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8/2/2019 05 Cardiovascular System Ppt 3620
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CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
By Dr. Shamanthakamani
Narendran
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INTERNAL VIEW OF THE HEART
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Chambers:
The heart is divided by a septum into two
halves. The halves are in turn divided into
chambers. The upper two chambers of the
heart are called atria and the lower two
chambers are called ventricles. Valves allowblood to flow in one direction between the
chambers of the heart.
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INTERIOR STRUCTURES OF THE HEART
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ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
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Pathological conditions
Arrhythmia / Dysrhythmia
Heart block / Atrio ventricular block: Failure
of conduction of impulses through the A.V.Node.
Damage to the S.A.Node causes week impulsesfailing to reach the ventricles. Cardiac
pacemaker establishes normal rhythm. It is a
small, battery-operated electronic device. It is
inserted under the skin. It has leads that travelthrough a large vein to the heart, where the wires
are anchored, which send the electrical impulses
to the heart.
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Flutter: Rapid, regular contraction of atria or
ventricle reaching upto 250/300 beats per minute.
Fibrillation: Rapid, random, irregular contraction reaching upto 350-400 beats per
minute.
Defibrillator is applied to the chest wall to help in
cardioversion.
Defibrillation is a technique used to counter theonset of ventricular fibrillation, a common cause
of cardiac arrest. Defibrillation is part of an
advanced cardiac life support. It applies a
controlled electric shock.
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Defibrillator
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Cardiac Arrest: Sudden stoppage of heart.
Palpitation: Uncomfortable sensation in the
chest associated with arrhythmia. This
causes
1. Premature atrial contraction (PAC)
2. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC).
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Myocardial Infarction / Heart Attack
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Angina Pectoris
Hardening of the arteries,
and the presence of athrombus, or clot, in a
blood vessel are the most
common causes of obstruction.
Arteriosclerosis is
responsible for most of the
deaths resulting from heart
attacks. Spasms of the
coronary arteries can also
result in a heart attack.
C di C th t i ti
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Cardiac Catheterization
It is used to study the various functions of the heart. Thecoronary arteries can be viewed by injecting dye. The
oxygen concentration can be measured across the valvesand walls of the heart and pressures within each chamber
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Radio frequency catheter ablation (RFA):
Non surgical treatment to treat Arrhythmia.
A catheter is placed in the blood vessel
leading of the heart vessel, which delivers a
high frequency current to burn a small portion
of the muscle. This injury corrects heart block
/ arrhythmia.
A i h
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Angiography
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Balloon angioplastyPercutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
C b h (CABG)
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Coronary artery bypass graph (CABG)
ATHERECTOMY
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ATHERECTOMY
RotationalAthrectomy
DirectionalCoronary
Athrectomy
ExtractionAthrectomy
El t di h (EKG / ECG)
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Electrocardiography (EKG / ECG)
Detects heart abnormalities, disease and
damage by measuring the heart's rhythms andelectrical impulses.
E h di h
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Echocardiography
The image shows the motion pattern and
structure of the four heart valves, revealing
any potential leakage (regurgitation) or
narrowing (stenosis). During this test, a
Doppler ultrasound may be done to
evaluate cardiac blood flow.
St T t/ E i t l t t (ETT) / t d ill t t
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Stress Test/ Exercise tolerance test (ETT) / treadmill test
During an exercise ST, an EKG is performed while the
patient exercises in a controlled manner on a treadmill or
stationary bicycle at varied speeds and elevations.During a pharmacological ST, a medication (e.g.,
dobutamine) is given to the patient, which causes the
heart to react as if it were under the physical stress of
exercise, though he is actually at rest.
It can assess the
heart’s reaction
under physical
stress.
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Treatment for hyperlipidemia is diet and
exercise.
Drug therapy includes HMG reductors
inhibitors which lower cholesterol alsocalled "stains,"
eg, simbastain, lovastain, pravastain.
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Tests Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
Doppler ultrasound
Echocardiography (ECHO)
Nuclear cardiology:
Positron emission tomography (PET
scan)
Thallium 201 scintigraphy
Technetium 99 ventriculography
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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THANK
YOU