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CHAPTER 4: REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH

and

Diagram: Regulating of hormonal in menstrual cycle

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Ovary

Oestrogen

Progesterone

Uterus

Day 12 14Day 1 11

Day 14 - 28

Positive

feedback

Negative

feedback

High

High

Low

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ReleaseRelease

Inhibit

Day 1 11

&Hypothalamus GnRH Pituitary gland

LH

FSH

Follicle

OestrogenOestrogen & Progesteron

Negatitive

Relatively

low

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SecretePositive feedback

Cause

Promote developmentStimulate

Inhibit

Secrete

SecreteDay 12 14

&

Day 14 28

Oestrogen increases Hypothalamus GnRH increases

FSH increases

LH increases

Ovulation

FSH & LH increases Ovulation Corpus luteumProgesterone &

Oestrogen

Hypothalamus &

Pituitary glandFSH & LH

Negatitive

Feedback

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MODULE : P3

6

Hormone LHHormone FSH

7

3

1. FSH is secreted stimulate the development of follicles

(at the same time menstruation occurs)

2. follicles produce oestrogen but in a small amount, as the

follicle larger, oestrogen increases

3. cause

increase sectretion of GnRH

FSH increases 4. LH inreases

5. corpus luteum produce progesterone and oestrogen

6. implantation

7. if no implantation, corpus luteum degenerating

8. progesterone & oestrogen decreases

9. endometrium wall break down

5

2

8

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Diagram: Double Fertilisation in Plant

1. Pollen rain erminates2. sugar stimulate germination

4. pollen tube grows into the style

3. form pollen tube

Tube nucleus

5. generative nucleus

divides by mitosis

Stigma

Ovary

Tube nucleus

Integument

6. Penetrate the ovule throu h micro le

8. 1 male nuclei + egg

cell

7. 1 male nuclei + 2 polar

nuclei

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Fertilisation(P5)

Parental Phenotype (P1)

Tall

(Heterozygote)

Tall

(Heterozygote)

Parental Genotype (P2) Tt T t

Gametes (P4) T t T t

F1 Genotype (P6) TT Tt Tt tt

F1Phenotype (P7) Tall Tall Tall Dwarf

Genotype ratio (P8) 1TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt

Phenotype ratio (P9) 3Tall : 1 Dwarf

Key: (P10)

T allele for tall

T allele for

dwarf

Diagram: Schematic Diagram for monohybrid

Meiosis (P3)

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Cell containing gene

1. Isolation of

plasmid DNAPlasmid

Bacterial

chromosom

Bacterium

2. Gene of interest is cut using an

4. Plasmid put into bacterial cell

3. Gene inserted into plasmid

5. Recombinant bacterium is cultured

6. Identify bacteria carrying gene of interest

Plasmid recombinant

Bactrium

Culturel medium

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