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7/30/2019 04 UMTS Traffic Management Emad
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UMTS Traffic ManagementUMTS Traffic Management
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For the trainer
This module is probably the one that overlaps the most with the (GSMSYSTRA), 2G SYSTRA, and GPRSSYS courses. The main new topics relate
to the URA and bearer concepts. The overlap is intentional, as it is
necessary to assure the participants after the Radio Path andTransmission module.
But, if you notice that the students are very familiar with the "old
stuff", then just conclude the main similarities and go on to the parts
with more "news value".
The module duration could be between 2 - 4 hours, if mainly focusing
on mobility and session management.
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Module topics
Subscriber information and databases
Network traffic and the radio connection Mobility management
Session management
Communication management
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Objectives
After this module the student will be able to:
List and identify the databases used within the UMTS network
Identify the subscriber addressing information
Name the characteristics of a bearer
Describe how the connection moves with the subscriber when a bearer is inuse
Explain what is meant by the term URA
List the procedures used to maintain mobility management in the network
List the procedures done when the mobile gains access to the network,also identify how the network selection is made
With the help of the material, describe how the session management ofreal-time and non-real-time bearers are handled through the networkwithout using any references.
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UMTS architecture
FiberFiber
AXC
ATM Access
Internet
RAN (UTRAN & GERAN) Core Network
Control Plane
Gateway Plane
PSTN2G
SGSN3G
SGSN GGSNRNC
BSC
Node B
Node B
Node B
HLR&AuC
3GMSC
SCEP
SMSC
BTS
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Management layers of a UMTS network
The network can be visualised from the point of view of theelements, or from how the user and control information is passed
through the architecture.
Mobility Management (MM)
Communication Management (CM)
Radio Resource Management (RRM)
UE RAN CN
CS (circuit switched): Call control (CC), supplementary services (SS) and short message service (SMS). PS (packet switched): Session management
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UMTS network databases
FiberFiber
AXC
ATM access
Internet
Mobility CoreRAN
Control Plane
Gateway Plane
PSTN2G
SGSN3G
SGSN GGSNRNC
BSC
TripleModeBTS
GSMBTS
WCDMABTS
HLR
AuCEIR
3GMSC
SMSC
Used as anintermediate store
for SMS
Contains subscriber IDs, serviceinformation and location
attributes. In AuC subscriber
security information and insome implementations EIR
Used to supportsubscriber services
Contains temporaryinformation on
subscriber
Contains temporaryinformation on the
subscriber
SCEP
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Other Servers
Packet core networkPacket core network
Domain Name Server (provides IP address to the correct GGSN)
Firewall servers (access to other networks)
Subscriber and network related information also in voice mail
system and other service platforms (such as MExE).
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FiberFiber
AXC
ATM Access
Internet
RAN (UTRAN & GERAN) Core Network
Control Plane
Gateway Plane
PSTN2G
SGSN3G
SGSN GGSNRNC
BSC
Node B
Node B
Node B
HLR&AuC
3GMSC
SCEP
SMSC
BTS
Unique subscriber identities
MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN
one or moreMSISDN is assignedto a subscriber fordifferent services
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN
IMSI uniquely
identifies eachsubscriber.
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FiberFiber
AXC
ATM Access
Internet
RAN (UTRAN & GERAN) Core Network
Control Plane
Gateway Plane
PSTN2G
SGSN3G
SGSN GGSNRNC
BSC
Node B
Node B
Node B
HLR&AuC
3GMSC
SCEP
SMSC
BTS
Temporary subscriber identities
P-TMSI is allocatedfor packettransactions by the
SGSN.
The TMSI is
generated by the VLRand used for CS
transactions
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FiberFiber
AXC
ATM Access
Internet
RAN (UTRAN & GERAN) Core Network
Control Plane
Gateway Plane
PSTN2G
SGSN3G
SGSN GGSNRNC
BSC
Node B
Node B
Node B
HLR&AuCEIR
3GMSC
SCEP
SMSC
BTS
Mobile terminal security
RANThe IMEI is used to track
legal mobile equipment(optional)
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What is the bearer?
UE Node B RNC
Uu Iub/Iur Iu
Core Network
UE Node B RNC
Uu Iub/Iur Iu
Core Network
Data/Wireless Protocols are transparent to surrounding network
MGW
The MGW for 3G-MSC performs speech transcoding
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Bearer characteristics
Conversational class Voice and video
Streaming class Streaming video
Interactive class
Web browsing
Background class
Mail downloading
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Types of bearer
VoiceVoice Messages
MessagingTransactionalInfoservices
WWW browsingIntranet accessDownloading
Audio Streaming
0 8 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 kbit/s
Video StreamingVideotelephony
UE Node B RNC
Uu Iub/Iur Iu
Core Network
A bearer hasdifferent
parameters, such
as variable datarates, protection
and delay.
The bearer is
dependent onthe service
required.
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Transmission over the network
PSTN
3GSGSN
GGSN
RNC
HLR
AuCEIR 3G
MSC
Internet
Channels from the air-interfacealong the Iub Interface
Physical channels in the air-interface are separated by codes
ATM link to the MGW at theMSC
Packets are tunneled tothe SGSN
Packets tunneled from theSGSN to the GGSN
Packet Data
Dedicated circuit
Student Exercise:Why do you think the RNC makes the decision on the type of bearer that isallocated to a subscriber?
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Layers - Bearer services in UMTS
TE MT UTRAN CN IuEDGENODE
CNGateway
TE
End-to-End Service
TE/MT LocalBearer Service
UMTS Bearer Service External BearerService
UMTS Bearer Service
Radio Access
Bearer Service
CN BearerService
BackboneBearer Service
Iu BearerService
Radio BearerService
UTRAFDD/TDD
Service
PhysicalBearer Service
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Bearer management through the networkTE
ext.network3G-(G)MSC/GGSNMT UTRAN 3G-MSC/SGSN
UMTS BSManager
UMTS BSManager
UMTS BSManager
RABManager
CN BSMana-
ger
IuBSMana-
ger
Ext. BSMana-
ger
CN BSMana-
ger
IuBSMana-
ger
RadioBS
Mana-ger
RadioBS
Mana-ger
LocalBS
Mana-ger
BB NSMana-ger
IuNSMana-ger
BB NSMana-ger
IuNSMana-ger
UTRA
ph. BSMana-
ger
UTRA
ph. BSMana-
ger
Subscr
Control
Adm/
Cap.Control
Adm/
Cap.Control
Trans-
lation
Adm/
Cap.Control
Adm/
Cap.Control
Trans-
lation
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4
RAB (Radio Access Bearers) andRRC (Radio Resource Connection)
CNRAN
RANAP Connection
Radio Access Bearer
RANAP Connection
Radio
Acce
ssBe
arer
RRC Connection
UE
PacketNetwork
Circuit SwitchedNetwork
Packet Data Service
Speech Service
Video Service
Radio Access Bearer
Student Exercise:Can you think of an example where it may be necessary to modifythe radio resource connection?
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4
Example: RAB Establishment (simplified)
4 Uu Iub Iu
RAB Assignment Request
RAB Assignment Complete
SGSNRNC
Node B
Iub bearer set-up(AAL 5 virtual channel)
Iub bearer set-up(AAL 2 virtual channel)
Radio Bearer Set-up Complete
Radio Bearer Set-up
Radio Link Reconfiguration
Radio Link Reconfiguration Complete
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Management of the radio bearer
3GSGSN
RNC
3GMSC
RNC
RNC
Mobile has a single RRC
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Management of the radio bearer
3GSGSN
RNC
3GMSC
RNC
RNC
As the subscriber moves a secondconnection is made for a cell on the same
site (softer handover)
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Management of the radio bearer
3GSGSN
RNC
3GMSC
RNC
RNC
As the mobile continues then the firstlink is dropped, and a second cell is
added from another site (softhandover)
NOTE: Those BTS with anactive connection are known tobe part of the active set.
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Management of the radio bearer
3GSGSN
RNC
3G
MSC
RNC
RNC
As the mobile continues then the second link isdropped, and a second cell is added from another
RNC. A soft handover is possible as the Iurinterface exists.
The RNC is known as the serving
(S-RNC) and the new RNC is the drift(D-RNC). Note that the Iu connection is stillfrom the S-RNC.
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Management of the radio bearer
3GSGSN
RNC
3GMSC
RNC
RNC
As the mobile continues, the third connection isdropped. The S-RNC has no active connection's
itself, so the Iu-RRC connection is moved to the D-RNC. This is accomplished by S-RNC relocationfeature (R99)
No handover.
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Management of the radio bearer
3GSGSN
RNC
3GMSC
RNC
RNC
Finally, the mobile is now in area where the forthconnection is dropped and the new site selected is under
another RNC. The S-RNC does not have an Iur interfaceto the target RNC, so the core network is used to assistin the handover.
The type of handover is hard-handover.
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Mobility Management - the role of the HLR
The HLR is a centraliseddatabase, which contains
information about the subscriber,location and service information.
In the Nokia Solution
authentication information isalso stored in the HLR.
3GSGSN GGSN
RNC
3GMSC
3GSGSN
GGSN
RNC
3GMSC
3GMSC
Core Network
Foreign Network
Radio AccessHLRAuCEIR
Supplementary ServicesLocation Updating
Locating the Subscriber
Service Information
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Cellular architectureLA = Location Area (MSC)RA = Routing Area (SGSN)URA = UTRAN Registration Area (RNC)Cell = Cell (RNC)
CELL URACELL
URA
ROUTING
AREA (RA)
CELL
Position = PositioningService (UTRAN)
CELL
CELL
CELL
CELL
CELL
CELL
CELL
CELL
ROUTING
AREA (RA)
Location Area (LA)
CodeLAMNCMCCLAI ++= CILACodeMCCMNCCGI +++=
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UTRAN Registration Area - URA
3GSGSN
HLR&AuC
RNC RNC RNC
URA URA URAURAURAURA
3G
MSC
If the LA or RA changesRNC will ensure updatedinformation is sent to the
core network.
As the subscriber moves fromone URA to another, then aURA_update is performed.
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Location based information
Information about the actual position
of the subscriber (~40-70m) can be
stored and used by the emergencyservices.
This information can also be used to
provide mobility services.
BTS
BTS
BTS
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Location updating
3GSGSN
3GMSC
RNC
RNC
HLR
When switching on/off
IMSI Attach/Detach
When moving from area to area -
Update on cell/LA/RA/URA level
If the VLR is not informedabout the user then the
data is removed
VLR
The RNC keeps track of themobiles within the URAs. It alsoinforms the core network whenthe subscriber moves between
RAs and LAs.
The SGSN keeps track ofthe mobiles
Periodically over time if mobiledoes perform an update
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Routing area update
SGSN-1
RNC-1
RA-1
Old cell New cell
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Mobility Management of states in the SGSN
Detach DetachPacketAttach
PacketAttach
Packet Received Packet Received
Radio Link Release Iu Connection Release
MM States in UE: MM States in SGSN:
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Paging the subscriber
BTS BTS
Paging
BTS
Mobile responds
to paging
Routing Area
Paging
Paging
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Network roaming
3GSGSN
HLR
3GSGSN
3GMSC
RNC
HLR
3GMSC
RNC
BSC
BSC
Home Network
Visitor Network
International Network
3. Network Confirm access
1. User requests access (IMSI Attach)
2. If operators have a roaming agreement, informationis copied to visitor network (from VLR/HLR)
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Mobility Management procedures
Location Registration (Circuit and Packet Switched)
Location Update (Circuit Switched) IMSI Attach/Detach (Circuit Switched)
Routing Area Update (Packet Switched)
Cell Attach/Detach (Packet Switched)
Location Info Retrieval (Circuit and Packet Switched)
Paging (Circuit Switched)
Paging (Packet Switched)
Authentication Procedure (Circuit/Packet Switched)
Ciphering Procedure (Circuit/Packet Switched)
UE Identity Checking (Circuit/Packet Switched)
UE Hardware (IMEI) Checking (Circuit/Packet Switched)
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Session Management
Mobility Management (MM)
Session Management (SM)
Communication Management (CM)
Radio Resource Management (RRM)
UE RAN CN
FiberFiber
AXC
ATM Access
Internet
RAN (UTRAN & GERAN) Core Network
Control Plane
Gateway Plane
PSTN2G
SGSN
3G
SGSN GGSNRNC
BSC
Node B
Node B
Node B
HLR
&AuCEIR
3GMSC
SCEPSMSC
BTS
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Gaining initial access to the network
3GSGSN
3GMSC
RNC
HLR
Previous cell is tried and if not therethe terminal scans frequencies and
applies codes. If possible homenetwork is selected.
Networks transmitinformation about
themselves(MCC+MNC)
Operator A (frequency 1)
Operator B (frequency 2)
Operator C (frequency 3)
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IMSI Attach when a subscriber is registeredin another VLR
3GSGSN
RNC
HLRAC
EIR3G
MSC
3GMSC
RNC also keeps informationabout subscribers within
the URA.
1. Request Location Update (IMSI Attach)
1,
2. New VLR requests and receives authentication
information and IMSI from previous VLR.
2,
3. Authentication request and response
3,
4. New MSC/VLR updates HLR with new location.HLR sends acknowledgement and subscriberinformation. 4,
6. TMSI/TMUI allocation/acknowledgementand Location Update acknowledgement
6,
5. HLR cancels the old location,old VLR sends acknowledgement
5,
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Requesting a bearer
3GSGSN
3GMSC
RNC
HLR1. Mobile sends a request for a bearer(on RACH and listens for reply)
2. RNC will allocate a bearer for thesubscriber
Mobile in idle mode andcamping on a cell.
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Authentication
3GSGSN
3GMSC
RNC
HLR
The HLR contains information on thesubscriber, terminal, location and
services. Authentication codes andkeys are stored and generated in the
AuC
The SIM and terminalcontain authentication keys
The IMSI and IMEI are checked
(optional and at a changeable interval)
Information is checked from the HLR
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Authentication Data Request andAuthentication Data Response
VLR AuC
RAND K SQN
XRES AUTN CK IK
IMSI
RAND, AUTN, XRES, CK, IK
SGSN
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User Authentication
VLR
RAND, AUTN
RES
RAND K AUTN
RES SQN CK IK
UE SGSN
VLR/SGSN checkswhether RES = XRES
UE checks whether theSQN is big enough
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Ciphering on radio path
3GSGSN
3G
MSC
RNC
HLR
Authentication codes are used tocreate a signal which is
scrambled with the data. It isalmost impossible to decode thesignal without knowing the keys
Ciphering is performed inthe RNC and the mobile
In UMTS, multiple air-interfacechannels are used in theconnection to the mobile
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AuthenticationSummary
AKA Algorithms
K SQNAuC
Authentication Vectors
Encryption and IntegrityProtection Algorithms
Encryption and IntegrityProtection Algorithms
AKA Algorithms
K SQNUSIM
CK PS , IKPSCK CS , IKCS
CK PS , IKPSCK CS , IKCS
RAND, AUTNRES Securecommunication
VLR SGSN
AuC
RNC
ME
USIM
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UE BS BSCRNC BTS MSMSC/VLRMSC/VLR HLR
9. HLR Enquiry
10. Send Routing Information (MSRN)
11. Call Setup Continues
13. Paging Response
14. Setup
15. Call Confirmed/Alert16. Conversation
5. Call Setup
7. RAB Setup / Radio Link Modification
6. Bearer Assignment Request (Create) - Bearer Parameters and Binding ID
8. Bearer Assignment Complete
4. RRC Setup Complete
2. Radio Link Setup
3. Radio Resource Connection Setup
1. Radio Resource Connection Request
12. Paging
Simplified UMTS-GSM call setup
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Simplified steps - PDP Context Activation
UE BS RNC 3G-SGSN DNS GGSN-1
GTP PDU
12. Bearer Assignment Complete
1. Radio Resource Connection Request
2. Radio Link Setup
3. Radio Resource Connection Setup / Complete
4. PDP-Context Activation Request: Access Point Name (APN), QoS, IP Address
11. RAB Setup / Radio Link Modification
13. PDP Context Activation Accept: NSAPI, given dynamic IP-address, offered QoS
10. Bearer Assignment Request (Create): NSAPI, offered QoS
5. Authentication
8. Create PDP Context Request; APN, Dynamic IP Address
PDP PDU
6. GGSN address resolution Request (APN)
7. GGSN address resolution Response (192.10.45.1 = GGSN-1)
9. Create PDP Context Response; Dyn. IP-address, Charging Id
GGSN selects theAccess Point andassigns dynamic IPAddress
GTP PDU
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Packet states
- PDP Context Activation - PDP Context Deactivation(last)
- Packet Data Detach
- PDP Context Activation Rejected
- PDP Context Activation- PDP Context Modification- PDP Context Deactivation
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GTP - GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
User
packetUser
Packet
Userpacket
Userpacket
GGSN
The stream of containersformin a tunnel.
Userpacket
3G-
SGSN
RNC
The stream of containersform a 'tunnel'
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UE BS RNC 3G-SGSN
1. PDP Context Deactivation Request
2. PDP Context Deactivation Accept
3. Bearer Assignment Request(Release)
4. Radio Link Release
5. Bearer Assignment Complete(Release)
De-activation of PDP ContextReleasing of bearer
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Communication Management
Network ApplicationIntelligence
Connection
Service and customer
application control
Subscriber's service profile
- location information
- billing of service
- push control
- personalisation- etc...
Security
Mobility
Charging information collection
End user application Email
MO-MT SMS
etc...
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Call control
I II III
Fail:- Unsuccessful Setup- Restrictions- Unreasonable Numbers
Fail:- Wrong Dialling
- InterWorking FailureFail:- Circuits Not Available- Service Not Supported
Number Analysis Routing
Charging
A call coming in A call going out
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Collection of charging data
RNC
Billing Centre
Charging Gateway
HLR
3GSGSN
3G
MSC
GGSN
CDR (Charging DataRecords) are sent to the
Billing Centre
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Handling emergency calls
RNC
HLR
3GMSC
The MSC defines if calls areallowed and where they
should be routed to, basedupon location
3GSGSN
GGSN
To differentregional call
centres
No checking is done (alsoSIM does not need to be
active) to make emergencycall
Location Based Server
If location based services areused, then the emergencyservices can gain accurate
information on thesubscriber's location
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3G/UMTS Traffic Management
Review Questions
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Review
1. In which network elements is security related information located?
a. USIM
b. RNC
c. AuC
d. SGSN
e. Node B
f. non of all above
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2. Which parameter identifies the subscriber?
a. IMSI
b. IMEI
c. MCC
d. P-TMSI
e. TMSI
f. PIN
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3. Which location information is known in the UE?
a. LA
b. RA
c. URA
d. 3G-MSC supply area
e. 3G-SGSN supply area
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4. Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of a UMTS bearer?
a. Variable data rateb. Transparent through the RAN
c. Different lengths of delay
d. Asymmetric connection
e. None of the above
Review
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Used by the CN CS Domain
______________________
Used by the CN PS Domain
______________________
Used in the RNC
______________________
What otherinformation is kept?
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
ReviewUTRAN Registration Areas
Routing Areas
Location Areas
Cell ID
Positioning Service
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6. Which of the following sentences about location update is NOT true?
a. IMSI attach is always made when the terminal is switched on.
b. Location/routing Area update takes place when a subscriber moves
between LAs and/or RAs.
c. Periodic location updates are not used in UMTS.
d. None of the above.
7. TRUE or FALSE
The URA (UTRAN Registration Area) is used by the core network to keep track
of subscribers in the network.
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7. Which of the following sentences about the RRC (Radio Resource
Connection) is true?a. It is only used in GPRS networks.
b. It is a collection of radio access bearers over the air interface.
c. It is a wireless protocol.
d. All of the above.
9. The operation of requesting a subscriber to contact the network iscalled:
a. IMSI attach
b. Location updatec. Paging
d. Bearer allocation
8
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10. Which of the following sentences best describes authentication:
a. Security of the user information on the air interface
b. IMSI and IMEI checkingc. Supplementary service status checking (by the subscriber)
d. A process used by the GGSN to determine firewall access
11. In UMTS a terminal has two states, idle and connected.In the following list, identify which state the mobile is in.
a. The mobile is in _______________mode when it is camping on a
cell.
b. The mobile is in _______________mode when it does not have
any connection state.c. If data is being transferred from the packet core to the mobile,
then the state is _______________.
Review
Idle
Idle
Connected
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12. During a PDP context activation process, which
information is transmitted from the UE to the SGSN?
a. APN
b. PDPc. GGSN address
d. DNS address
e. TID
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13. When a subscriber triggers an event in the network (e.g. a call), aCDR is generated. What is a CDR?
a. Charging data record which is sent to a Billing/Charging Centreb. Caller digital reset to the MSCc. Customer data receipt, which is a bill that is sent to the customerd. All of the above
14. True or FalseSMS messages can be sent via the SGSN.
Review