The literature survey was done using the search engines Google, Yahoo and

Science Finder.Science Finder search includes search of the Chemical Abstracts (CA),

Chemical Abstracts Plus(CA PLUS) and MEDLINE.The search was done using the key

word, ‘Schiff Bases’.The outcome of the survey is presented below.

Hann, Raymond, M. et al., (1929) prepared Schiff bases from 5-chlorovanillin1.

The 5-chlorovanillal derivatives were prepared by heating the aldehyde with amine in

95% ethanol.o-toluidine, p-toluidine, m-nitroaniline, p-chloroaniline, cymidine, p-

anisidine, benzidine, m-aminobenzoicacid, p-aminophenol, o-dianisidine bis-nitro-p-

toluidine Schiff bases were synthesized. No derivatives could be obtained from ortho &

para nitroaniline, 2, 4-dichoroaniline and trinitroaniline.

Vavon . G and Montheard P. (1940) have described the formation of Schiff bases

from methylamine, p and o-HOC6H4CHO, p and o-MeOC6H4CHO, o-vanillin and

vanillin in the solvents PhCH2OH, EtOH, dioxane, PhNO2, MePh (and 3% alc.) and

CHCl3.2

Woelm, Firma M (1941) prepared Schiff bases from o-vanillin and

sulphanilamide by reacting them in the cold by themselves or in the presence of solvents

to obtain a red product which on heating changed to a yellow isomer. The o-vanillin

sulfanilamide derivative was found to possess therapeutic properties.3

Lespagnol, A. et al., (1945) prepared the Schiff base Ph2CHN:CHPh from

Benzhydrylamine carbonate.Similarly Schiff bases from anisaldehyde, piperonal and

vanillin were synthesized.4 The Schiff bases were reduced by sodium in absolute ethanol

and product neutralised with alcholic Hydrochloric acid to give N-

benzylbenzhydrylamine-HCl, p-methoxybenzyl analog, 3, 4-methylenedioxybenzyl

analog, and the 4- hydroxy - 3 methoxy benzyl analog did not exhibit local anesthetic

action but the other 3 analogs have shown same activity as Ph2CHNH2.The p-

methoxybenzyl analog exhibited strong antispasmodic activity, active at a dilution of

1:200,000 on isolated rabbit intestine.

Wells, F.V. (1948) has described the preparation of Schiff bases of

methylanthranilate and aldehydes or Ketones namely hydroxycitronellal, anisaldehyde

(acaciol), cumaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, amylcinnamaldehyde, citral, vanillin, ionone,

musk ketone, methyl napththyl ketone and acetophenone by gently heating at 65°c ,one

mole equivalent. Benzaldehyde, phenyl acetaldehyde, salicylaldehyde and

methylacetophenone yielded compounds, which were of little interest. Some of the

hydroxy citronellal derivatives yielded products with floral notes.5

Bond , Howard, W. et al., (1955) have synthesized a series of Schiff bases

from aminonucleoside. These compounds were evaluated for anti-amoebic activity. Only

the vanillin and ethyl vanillin derivatives showed any activity.6

Bose, A., (1957) has described the preparation of Schiff bases of isoniazid by

condensing it with molar proportions of anisaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, veratraldehyde

and vanillin in the presence of dilute ethanol.7

Balog, I., et al., (1961) have prepared Schiff bases using aldehydes like o-vanillin

and salicylaldehyde with aromatic amines, in order to prepare chelates of iron III with

these Schiff bases.8

Cyba, Henryk A., (1963) has prepared Schiff bases by reaction of

salicylaldehyde (I) with p-octyl-o-aminophenol(II), o-vanillin with (II),p-sec-decyl-o-

aminophenol with o-hydroxyacetophenone , 2-hydroxy - 4’ –methoxybenzophenone

with p- pentoxy-o-aminophenol, and (I) with o-aminophenol .These Schiff bases were

prepared to synthesise transition metal chelates for their potential as stabilizers for

gasoline and polymers.9

Balog, J. et al., (1965) applied Schiff bases of o- phenylenediamine and vanillin

(I),resorcylaldehyde (II) , resacetaophenone (III) to oat seeds and to capsicum seeds to

determine the effect of Schiff bases on germination. In the case of the oat seeds

compounds I, II and IV showed better germination and subsequent development. III

showed better germination but subsequent development was poor. With capsicum seeds

II, III &IV caused an increase in germination when applied at the rate of 1, 2, and 4mg.

/100 seed.10

Sato, Hirouki et al., (1973) have prepared new Schiff base derivatives of

antibiotics such as colistin, kanamycin, polymyxin, gentamycin, and neomycin which

contain at least one amino group .The aldehydes that used for the synthesis were 2,3 -

(OH)(COOH)C6H3CHO , 3,4-(COOH)(OH(C6H3CHO, 2,5-

(OH)(COOH)C6H3CHO,3,4-(COOEt)(OH)C6H3CHO, PhCHO, o -Vanillin, 3,4-

(OH)2C6H3CHO and piperonal.11

Csaszar, Jozsef, (1975) prepared 26, 1:1mol. complexes of Schiff bases from

(salicylaldehyde, o-vanillin and isovanillin and aniline derivatives) with picric

acid.Their UV, Visible and IR spectral behaviour was investigated.The results

suggested that the molecular complexes were formed via charge transfer

interactions.12

Singh, Ajit. et al., (1975) prepared Schiff bases by the reaction of vanillin with

RC6 H4 NH2 (R = H, p-Me, p-MeO, pEtO, p-OH, p-halo, m, or p-NO2). Water formed

during the reaction was removed by azeotropic distillation or by use of anhydrous ZnCl2.

The NaBH4 reduction of the products to secondary amines was restricted sterically in the

case of p-Me derivative.13

Witzke,N.M. (1976) have prepared Schiff bases of Colistin and Polimyxin B

using 3,4 - R1R2C6H3CHO (R1=H, R2=H, OH, NMe2 ; R1= OMe , R2=OH) to give

benzylidene derivatives.These Schiff bases were reduced using NaBH4 .The anti-

bacterial derivatives were screened for activity against Staphylococcus aureus and

Escherichia coli.The inceased lipophilicity of polymyxins substituted with benzyl groups

increased the activity against S.aureus and reduced the activity against E.coli.14

Goghari,M. et al., (1977) prepared bactericidals I (R = Ph, 4-MeOC6H4, cinnamyl,

3- OHC6H4, 4-OHC6H4, 3-NO2C6H4, 4-NO2C6H4, vanillyl, 2-furyl, Me) by cyclo-

condensation of HSCH2COOH with prepared Schiff bases II .I were characterized by

spectra, the S, S-dioxides, and benzal derivatives III.II were more effective bactericides

than were I.15

Biradar, N.S.et al., (1977) have prepared Schiff base from salicyaldehyde and

aniline, p-toluidine, p-chloroaniline and p-anisidine in order to synthesise silicon

adducts.16

Joshi, Puran Chandra., et al.,(1978) prepared new 2,4-dinitrophenyl and 2,4,6-

trinitro phenyl ethers of vanillin Schiff bases (I and II; R=H, Cl Br, I, Me, OMe, NO2)

and screened for their fungicidal activity against Alternaria alternata, Drechslera

papendorfii and Helminthosporium oryzae. I was somewhat more effective than II.17

Lambrou, Demetrios. (1979) condensed 2, 3-RO (R1O) C6 H3 CHO (R= R1 = Me,

PhCH2; R1 = Me, R=Et, Pr, Bu, PhCH2) with isoniazid or thiosemicarbazide, which gave

a yield of 86 –99% (I) and 68-93% (II). They were found to be potential fungistatic and

tuberculostatic agents. 1-HCl was also obtained.18

Mazumdar, A. K.D., et al., (1979) prepared Schiff bases I and II by refluxing

elthanolic solutions of aldehydes with the respect thiazoleamines. The yield was 60-76%.

l(R1 = HOOC CH2 CH2 R = eg., P-NMe2, m-OH, p-NO2, o-NO2, o-Cl, H, p-

OH; R1 = H, R = p-Me2, N; R1 = Me, R = H, p-NMe2) and ll(R2 = SCN R = eg. H, o-Cl,

p-OH, p-O2N, o-O2N, m-OH; R2= H R= p-Me2N) 19.

Drugarin, C., et al., (1981) have synthesized Schiff bases using hippuric acid.

Schiff bases (R=H , 2-, 4-OH , 4-MeO , 4-NO2 , 4-AcNH , 4-Me2N and 4-

(R1CH:N)C6H4CONHCH2COOH [R]= 3, 4-MeO(OH)C6H3,styryl , furfuryl were

prepared by refluxing 4-NH2C6H4CONHCH2COOH with the corresponding

aldehydes in 1:1 to 1:2 ratios in ethanol or methanol.20

Tewari, S. S., et al., (1981) prepared Anilinobenzylidenes I and II (R=Cl, Me,

MeO, EtO; R1 = 3-Cl, 4-Cl, 4-Me, H; R2= Ph, 4-Me C6 H4, 3-MeC6H4, 4-EtO C6H4)

from 4-RC6H4 (O Me) OH-3,4. I (R=Cl, Me, EtO, MeO; R1=3Cl, 4-Cl) and II (R=Cl,

EtO; R2=4-MeC6 H4, 4-Cl C6 H4, 4-EtO C6 H4) showed no anticonvulsant activity.21

Kamogawa, Hiroyoshi et al.,(1982) have synthesized Schiff bases of p-

aminostyrene, and m – aminostyrene with perfume aldehydes like citral,

cinnamaldehyde, piperonal, vanillin and ethyl vanillin, in ethanol medium. Water-

soluble co - polymers of these Schiff bases with N- vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidone and N, N-

dimethylacrylamide was obtained. The hydrolytic behaviour of the Schiff base monomers

and co -polymers to liberate perfume aldehydes was structure dependent, thereby

affording chemical release control.22

Thakur, A.B., et al., (1982) identified a violet coloured compound formed from

the TLC of polythiazide I using acidified vanillin (II) spray reagent as III. At pH9 I

partially decomposed to IV which reacts with Me 2 CO to form V. V hydrolysis and the

Me2CO released reacts with IV to violet coloured spot in chromatograms. II is used as

flavouring agent in tablets.23

Rai, Mangat, et al., (1982) have prepared twelve Schiff bases by condensing

equimolar quantities of veratraldehydes and anilines in PhMe. They were reduced with

NaBH4.Schiff Bases with electron donating substituents in the N-Ph ring showed

remarkable activity against the fungi Alternaria solani and Colletotrichum capsici.24

Kumar, Surinder., et al.,(1982) showed that BrCN adds to p-

hydroxybenzalanilines and vanillin Schiff bases to give 3,4-R(OH) C6 H4 CH(CN) NBr

C6 H4, R1 – p(R=H, MeO; R1=H, Me, OMe, Cl).25

Dash, B., et al., (1983) have synthesized Schiff bases from vanillin as possible

fungicides. Schiff bases I (R, R1=H, Ph, 4-MeC6H4, 4-BrC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4 , 4- ClC6H4 ,

naphthyl, R=H) derived from 4 -substituted and 4,5-disubstituted-2- Aminothiazoles

were prepared.Cycloaddition of I with SHCH2COOH yielded thiazolidones

II.Condensation of Schiff bases with ClCH2COCl and subsequent reaction with

piperidine and morpholine yielded corresponding derivatives. The compounds were

screened for their fungicidal activity.26

Ghose, B.N. (1983) prepared six Schiff bases by the condensation of

C6H5COCOC6H5 with HOCH2CH2NH2(I) and H2NCH2CH2NH2(II),

CH3COC(=NOH)Me: NOH and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone with I and 2,3-(OH)(MeO)

C6H3CHO with II and (H2NCH2)2 CH OH.27

Ghose, Bhupendra.N. (1984) prepared five new Schiff bases as potential ligands

having the ONNO donor system. PhCOCOPh (I), MeCOCMe:NOH and 9,10-

phenanthrene quinone were condensed with H2N CH2 CH2 OH and 2,3-

(OH)(MeO)C6H3CHO was condensed with HOCH(CH2NH2)2 and (H2NCH2)2 (II).

Treatment of I with II gave a cyclic Schiff base.28

Csaszar, J. et. al., (1987) studied the UV, visible and IR spectra of the Schiff

bases formed from salicylaldehyde, o-vanillin with aniline and substituted anilines. At

400-450 nm an intense band indicative of the benzenoid-quininoid tautomer equilibrium

was observed. Correlations were found between the intensities of these bands, the

tautomer equilibrium constants and the dielectric constants of the solvents.29

Na, Chongwu, et al., (1988) obtained Schiff bases by the reaction of o-vanillin

with ethylene diamine, benzidine, o-phenylene diamine, m-phenylene diamine in ethanol

or benzene. Through the reaction of o-vanillin with 1, 8-diamino naphthalene under

similar reaction conditions gave a cyclic compound.30

Goudar, T.R. et al., (1988) have synthesized Tin (IV) complexes from Schiff

bases derived from salicylaldehyde, o-vanillin & 2-aminopyridine, 2-amino-3-

methylpyridine and 2-aminothiazole. The complexes were non-electrolytes and ligand-

metal linkage through the phenolic OH and the azomethine N.31

Chatterjee, Papia et al., (1989) prepared six Schiff bases viz., vanillin

semicarbazone, 2- furfuraldehyde semicarbazone, 2-furfuraldehydethiosemicarbazone,

salicylidene-2-aminopyridine and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylmethyl-2-aminopyridine. Their

metal complexes with biphosphorous cations were also synthesized.32

Skwarski, et al., (1989) prepared Schiff bases by the reaction of 2-hydroxy

benzaldehyde, 3-methoxy – 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde & 3-methoxy-4-benzyloxy

benzaldehyde with N-sulfanilyl - 6-methyl - 2 - aminopyridine, N-sulfanilyl-4,5-dimethyl

- 2-aminooxazole, N-sulfanilyl - 3-methoxy - 2-aminopyrazine, N-sulfanilyl – 5 -

methoxy – 2 - amino pyrimidine and N-sulfanilyl- 6 - methoxy – 3 -amino pyridazine.

The compounds were found to have cholagogic and choleretic activity.33

Cardile V, et al., (1989) synthesized a series of Schiff bases combining thiazolyl

and benzothiazolyl ring and vanillin moieties in same molecule and evaluated for

screening anti-degenarative activity on nasal pig cartilage cultures treated with

interleukin 1 beta, (IL-1 beta). The amount of glycosaminoglycans (GAGS), the

production of nitric oxide NO and PGE2 (prostaglandins), released into the cultured

medium were detected.34 The Schiff base produced decreased with dose the NO and

PGE2 production and GAG's release with samples treated with IL-Ibeta. Hence thiazoloyl

and benzothiozolyl Schiff bases and Schiff bases with bromine and methoxy group in

third position was found to protect cartilage matrix from degenerative factors induced by

IL – Ibeta.

Chatterjee, Papia, et al., (1990) synthesized Schiff bases (HL), by the

condensation of vanillin or 2-furfuraldehyde and 4-phenylthiosemicarbazide. The Schiff

bases when reacted with transition metal salts gave ML2.2H2O (M = Co, Ni Cu Zn, Cd).

M is coordinated via azomethine N and thiolo S atoms. Structures were proposed for the

new octahedral complex on the basis of various analytical methods. The calculated

ligand parameters were found to be consistent with the proposed geometry.35

Nicolae, Anca. et al., (1990) prepared Schiff bases by the reaction of 5-

formylvanillin, with aromatic amines like 1 or 2 naphthylamine, aminopyridine and

(un)substituted anilines. The yield was usually more than 80%.36

Geronikaki,A. (1990) condensed 2 – aminothiazoles (R=,4-Ph) with 3 , 5 , 4 -

R1R2(OH)CH2CHO (R1=H,I,R2=Ome;R1=R2=H )to give a series of Schiff bases.37

Kayahara, Hiroshi. et al., (1991) prepared several Schiff bases (I) of

perillaldehyde, benzaldehyde, cumin aldehyde and vanillin with aniline, hydroxyaniline

and D-glucosamine and N-acylated amino acid derivatives (II) using serine, theronine

and organic acids such as perillic acid, camminic acid, phenylacetic acid, vanillic acid,

trans-cinnamic acid and ferulic acid. (l) had no taste, most (ll) with the C- terminus

protected had a bitter taste and those with the C-terminus unprotected had a sour taste.38

Zhou, Jian-Feng et al., (1998) have synthesized new Schiff bases by refluxing p-

aminophenylthioaceticacid by with RCHO(R= substituted Ph) in ethanol.39

Golovanov, A.S. et al., (1998) have synthesized the novel mesomorphic Schiff

base 2 - (4-Alkoxybenzylidenamino) – 4 - [(4-nitrophenyl) amino] thiazoles.40

Oza, Haresh. et al.,(1998) have synthesized thirty novel thiazolidinone (1)

derivatives as potential anti-tubercular agents.R=Ph,ClC6H4, 4-Me2NC6H4,

NO2C6H4,PhCH:CH , etc,;R1=H,Me) by cyclocondensation with thioglycollic acid and

thiolactic acid. The compounds were screened for their anti-tubercular activity against

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.41

Zhou Yiming, et al., (1999) have synthesised a number of Schiff bases in the

absence of solvents. The process consisted of mixing aromatic aldehydes like o, p, & m -

nitrobenzaldehyde, p - dimethylaminobenzaldehyde , o,m & p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and

p- methoxybenzaldehyde with amines like aniline, p-chloroaniline, p- methylaniline, p-

phenylenediamine, semicarbazide HCl, 4-aminoantipyrin.Acids like H2SO4,HCl,

H3PO4,Carboxylic acids, phenolic acids , sulphonic acids were used in trace quantities as

acid catalysts.42

Rathod, Amarsingh et al., (2000) have synthesized Schiff bases by condensing 2-

amino - 4 – phenylthiazole , 2 - amino - 4 - methylbenzothiazole, 2 – amino - 6 -

methylbenzothiazole and 2 – aminobenzothiazole with differently substituted

benzaldehyde and 2- furfuraldehyde.The new compounds showed antibacterial activity

against gram positive and gram negative organisms.43

Yu, Xiao-yuan ., et al., (2000) have synthesized eight new Schiff bases

containing Et1H-1,2,4 -triazole-3 - carboxylate by the reaction of Et 5-amino triazole - 3

- carboxylates with substituted benzaldehydes.44

Vishwanathmurthi.P.et al., (2000) have synthesized Schiff bases by condensation

of o-vanillin with aniline, o-toluidine or p-toluidine in benzene in the presence of

NEt3.These Schiff bases were used to synthesise ruthenium complexes.The Schiff bases

and the complexes were tested in vitro against the pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger and

Fusarium Sp.45

Wang Guangbin et al., (2000) synthesized a new dipeptide by the condensation of

DL- alanyl-DL-alanine with o-vanillin .The copper, zinc, nickel and cobalt comolexes

were prepared and characterized.46

Gong, Qiao-Juan et al., (2000) have prepared five Schiff bases using substituted

benzaldehyde and 4 -amino antipyrine. It was found that the fluorescence intensities of

the compounds at optimum pH values were 16 to 319 times as much as that of

aminoantipyrine.47

Wu, Gen, et al., (2000) reacted chitosan with vanillin aldehyde by a Schiff base

reaction in water. The graft percentage was related with reacting time, reacting

temperature and monomer concentration.48

Varbanov, S.et al., (2000) have prepared a group of Schiff bases from

aminomethyldimethylphosphine oxide with aromatic aldehydes.49

Xie,Yuli. et al., (2000) have synthesized phenol substituted bisphosphonate

RC6H4CH:N-3(4)-C6H4NHCH(PO (OCH3)2)2 (R = 3,4-(OH)2 , 2,3 –OCH3 –4-OH,-2, 3 -

OCH3-4-OH,3-OCH3-4-OAc,2-OH,3,4-(OCH3)2,2-OH-3-OCH3, 3,4 –CH2O2), from

nitroaniline and substituted benzaldehyde by reduction and condensation reaction and

their antitumour activities on P338 cells and A-549 cells in vitro were tested.The position

of the phenol hydroxyl group in the synthetic compounds showed important effect on the

antitumor activity. The synthetic compounds, in which the phenolic hydroxyl group was

next to the double bond of the Schiff bases was found to be more effective than others.50

Sun, Ming, et al., (2001) have synthesized four new Schiff bases from o-vanillin

and dl- amino acids. The conformations of the four Schiff bases have been studied using

molecular dynamics and quantum chemical analytical approaches.51

Dey, D.K.et al., (2001) have successfully synthesized a new Schiff base N - 2 -

[3’-(methoxysalicylideneimino) benzyl] - 3”- methoxysalicylidene-imine (I) by the

reaction of 2-amino-1-benzylamine and 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde in ethanol. The

molecular structure of (I) was confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography.52

Kam, Li., et al., (2001) have synthesized 1:1 and 1:2 Schiff bases derived from 2,

3-diaminopyridine (DAPY) and o-vanillin and eight transition metal complexes of these

Schiff bases. The Schiff bases and most of the metal complexes displayed antibacterial

activity.53

Shakih Kabeer, A., et al., (2001) have synthesized Schiff bases using

Benzothiazole with a substitution X-R in the second position. Derivatives where [ X =

N:C (Me), NHN:C(Me), N:CH, NHN:CH, R=C6H4;2-OH, C6H3.2,5(OH)2, C6H3 – 2–OH-

4-Cl, C6H3-2,4-(OH)2, 2-pyridyl] were synthesized and tested for their antibacterial and

antifungal activity.54

Jayabalakrishnan, C. et al., (2001) have prepared Schiff bases by condensing

salicylaldehyde , o-vanillin or o-hydroxyacetophenone with N(4)-

phenylsemicarbazide.These compounds were synthesized in their effort to obtain

ruthenium complexes.These complexes were tested for in-vitro growth inhibitory activity

against Pseudomonas sp.,Bacillus sp.and Eschereria coli.55

Mohan, S.; Saravanan, J., (2002) have synthesized Schiff bases by treating 2 -

amino-3-(N-o- tolylcarboxamido)-4,5dimethylthiophene with arylaldehydes. Some of the

Schiff bases exhibited antibacterial activity that was less than that of ampicillin.56

Mohan, S. and Saravanan, J., (2002) have synthesized thirty new Schiff bases by

treating 2-amino-3- (N-tolylcarboxamido) - 4,5 – trimethylenethiophenes with ten

different substituted aromatic aldehydes.Some of the bases have exhibited antibacterial

activity.57

Khan, Suroor A., et al., (2002) have synthesized Schiff bases of Isoniazid and

evaluated them for their anti-bacterial activity using Staphylococcus aureus as test

organism. The zone of inhibition was compared with standard amikacin.58

Sleema, B., et al., (2002) have synthesized Schiff bases by refluxing o-vanillin

with L-histidine. These compounds were synthesized to prepare iron, nickel and copper

complexes for the X-ray diffraction studies.59

Khan, Suroor A., et al. (2002) have synthesized Schiff bases of Isatin.These

compounds were evaluated them for analgesic activity. The Schiff bases were found to

possess analgesic activity comparatively less than aspirin.60

Jayabalakrishnan, Chinnaswamy, et al., (2002) have prepared Schiff bases by

condensing salicylaldehyde or o-vanillin with o- aminophenol and o- aminothiophenol in

their effort to obtain different ruthenium complexes.61

Singh, Gurmit, et al., (2002) have prepared Schiff bases by condensation from 4-

amino-3-mercapto-6-methyl-5-oxo-1, 2 ,4-triazine with anisaldehyde, o- vanillin,indole-

3-carboxaldehyde and acetophenone. These bases were prepared as part of their effort to

synthesise new complexes of cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc.62

Wang, Yan-Gang et al., (2002) synthesized twelve new Schiff bases containing

the 5-amino-1H-1, 2, 3,4-tetrazolyl moiety. These Schiff bases were converted into alpha

- (5 - tetrazolyl) aminoalkylphosphonates by treatment with (Et O) 2P (O) H.results of the

biological tests show that some of these compounds have remarkable plant growth

regulating activity. The Schiff bases derived from chlorobenzaldehyde and 3-

formylindole were the most active.63

Ren,Shijun et al., (2002) have synthesized thirty new Schiff bases of hydroxy

semicarbazide , ArCH:NNHCONHOH (Ar=CF3C6H4, 3-Pyridyl , 5-nitro-2-

thienyl,etc.,) and tested against L1210 murine leukemia cells . Quantitative Structure

Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis showed that beside the essential pharmacophore

(NHCONHOH), hydrophobicity, molecular size/polarizability and the presence of

oxygen containing group at the ortho position were found to be important determinants of

antitumor activity.64

Mohan, S., Saravanan, J., (2003) have synthesized thirty new Schiff bases by

treating 2-amino-3-(N-tolylcarboxamido)-4, 5-pentamethylene thiophenes with 10

different substituted aromatic aldehydes.Some of the bases have exhibited antibacterial

activity.65

Zakrzewski, Andrzej, et al., (2003) have synthesized a series of substituted N-

benzylidene - 4 - (4,5 - diphenyl -1H-imidazol-2- yl) anilines and investigated the

fungicidal activity against 6 microorganisms.66

Qiao,Yanhong, et al., (2003) have studied the inhibitory activity of o-vanillin Schiff base

of amino acids and their complexes on the formation of O2-. It has been reported that the

Schiff base and their complexes may inhibit O2-.67

Singh, P.H.Ashutosh et al., (2003) have synthesized new Schiff bases derived by

nucleophilic addition of p-nitrobenzaldehyde,2- pyridinecarboxaldehyde,o-

nitrobenzaldehyde and o-vanillin to 4-amino-5-mercapto-3-metyyl-s-triazole and 4-

amino-3-ethyl-5-mercapto-s-triazole.Bivalent metal complexes of Co,Ni,Cu,Zn were

prepared using these Schiff bases.68

Vicini Paola et al., (2003) have synthesized three new series of

benzo[d]isothiazole and thiazole Schiff bases and evaluated for antiviral and drug

resistant cancers ( leukemia, carcinoma, melanoma ,MDR tumors) for which no definitive

cure is available at present .The benzo [d] isothiazole compounds showed marked

cytotoxicity against the human CD4+ Lymphocytes (MT-4) that were used to support

the HIV-1growth.The results also showed that the benzo[d]isothiazole derivatives

inhibited the growth of leukemia cell lines and one compound showed anti-proliferative

activity against two solid tumor derived cell lines.69

Geronikaki, Athina.et al., (2003) have designed, synthesized and identified

several new thiazolyl / thiazolinyl / benzothiazolyl Schiff bases .The compounds have

been reported to act as lipoxygenase inhibitors affecting inflammation and or psoriasis.

The compounds were screened for their reducing activity (with the stable free radical 1,

1-diphenyl- 2 –picryl – hydrazyl, DPPH) and for inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase

(LOX). Anti-inflammatory activity was examined invivo using the paw oedema

method.70

Zhu, Xin-de et al., (2003) have prepared Schiff bases of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1, 3,

4-thiadiazole with salicylaldehyde or o-vanillin and their molybdenum complexes. Their

effect on promoting cell survival rate of mung bean sprouts has been investigated.71

Shetty et al., (2004) have synthesized and evaluated the antibacterial activity of

thirty Schiff bases synthesized from 2-amino-3-(N-chlorophenyl carboxamido)-4.5-

dimethylthiophenes. The Schiff bases were prepared by condensing this compound

with ten different aldehydes.(R=XC6H4,=2-Cl, 4-Cl, 2-OH, 2-NO2, 3- NO2, 4-Me, 4-

MeO, 4-Me2N, 3,4-(MeO)2-C6H3, 3,4,5-(MeO)3C6H2.72

Venugopal,K.N., et al., (2004) have synthesized Schiff bases of

aminothiazolylbromocoumarin by treating 2’-amino-4’-(6-bromo-3-coumarinyl)thiazole

with substituted aromatic aldehydes.The compounds were evaluated for analgesic and

anti-inflammatory activity.Some of the compounds have shown interesting biological

activity based on the presence of certain functional groups.73

Vaghasiya,Yogesh Kumar et al., (2004) have synthesized some Schiff bases using

vanillin with 2,4- dimethylaniline and sulphamethoxazoles as the side chain in DMSO

and their antibacterial activity was studied against some gram positive and gram negative

strains.These compounds were found to exhibit promising antibacterial effects.74

Jayashree, et al., (2004) have synthesized new Schiff bases by treating 2 - amino -

4 - (3- coumarinyl) thiazole with different aldehydes. Several of these Schiff bases

exhibited analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.75

Naik, Bhanvesh, D., et al., (2004) have synthesized some heterocyclic Schiff

bases by treating 2-amino – 4- (couraminyl-3) thiazole with different aldehydes and

then treating thecompounds with chloroacetylchloride.The compounds were screened for

their antibacterial activity.76

Wang, Jian et al., (2004) have synthesized novel Schiff base molecular tweezers

under microwave irradiation. The reaction time was brought down from 5 hours to 12-15

minutes, in comparison to conventional heating but also with improved yield. The

compounds were characterized by IR, MS and Proton NMR spectra.77

Xia Min et al., (2004) have prepared Bis (indolyl) methane derivatives in good

yields under solvent free microwave irradiation, through lewis acid catalyzed

elecrophillic substitution of indoles with aldehydes and Schiff bases of aryl aldehydes.78

Babu, K.Sudhakar et al., (2004) have reported the synthesis and characterization

of a new Schiff base orthovanillin-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methylamine. They have carried

out detailed polarographic study as a complexing agent in the presence of lead ions.79

Tang, Li-jun et al., (2004) have reported the synthesis of flavones containing a

Schiff base moiety.80

Xu, Tao et al., (2004) have synthesized a novel Schiff base compound by the

reaction of o-vanillin and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in absolute methanol.81

Paneerselvam et al.,(2005) have synthesized a series of Schiff bases of 4 - (4-

amino phenyl) morpholine (R=(un)substituted Ph,CH:CHPh,2-furyl) and screened them

for antibacterial and antifungal activities. All the compounds exhibited antibacterial

and antifungal activities.82

From the literature survey the following conclusions could be made:

1) The synthesized Schiff Bases have been mainly evaluated for different biological

activities .They have been intensely probed for among other activities for their ,

analgesic , anti-inflammatory 70,73,75 , antimicrobial 57, 58, 72,74, 76, 82 & antioxidant70

activity.Good antimicrobial and antioxidant activity have been reported.

2) Small molecules bearing the pharmacophores like phenolic hydroxyl groups,

hydrazide, semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide or the carbon double bonded nitrogen

functional groups as in the Schiff bases possess the potential to act as effective

antiinfective agents.

3) Schiff bases synthesized by reacting aldehydes like salicylaldehde, vanillin,

anisaldehyde, paradimethylamino benzaldehyde, benzaldehyde etc., with a various

aromatic amines hold the exciting possibilities of relatively small molecules possessing

good antiinfective properties devoid of adverse effects.

4) As antioxidant ativity has been linked to Schiff bases, it would be worthwhile to

explore the antioxidant property of the Schiff bases.

5) Time and labour saving efficient methods of synthesis like combinatorial synthesis

offers excellent prospects for rapid synthesis of hundreds of compounds.

6) Very cost effective environment friendly method of synthesis applying green

chemistry like use of microwave irradiation has been successfully applied to the synthesis

of compounds like Schiff bases.

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