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Drawing and Presentation
Soledad Garcia Ferrari
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Technical drawings
There are two different methods of producing technicaldrawings: hand drawing andCAD or similar
Hand drawing is carried out in special drawing boards fitted with sliding
rulers set at right angles or with drawing rails fitted on to a desktop. Both allowdrawing lines parallelor at right angles
Hand drawings are usually made with pencils or ink pens.Pencils are available in various hardness grades, which affect the thickness or
visual effect of a line: the harder the pencil, the finer the line. Ink Pens exist in
various forms. Various grades of pencils are needed fordrawings to be able to make lines of different widths
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A variety of rulers, protractors, triangles, set squares,
templatesand
stencilsare available to make drawing simpler.
CADdrawings are made using a computer. A Computer AidedDesignprogramme is needed and these are intended also for constructionand detailed drawing. There are various programmes on the market.
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Top view and Roof plan
Top viewdrawings
present a viewor projection of
the building
seen from
above.
Roofplansare
also important
to define the
buildingsposition on the
plot.
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Plan view
A plan shows asingle floor of the
building at aheight of about 1
to 1.5m above
the floor to
include as manydoors and
windows in themasonry as
possible
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The Box 1942 Lissma, SwedenFor Ralph and Ruth Erskine
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Plan views are generally designated according to the floor (orlevel) they apply to (e.g. cellar floor, ground floor, 1stfloor, 2ndfloor,
etc.)
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Elevation
Elevations show the outside of the building with all its apertures.They provide information about the relationship between the building and
its environment, its form and proportions and the construction type and
material qualities that where applicable. Along with the plan views
and sections, elevationscomplete the overall design.
Geometrically, elevations are parallel projections, seen from theside, onto a building faade. The projection lines run at right angles to
the projection plane, so offset sections are not shown in their true size.
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An elevation generallyshows the immediate surroundings, with thelie of the terrain and links to an existing building development where
appropriate.
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Elevations are identified according to their position on a point of the
compass. The north arrow on the location planand on the planviewsdefines the orientation of the building
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Moore House
Pebble Beach
California USA
1954-1955
Ink/watercolour
760x570mm
Built for his mother.
Japanese inspired.
4x17m + 4x7 porch
68m2+ 28m2=96m2
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Bonham House
Santa Cruz CA USA
1961-1962
Ink/watercolour
760x570mm
Charles W. Moore
With Warren Fuller
50m2+15m2=65m2
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Section
A section is created by making a vertical cut through a building andconsidering this as a view in parallel projection. Sections are
intended to provide information about floor heights, material quality and
the building materials to be used for the planned building.
The section line must be entered on the plan viewor all plan
views. It is identified by a thick dash-dot line and is accompanied by asymbol indicating the direction of view. Arrows and two capital letters of
equal size fix the direction and the designation of the section. Generally
section A-A, B-B or C-C
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Important elements shown in a section include the structure of theroof, the floors and ceilings, the foundations, and the walls with theirapertures. The sectionshould also show access to the building via
stairs, lift, ramp, etc.
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Sections taken parallel through a main axis of the building are called
longitudinaland cross sections. A longitudinalsectioncuts the building along the longer side and a cross
sectionalong the shorter.
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Axonometric projections
Axonometric projections are plan views or views with a thirdplane added height. They are generally used as three-dimensional
views at the planning stage and give a spatial impressionof thebuilding. They are used as construction drawings only in exceptional
cases for example to show the design of a particular detail.
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Perspective drawingsdiffer from axonometric,
isometricand dimetricprojections in that they do not
present the lines lying on an axis
as parallel but in perspective.
Isometric diagram
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Jobson House 1961Palo Colorado Canyon, California
Charles Moore with Peter Hopkinson
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Villa Savoye Le Corbusier
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Paper formats and types
There are various paper formatsbased on a page ratio of 1:V2.The advantage of this page ratio is that a large sheet can always be
divided into smaller formats without waste.
There are also various paper types.Tracing paperis used forhand drawings as it has the advantage that other drawings can beplaced underneath it to be traced. Tracing paper also facilitates
duplicating the original drawing simply using blueprints. For technical
drawing made with CAD programmes, normal white paperin roll or
sheet form, is usually used for plotting. Coated papersor
photographic glossy papersare often used for presentationdrawings as they have high-quality surface.
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Scale
Every type of drawing mentioned is a reduction in a certain ratio of the
built reality, i.e. it is drawn on a particular scale. The scale
used must be marked on every drawing in the form: Scale 1:100
Ascale describes the relationship between the dimensions of anelement in a drawing and in the real size or original scale. There is a
distinction between: original scaleas the natural scale;
enlarged scalein which the element is drawn largerthan its
natural size by a certain multiple; and reduced scalein which theelement is drawn smallerthan its actual size by a certain multiple
A wall drawn on a scale 1:100 will be 100 times smaller than theoriginal.
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General conventions: location plansand rough surveys are oftendrawn on a scale of 1:500 or 1:1000, design drawingson scales
of 1:200 or 1:100. For working plans, the scales of 1:50, 1:25,1:20, 1:10, 1:5, 1:2 and 1:1 are used
Converting scales: if a wall 5.5m long is to be represented on the scaleof 1:50, its length must be divided by its reduction factor: thus 5.5m/
50=0.11m. The length drawn is thus 11cm.
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Lines
A technical drawing consists of lines which differentiate things accordingto their type and width.
There are four principal types of lines: the unbroken line, the
dashed line, the dash-dot lineand the dotted line
The followingline widths are used: 0.13 mm, 0.18 mm, 0.25 mm,
0.35 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1 mm, 1.4 mm, 2 mm
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unbroken lineis used for all visible objects and visible edges ofbuilding sections. When parts of a building are cut in sections on the
scale of 1:200 or 1:100, unbroken lines 0.25-0.5 mm wide are generallyused. On scales from 1:50, a width of 0.7-1.0 mm is recommended.
Unbroken lines for auxiliary constructions, dimension lines or secondary
top or plan views are drawn more finely: 0.18-0.25 mm wide for a scaleof 1:200 or 1:100, and 0.25-0.5 mm from 1:50
dashed linesare used for concealed edges if building parts (e.g.the under-step when drawing a stair) in line width of 0.25-0.35 mm for
scales of 1:200 and 1:100, and 0.5-0.7 mm for scales from 1:50
dash-dot linesdefine axes and section runs. A section run needsto be immediately recognised on the drawing, they are drawn at a line
width of 0.5 mm for scales of 1:200 and 1:100, and 1 mm for scales from
1:50. Axes are usually drawn in lines 0.18-0.25 mm wide for scales of1:200 and 1:100, and 0.35-0.5 mm for scales from 1:50
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dotted linesidentify the edges of building section that can no longerbe represented because they are placed behind the section plane. Here
a line width of 0.25-0.35 mm is used for scales of 1:200 and 1:100, and0.5-0.7 mm for scales from 1:50
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Hatching
Hatchingis intended to simplify representing individual elements in adrawing and to make them more intelligible. It appears in section plans and
provide information about the nature of the representation, and the qualitiesof the materials and components used in the planning. Different types of
hatching represent the material used. Hatching can be represented aslines, dots, grids or geometrical figures.
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C. Ferrater
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C. Ferrater
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Sea Ranch
Condominium
1963-1965Charles W.Moore,
Donlyn Lyndon, WilliamTurnbull, RichardWhitaker (MLTW)
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Presentation
To present a design,presentation plans are preparedindependently of the classical construction drawings. Presentation
plans are usually drawn up after a preliminary design has been
completed. These are intended to explain the design ideaand
concept
It is important to be able to understand design conceptsandideas quickly. If it is the case of a design competition it would be
necessary to think ways in which the ideas make a clear impacton
the jury as well as making the design stand out from other submissions.
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As well as classical elements such as location plans, plan
views, sections and elevations, presentation plansoften containthree-dimensional representations of
interiors and exteriors. Photographic elementsmay also helpto represent the design idea or the functional context of the design.
Plans submitted are usually confined to the particular scale.However for presentations there is a greater degree of freedom
than fortechnical construction drawings. Dimensions canbe reduced to a minimum, structural elements represented graphically,
or the whole scope of a drawing can be reduced essentially to elements
of composition. There are no limits on creativity. Howeverclarity and accessibility for the person looking at the work are essential.
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the end