003 a Rapid Reaction Force of 50-

60000 troops◦ Structures in the Council for defence policy

Treaty of Nice: progress included in the Treaties

Further developments 2003: European Defence Agency

◦ Develop capabilities, promote cooperation in military technology, encourage research

2004: Headline Goals for 2010◦ Rapidly deployable combat units◦ 1500 troops deployable in 5-10 days◦ 13 units set up, 2 deployable at the same time

2003: European Security Strategy◦ Terrorism, WMD, regional conflicts, weak

governments, organized crime

Lisbon Treaty No more pillar structure

◦ But unanimity remains President of the European Council High Representative of the European Union

for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy◦ CFSP High Representative◦ External Relations Commissioner

European External Action Service Separate Foreign Affairs Council

External trade, Development, Enlargement, Humanitarian aid◦ Commission – Parliament – Council

Common Foreign and Security Policy:◦ European Council, Council

Representation:◦ High Representative,the President of the European

Council and the President of the Commission Coherence

◦ High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

European External Action Service

Institutions in foreign policy

general guidelines decisions

◦ actions to be undertaken by the Union; ◦ positions to be taken by the Union; ◦ arrangements for the implementation of the

decisions strengthening systematic cooperation

between Member States in the conduct of policy

Sources of law in foreign policy

development and enlargement democracy, the rule of law the universality and indivisibility of human

rights and fundamental freedoms respect for human dignity principles of equality and solidarity respect for the principles of the United

Nations Charter and international law

Goals of foreign policy

In all parts of the world Trade Economic cooperation Development Humanitarian aid …

EU abroad

EU in action

EU Police Mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina Concordia in Macedonia → Proxima, EUPAT Artemis humanitarian rescue in Democratic

Republic of Congo EUJUST / THEMIS in Georgia EUJUST / LEX in Iraq AMM monitoring mission in Aceh, Indonesia Peacekeeping in Darfur Palestinian territories border control aid Althea: EUFOR peacekeeping in Bosnia-

Herzegovina …

Can use any source◦ But no talking!

Multiple choice questions◦ True – false◦ Yes – no

Good answer 1 point, bad answer 0 point◦ at least 25% chance of guessing correctly

Read the question carefully!

Midterm exam

Presentations 2-4 people – divide labour!!! 15 minutes Can use Powerpoint or similar, or handouts

NOT reading the case out loud – quote the most important parts only!

1. Describe the events that led to the case being brought to the Court

2. Try to identify most important issues, topics 3. Describe the reasoning of the Court from this point

of view4. Research on the Internet, in Library first!

Parts of a judgment Keywords Summary Parties Subject of the case Grounds Decision on costs Operative part