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7/26/2019 05 - Plant Form
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7/26/2019 05 - Plant Form
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Lecture 5 Outline (Ch. 36)
I. Overview
A. Monocots vs. DicotsII. Plant tissues
A. Dermal
B. ascular
C. !roun"
III. Plant or#ans A. $oots
B. %tems
C. Leaves
I. Plant !rowth A. Meristems
B. Primar& vs. secon"ar&
i. Leaves
ii. %tems
iii. $oots
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Plant Classification Monocots vs. Dicots
Basic categories of plants based on structure and function
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Plant bodies
Three Basic Plant Organs:
oots! "te#s! and $eaves
Plants! li%e #ulticellular
ani#als! have or#ans
co#posed of different
tissues! &hich in turn
are co#posed of cells
%hoot
s&stem
Lea'
%tem
$oot
s&stem
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' (ach plant organ has
der#al! vascular! andground tissues
' (ach of these three
categories for#s atissue s&stem
Plant Tissues
Dermaltissue
!roun"
tissue asculartissue
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)* Der#al Tissue "+ste#
' Outer covering
' Protection
,* -round Tissue "+ste#
'Bod+ of plant
'Photos+nthesis storage support
/* 0ascular Tissue "+ste#
' 0essels throughout plant
' Transport #aterials
Plant Tissues
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Der#al Tissue "+ste#1Outer Covering of Plant*:
)* (pider#al Tissue 1epider#is*:' 2or#s outer#ost la+er
Cuticle: 3a4+ covering
' educes evaporation
' 5nhibits #icroorganis# invasion
oot 6airs: e4tended root surface
' 5ncrease absorption
/* Perider#al Tissue1perider#*:' Onl+ in &ood+ plants 1bar% 7 dead cells*
' Protection support
Plant Tissues 8 Der#is
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!uar" cells
%toma
i"ermal cell
!uar" cells
%tomata
i"ermal cell
!uar" cells
%toma
i"ermal cell
!uar" cells
%tomata
i"ermal cell
* +m ,-- +m
/ +m
a. c.
0.
Plant Tissues 8 Der#is
Paired sausage8shaped cells
2lan% a sto#a epider#al
opening
' Passage&a+ for o4+gen!
carbon dio4ide! and
&ater vapor
"pecial Der#al Cells -uard Cells
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Plant Tissues 8 Der#is
"pecial Der#al Cells Tricho#es 9 oot hairs
' Tricho#es
6airli%e outgro&ths of
epider#is
eep leaf surfaces cooland reduce evaporation
' oots hairs
Tube e4tensions fro#
epider#al cells
-reatl+ increase the root;s
surface area for absorption
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)*
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0ascular Transport "+ste#)*
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A) %ieve 1u0es2 7i"e4 tu0elie cells
B) Comanion Cells2 suort an" re#ulate
sieve tu0es
/* Phloe# 1living at #aturit+*Plant Tissues 8 0ascular
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0ascular Transport "+ste#
8 Moves &ater! sugar! a#ino acids 9 hor#ones
/* Phloe# 1living at #aturit+*
Plant Tissues 8 0ascular
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Dicots Monocots
0asculature 8 Co#parisons
Monocots and dicots differ in the arrange#ent of
vessels in the roots an" stems
oot
"te#
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' %ome ma8or t&es o' lant cells2
Parench+#a
Collench+#a
"clerench+#a
Plant Tissues -round Tissue
' Tissues that are neither der#al norvascular are #roun" tissue
' -round tissue internal to the vascular
tissue is ith ground tissue e4ternal to
the vascular tissue is corte9' -round tissue includes cells speciali=ed
for storage! photos+nthesis! and support
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Plant Tissues 8 -round
-round Tissue "+ste#1Bod+ of Plant*:
)* Parench+#aParench+#a1#ost abundant*:
'plant #etabolis#:
Photos+nthesis
hor#one secretionsugar storage
Thin8&alled cells
living
Parench&ma cells inElodealea'4(w:chlorolasts)
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Plant Tissues 8 -round
/* Collench+#aCollench+#a:
Thic%8&alled 1uneven*
living
' Offers support1fle4ible 9 strong*
-round Tissue "+ste#1Bod+ of Plant*:
Collench&ma cells sun'lower
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Plant Tissues 8 -round
,* "clerench+#a"clerench+#a:
Thic%! hard8&alled Dead
' Offer support1e.g. he#p fibers
nut shells*
-round Tissue "+ste#1Bod+ of Plant*:
%clerei" cells in ear (LM)
;i0er cells in ash tree
Cell wall
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' oots need sugars fro# photos+nthesis
' "hoots rel+ on &ater and
#inerals absorbed b+ the
root s+ste#
oots 8 Overvie&
$oot $oles2
8 >nchoring the plant
8 >bsorbing #inerals and &ater
8 "toring organic nutrients
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1aroots2 ;i0rous roots2
T+pical of dicots!pri#ar+ root for#sand s#all branch
roots gro& fro# it
5n #onocots #ostl+!pri#ar+ root dies!replaced b+ ne&
roots fro# ste#
oots 8 Co#parisons
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oots "tructure and Develop#ent
' 2our regions: oot cap
Protection! gravit+ detection
?one of cell division
Mitotic divisions ?one of elongation
Cells lengthen! no division
?one of #aturation
Cells differentiate! outer la+erbeco#es der#is
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oots "tructure and Develop#ent
5n #aturation =one! Casparian strip for#s
&aterproof barrier #aterial surrounding vasculature
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oots "tructure and Develop#ent
/,5- +m
i"ermis
Primar& hloem
Primar& 9&lem
Pith
Monocot
(u"icot
n"o"ermis
Corte9
i"ermis
Primar& 9&lem
Peric&cle
Primar& hloem
*< +m
3
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Pro roots
=%tran#lin#>aerial roots
%tora#e roots
Buttressroots
Pneumatohores
oots Man+ Plants 6ave
Modified oots
7ater stora#e
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%tem2 an or#an ma"e o'
>n alternating s+ste# of
nodes! points at &hichleaves attach
5nternodes! ste# lengthbet&een nodes
"te#s 8 Overvie&
>4illar+ bud 8 structurethat can for# a lateral
shoot! or branch
>pical@ter#inal bud 8
located near the shoottip! lengthens a shoot
>pical do#inance
#aintains dor#anc+ in
#ost nonapical buds
Aical 0u"
o"eInterno"e
Aical0u"
%hoot
s&steme#etative
shoot
A9illar&
0u"
%tem
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"te#s "tructure and Develop#ent
' "te#s have all three t+pes of
plant tissue
' -ro& b+ division at #eriste#s
Develop into leaves! other
shoots! and even flo&ers
' $eaves #a+ be arranged in
one of three &a+s
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"te#s 8 Co#parisons
Monocot
(udicot
" M Pl
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$hi?omes
Bul0s
%tora#e leaves
%tem
%tolons
%tolon
1u0ers
"te#s Man+ Plants
6ave Modified "te#s
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The lea' is the #ain photos+nthetic
organ of #ost vascular plants
$eaves 8 Overvie&
%hoot
s&stem
Lea'Bla"e
Petiole
$eaves generall+ have
a flattened 0la"e
and a stal% called theetiole! &hich Aoins the leafto a node of the ste#
"
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$eaves "tructure and Develop#ent
' $eaves areseveral la+ers
thic% each
&ith different
cell t+pes
$ " d D l
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$eaves "tructure and Develop#ent
' Most dicots have /
t+pes of #esoph+ll
Palisade #esoph+ll
high photos+nthesis
"pong+ #esoph+ll
air spaces for gas
9 &ater e4change
' Monocot leaves have )
t+pe of #esoph+ll
$ C i
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Most dicots havebranch8li%e veins and
pal#ate leaf shape
Monocots have parallelleaf veins and longer!slender blades
$eaves 8 Co#parisons
Monocots and dicots differ in the arrange#ent of veins!
the vascular tissue of leaves
1 " il $ Pl t h
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1en"rils
%ines
%tora#e
leaves
$ero"uctive leaves
Bracts
$eaves Plants have
#odified leaves for
various functions
Plant -ro&th
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Plant -ro&th:
)* 5ndeter#inate: -ro& throughout life
/* -ro&th at tips 1length* and at
hips 1girth*
-ro&th patterns in plant:
)* Meriste# Cells:Dividing Cells
/* Differentiated Cells:Cells speciali=ed in structure 9 role
' 2or# stable! per#anent part of plant
Plant -ro&th
Pl t - th
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)* Pri#ar+ -ro&th:
)* 5ncreased length
/* "peciali=ed structures 1e.g. fruits*
/* "econdar+ -ro&th:
esponsible for increases in ste#@root dia#eter
'>pical Meriste#s:
Mitoticcells at tips of roots @ ste#s
' $ateral Meriste#s:
Mitoticcells hips of plant
Plant -ro&th
girth
length
Pl t - th
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%hoot aical meristem Lea' rimor"ia
@oun#lea'
Develoin#vascularstran"
A9illar& 0u"meristems
Plant -ro&th
Pl t - th
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%hoot ti (shootaical meristeman" &oun# leaves)
Lateral meristems2
A9illar& 0u"meristem
ascular cam0ium
Cor cam0ium
$oot aicalmeristems
Primar& #rowth in stems
i"ermis
Corte9
Primar& hloem
Primar& 9&lem
Pith
%econ"ar& #rowth in stems
Peri"erm
Corcam0ium
Corte9
Primar&hloem
%econ"ar&hloem
Pith
Primar&9&lem
%econ"ar&9&lem
ascular cam0ium
Plant -ro&th
1wo lateral meristems2 vascular cam0ium an" cor cam0ium
Plant -ro th
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%tem %econ"ar& !rowth2
' thic%er! stronger ste#s
0ascular Ca#biu#: bet&eenpri#ar+ 4+le# and phloe#
pri#ar+ phloe#
vascular ca#biu#
pri#ar+ 4+le#
epider#is
corte4pith
pri#ar+ 4+le#
pri#ar+ phloe#
dividingvascularca#biu#
Plant -ro&th
Produces inside ste#:
>* "econdar+ 4+le#
8#oves 6/O! in&ard
B* "econdar+ phloe#8#oves sugars! out&ard
Plant -ro&th l C 0i
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Plant -ro&th
rimar&hloem
"ivi"in#
vascularcam0ium
newsecon"ar&9&lem
newsecon"ar&hloem
rimar&9&lem
secon"ar& hloemrimar& hloem
vascular cam0ium
rimar& 9&lemsecon"ar& 9&lem
ithcorte9
%econ"ar& #rowth
ascular Cam0ium2
ascular cam0ium !rowth
%econ"ar&
9&lem
A'ter one &earo' #rowth A'ter two &earso' #rowth
%econ"ar&
hloem
ascular
cam0ium
P P
P
P
C
C
C
C
C
C
C C C
C C C
C
Plant -ro&th
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%tem %econ"ar& !rowth2
Dead at #aturit+
Protection
Cor% Ca#biu#:
' $ocated under outer surfaceproduces perider#
Plant -ro&th
!rowth
rin#
ascular
ra&
%econ"ar&
9&lem
eartwoo"
%awoo"
Bar
ascular cam0ium
%econ"ar& hloem
La&ers o' eri"erm
Plant -ro&th
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annual ring
earl+4+le#
late4+le#
heart&ood14+le#*
sap&ood14+le#*
vascularca#biu#
phloe#
%tem %econ"ar& !rowth2
%awoo" 7 oung 4+le#! &ater
eartwoo"7 Old 4+le#! support%easonal !rowth7 annual rings
%econ"ar& hloem7 gro&s out&ard
older phloe# crushed
Plant -ro&th
Plant -ro&th
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$%L1%
$in#w
i"th
in"e9es
,
/.5
-.5
/
-
/6-- /-- /
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Plant -ro&th
$iving tree or dead tree
Plant -ro&th 8 oots
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i"ermis
Corte9
n"o"ermis
ascular
c&lin"er
Peric&cle
Core o'
arench&ma
cells
&lem
Phloem/-- +m
$oot with 9&lem an" hloem in the center
(t&ical o' eu"icots)
(a)
$oot with arench&ma in the center (t&ical o'
monocots)
(0)
/-- +m
n"o"ermis
Peric&cle
&lem
Phloem
Fe&
to la0els
Dermal
!roun"
ascular
Plant -ro&th oots
Plant -ro&th 8 "te#s
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Phloem &lem
%clerench&ma
('i0er cells)!roun" tissue
connectin#
ith to corte9
Pith
Corte9
/ mm
i"ermis
ascular
0un"le
Cross section o' stem with vascular 0un"les 'ormin#
a rin# (t&ical o' eu"icots)
(a)
Fe&
to la0els
Dermal
!roun"
ascular
Cross section o' stem with scattere" vascular 0un"les
(t&ical o' monocots)
(0)
/ mm
i"ermis
ascular
0un"les
!roun"
tissue
' 5n #ost #onocot ste#s! the vascular bundles are scattered
throughout the ground tissue! rather than for#ing a ring
Plant -ro&th "te#s
Plant -ro&th 8 $eaves
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Plant -ro&th $eaves $eaf epider#is contains stomata8 allo& CO/e4change
"to#ata flan%ed b+ t&o #uar" cells!control open vs. closed
The ground tissue in a leaf! called mesoh&ll! fills the #iddleFe&
to la0els
Dermal
!roun"
ascularCuticle %clerench&ma
'i0ers%toma
Bun"le
sheath
cell
&lem
Phloem
(a) Cutawa& "rawin# o' lea' tissues
!uar"
cells
ein
Cuticle
Lower
ei"ermis
%on#&
mesoh&ll
Palisa"e
mesoh&ll
er
ei"ermis
!uar"
cells
%tomatal
ore
%ur'ace view o' a si"erwort(Tradescantia) lea' (LM)
i"ermal
cell
(0)
5-+m
/--+m
ein Air saces !uar" cells
Cross section o' a lilac
(Syringa)) lea' (LM)
(c)
$ecture "u##ar+
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$ecture "u##ar+
). Monocots vs. Dicots 1Ch. ,E*
8 oot structure and vasculature
8 "te# vasculature8 $eaf structure and vasculature
/. Plant tissues 1Ch. ,E*
8 Der#al 1epider#is*
8 0ascular
8 -round
,. Plant organs 1Ch. ,E*
8 oots
8 "te#s
8 $eaves
F. Plant -ro&th 1Ch. ,E*
8 Meriste#s apical! a4illar+! lateral
8 0ascular ca#biu# vs. cor% ca#biu#