05-FIRST 2 YEARS BIOSOCIAL

DEVELOPMENT

BIOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

• Body• Brain• Senses• Good health

BODY CHANGES

SIZE

• 2X birth weight by 4 months• 3X birth weight by age 1• 4X birth weight by age 2

HEAD SPARING

• If starving, the body stops growing, but not the brain• The brain is the last part of the body to be

damaged by malnutrition

SLEEP

• Good sleep = good health• Newborns sleep 15 – 17 hours• REM sleep• Rapid eye movement• Flickering of closed eyes• Rapid brain waves

• Dreaming• ½ of newborn sleep is REM sleep• Declines with age

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

NEURONS

• Basic nerve cell in central nervous system• Axons• Dendrites• Synapses• Intersection on neurons (axons & dendrites)• Neurotransmitters• Chemical messengers• Carry information from one neuron to another

• Transient Exuberance & Pruning• Transient Exuberance – Increases dendrites• Pruning – Misconnected dendrites atrophy and die

BRAIN STRUCTURE

BRAIN STEM

• Automatic responses• Heartbeat• Breathing• Temperature

CORTEX

• Outer layer of the brain• Activities• Thinking• Feeling• Sensing

• Visual• Auditory• Sensory• Motor

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

• Last to develop• Assists with self-control of impulses• Reasoning• Analysis• Ethics

FUSIFORM FACE AREA

• Face perception• “Own race effect”• From experience

EXPERIENCE

• Types of experiences• Experience-expectant• The brain expects and needs certain experiences to

develop. • Based on experiences all infants have (e.g. being talked

to)• E.g. Being talked to results in learning language

• Experience-dependent• Culture based• E.g. Which language is learned

SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME

• Life threatening• Blood vessels rupture in the brain• Neural connections beak• “Abusive Head Trauma”

SENSORY & MOTOR SKILLS

SENSATION-PERCEPTION-COGNITION

• Sensation• Detects stimulus

• Perception• Processes the stimulus• Based on experience

• Cognition (Thinking)• Gives meaning to the stimulus

MOTOR SKILLS

• Gross motor skills• Large muscles• E.g. walking• Muscle strength• Brain maturation • (Motor cortex)• Practice

• Fine motor skills• Small muscles• E.g writing

VISION

• Least developed at birth

GOOD HEALTH

IMMUNIZATION (VACCINATIONS)

• Creates antibodies for specific contagious diseases by stimulating the immune system.• The flu• Chicken pox• Polio

• Risk of disease is much greater than risk from immunization

BREAST FEEDING

• Breast is best• Colostrum• High calorie fluid – first 3 days

• Milk• Rich in iron & vitamins• Provides antibodies (if mother has antibodies)• Decreases risk of allergies, asthma, and stomach aches• Decreases risk of obesity and heart disease in adulthood

(many other factors involved)