04-Atoms Molecules Ions Etc

7/27/2019 04-Atoms Molecules Ions Etc

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Drill:

Calculate the mass in kg of

material with a density of7.50 g/mL in a 2.0 m x 500.0

mm 4.00 x 105mm container. 1 cm3 = 1 mL


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Chapter 2

Atoms,

Molecules, &Ions


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Atomic Theory Elements composed of atoms

Atoms cant be changed

Compounds of multiple atoms

John Dalton


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Conservation of MassIn ordinary chemical

reactions, matter can

be neither created nordestroyed


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Constant

Composition

Compounds contain

elements that are alwaysin the same proportions


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Multiple Proportions

The elements making

up a compound will

form whole numberratios


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AtomThe smallest particle that

an element can be brokendown into and still

maintain the properties

of the element


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Nuclear AtomProved by

Rutherford & Bohr

in the famous goldfoil experiments


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Atomic Composition

Proton: in the nucleus

Neutron: in the nucleus

Electron: outside thenucleus


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ProtonIn Nucleus

+1 charge

About 1 amu in mass


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NeutronIn nucleus

Neutral in charge

Mass is about 1 amu


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ElectronOutside the nucleus

-1 in charge

Negligible massabout 1/2000 amu


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Electron ChargeDetermined by

Robert Milliken in

the famous oildroplet experiment


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Drill: Convert:

1) 23 cm/ms to km/ns2) 56 mg/nL to kg/ML


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Atomic NumberThe number of

protons in an

element

Z number


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Mass NumberThe number of

protons and

neutrons in an atom

A - number


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Nuclear Symbol A 4

X He Z 2


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Isotopes

Atoms that contain the

same number of protons,but different number of

neutrons

Z constant A variable


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Periodic TableGraphic representation

of all the elementsindicating size, charge,

electronic structure, &reactivity


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PeriodsRows which

indicate energy

level or shell orsize of the atoms


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Groups or Families

Columns which indicate

the number of electronsin the outermost energylevel determining

charge & reactivity


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Metals

Left three quarters of

the chart

Lose electrons

Become positive


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NonmetalsUpper right portionGain, lose, or share

electrons when theyreact


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MetalloidsAlong the stair-steppedline from B to At

Share properties ofmetals & nonmetals


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RadioactivityThe spontaneous

breakdown of an

unstable nucleus


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Radioactive

Decay

Alpha radiation

Beta radiationGamma radiation


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Alpha ParticleHelium nucleus2 protons & two neutrons

mass = 4 & charge = +2

Low penetrating power


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Beta ParticleHigh speed electron

Mass = 0 & charge = -1

Medium penetrating power


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Gamma RaysHigh energy

electromagnetic waveNo mass or charge

Very high penetratingpower


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Drill:List & describeeach of the three

radioactiveparticles


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CompoundA group of atoms

that are chemically

combined


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MoleculeA compoundthat can exist

by itself


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Diatomic MoleculeTwo atoms of the same

element that are

chemically combinedCl2, F2, O2


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IonCharged Particle

Cl-1


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Polyatomic IonA group of atoms

chemically combined

that together has a chargeSO4

-2


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Binary CompoundA compound made up of

two elements in any ratio

NaClMg

3P

2


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Chemical FormulaA formula that shows the

number and kinds of

atoms in a compoundCaCO3


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Molecular Formula

A formula that shows

the number and kindsof atoms in a molecule

C6H12O6


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Atomic StructureList & describe the

three subatomic

particles


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Atomic StructureFill in the Chart:

Isotope protons neutrons electrons

U-235 - - -

- 56 80 -

- - 14 13


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Calculate the atomic mass of

the element made up of thefollowing isotopes:

99.50 % H-1

0.30 % H-20.20 % H-3


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Calculate the atomic mass of

the element made up of thefollowing isotopes:

5.0 % Pu-242, 5.0 % Pu-243

80.0 % Pu-244, &10.0 % Pu-245


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Determine the number

of of atoms in each

compoundC6H12O6 NaNO3

H3PO4 Al2(SO4)3


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List & describe

each of the three

types of radiation


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Chapter 2 GeneralDefine all the Key

Terms on page 48


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Nuclear SymbolsWork problems:

11 - 18

on page 50


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Nuclear SymbolsWork problems:

19 - 24

on page 50


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Elements & PTWork problems:

27 - 88

on page 51


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NomenclatureWork problems:

45 - 48

on page 51


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NomenclatureWork problems:

55 & 56

on page 52

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04-Atoms Molecules Ions Etc