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09Feb20 1 Cell Structure Lecture 04 At the end of this series of lectures you should be able to: Define terms. Explain cell theory. Describe the relative sizes of objects in biology. Explain why most cells are small. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Describe the structure and function of the parts of typical plant and animal cells. Discuss the theory of endosymbiosis. Objectives 1 2

04 Cell Structure Presentation - Rob Channell · Lecture 04 At the end of this series of lectures you should be able to: Define terms. ... Protists/Protozoa Contractile vacuoles that

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Page 1: 04 Cell Structure Presentation - Rob Channell · Lecture 04 At the end of this series of lectures you should be able to: Define terms. ... Protists/Protozoa Contractile vacuoles that

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Cell StructureLecture 04

At the end of this series of lectures you should be able to: 

Define terms.

Explain cell theory.

Describe the relative sizes of objects in biology.

Explain why most cells are small.

Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 

Describe the structure and function of the parts of typical plant and animal cells. 

Discuss the theory of endosymbiosis. 

Objectives

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1 meter (m)

1 centimeter = 0.01 m

1 millimeter = 0.001 m or 10‐3m 

1 micrometer = 0.000001 m or 10‐6m

1 nanometer = 0.000000001 m 10‐9m

Relative Sizes

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http://htwins.net/scale2/

Cell Theory

All organisms are made up of cells.

Cells are the smallest units of life 

Cells come only from preexisting cells.

Cells do things. 

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Have to be large enough to contain all of the materials that they need to do their job. 

Need to be relatively small to have a large surface to volume ratio. 

Efficient transfer of materials into and out of the cell. 

Most Cells are Small

Figure 4.7

Jeffrey Mahr, CC BY 3.0, http://cnx.org/contents/263caa9c‐31e1‐4c8a‐80ea‐afdc47b43228@2

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells Nucleoid – no membrane

Small 

No internal compartments

DNA circular

Bacteria and Archea

Eukaryotic cells

Membrane bound nucleus

Large

Internal compartments

DNA linear

Membranous organelles

Protozoa, Fungi, Plants and Animals.

The structures and organelles perform four basic functions.

Genetic control of the cell Nucleus and ribosomes 

Manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and 

peroxisomes

Energy processing Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Structural support, movement, and communication Cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall

Eukaryotic 

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Plant vs. Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Cell wall

Chloroplasts

Vacuole

Animal Cells

Lysosomes

Centrioles

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Plasma Membrane

Function

Keeps the cell intact. 

Regulates what enters and exits the cell. 

Is semipermeable – some things can enter the cell others are blocked.

Made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins (Fluid mosaic model)

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Cytoplasm

The portion of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

A semifluid medium made mostly of water and dissolved or suspended molecules.

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Contains the DNA

Controls the cell activities by directing protein synthesis. 

A dark structure in the nucleus – nucleolus

Synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Enclosed in a double membrane – nuclear envelope.

Perforated – nuclear pores

Nucleus

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Site of protein synthesis

Made of rRNA and protein

Free in the cytoplasm or attached (bound) to the endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER). 

Ribosome

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Jeffrey Mahr, CC BY 3.0, http://cnx.org/contents/b848f154‐6e98‐4237‐9c03‐7cb75a0d1905@1

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Membranous tubules and sacs

Two types

Smooth ER – No attached/bound ribosomes

Synthesis of many types of lipids

Rough ER – Attached/bound ribosomes

The ribosomes produce proteins that are embedded in the membrane, transported to other organelles, or secreted by the cell. 

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Golgi Apparatus 

Slightly curved stack of large flattened vesicles. (Stack of pancakes) 

The Golgi apparatus serves as storage and finishing facility for products from the ER.

Products travel in vesicles from the ER to the Golgi.

Contains enzymes that modify proteins and lipids. 

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Lyososomes

Lysosomes help digest food particles engulfed by a cell.

A food vacuole binds with a lysosome.

The enzymes in the lysosome digest the food.

The nutrients are then released into the cell.

Lysosomes also help remove or recycle damaged parts of a cell.

Large vesicles that have a variety of functions.

Protists/Protozoa

Contractile vacuoles that eliminate excess water.

Plants

Digestive functions

Contain pigments

Contain toxins for protection or storage

Vacuoles

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Break down fatty acids to use as fuels

Detoxifiy materials

Peroxisomes

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Mitochondria

Site of most ATP synthesis ‐‐ Converts energy from glucose to ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Aerobic cellular respiration

Small peanut‐shaped organelles Double membrane 

Outer membrane is smooth Inner membrane is heavily folded – folds are called cristae.   The inner most portion is the matrix. 

Endosymbiosis DNA, ribosomes (type), double membrane, antibiotics

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Chloroplast

Occurs in plants and some protists. 

Where photosynthesis  occurs ‐‐ convert  solar energy to chemical energy . 

Double membrane

Thylakoid – flattened sacs with chlorophyll

Granum – a stack of thylakoids

Stroma ‐‐ thickened fluid that surrounds the  granum

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Cytoskeleton

A network of filaments and microtubules 

Similar to an animal’s skeleton

Provides structure and movement. 

Can change shape and configuration.

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Movement

Flagellum

Cilia (Cilium)

Psuedopodium

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