ABSTRCT

As a renewable energy resource, wind has lots going for it - but one major

downside is the cost to set up the wind turbines themselves, not to mention the

problematic visual impact and the noise pollution it generates (often likened to a small jet

engine, especially for those living close by). However, Vibro-Wind space-saving

prototype that will harness wind power more cheaply and efficiently - by transforming the

wind's vibrations into electricity.

A 'vibro-wind' panel fitted with foam oscillators which convert and store the

mechanical energy of wind vibrations into electric energy. It's done with the help of a

piezoelectric transducer, which is a ceramic of polymer device that releases electrons

when stress is applied.

Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably crystals, certain ceramics, and

biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) to generate an electric field or

electric potential in response to applied mechanical stress.

Compared to your regular wind turbine, the piezoelectric vibro-wind panel requires

a lot less space and money to install.

Vibration energy harvesting has been around for a while, with recent related

concepts that include the harvesting of crowd energy, along with inventions that could

transform the mechanical energy from human motion to power gadgets. With ideas like

this vibro-wind panel, it would be wonderful to someday see wind energy harvesting

integrated into many aspects of everyday life , with vibro-wind panels on your roof, much

like solar panels, or portable apparatuses that could power your electronics or vehicle as

you move.

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INTRODUCTION

‘Vibro-wind’ denotes the harvesting of energy from the wind as it flows around

vibrating structures and is an emerging alternative to conventional rotary wind turbines.

The basic science involves wind-induced vibration due to the non-linear fluid flow and

vortices around flexible bodies and structures. Two key problems in this technology are:

(1) how to convert wind energy into vibratory mechanical energy and (2) how to maximise

mechanical energy conversion into electrical energy and storage from the vibration of a

large array of hundreds of oscillators. A target application is for architectural facades in

buildings, similar to, and as a complement to, solar energy panels.

Wind turbines are a common sight along the highway in parts of the country with more

space than people. But there aren't many wind turbines in heavily populated areas.

Cities have just as much wind as rural areas, but the space is less plentiful. To harness the

wind energy in places without enough space for the 30-foot long blades of a wind turbine

The idea is to make wind energy a possibility for people in every part of the country.

Researchers want to bring wind energy from the farms to people's roofs, the way it's

possible to install solar panels on your house.

It still takes a true altruist to install solar panels on their roofs, however. While the

price of a kilowatt hour of wind energy has dropped steadily to prices that rival coal, the

average price of a kilowatt hour of solar energy is still much higher.

And it's expensive to build a wind turbine of any size. The vibro-wind panels, as

they're called, are inexpensive and don't take up a lot of space. They work by converting

the vibrations from blowing wind into electricity. Converting the mechanical energy of

motion into electricity requires a piezoelectric transducer, a device made of a ceramic or

polymer that emits electrons when stressed.

The team's prototype is made of a grid of foam pieces, each one containing a

piezoelectric transducer. When the wind blows, the foam pieces vibrate and put stress on

the piezoelectric device. Electrons are generated and travel down wires to a battery.

The foam pieces are sensitive enough to capture energy from the gentlest of

breezes. As if finding an inexpensive and convenient method of providing renewable

energy weren't enough of a challenge, researchers also had to integrate the panels with the

design of the buildings they were placed on.More research still needs to be done, but early

findings show wind vibration energy is a source of hope for finding a way to getting cheap

and sustainable energy in populated areas.

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VIBRO WIND ENERGY HARVESTING PROTOTYPE:

VIBRO WIND POWER PLANT

With the current talk about global warming, and the impact of carbon emissions on

our planet, focus is now shifting to green energy, and wind electricity has reigned supreme

in this regard. People, organizations, and even governments are investing heavily in

coming up with wind turbines to generate the much needed electricity. However,

traditionally wind energy has been associated with huge installation costs, expensive

turbines, and so forth. In this regard, researchers have come up with the less expensive

Vibro wind set up, which uses less space, is not as expensive, and produces much

electricity.

These Vibro wind panels will work like the solar panels do, where they will be

fitted on top of buildings, where they will not only generate electricity, but will also

convert even minor wind breezes. Unlike windmills and turbines that need plenty of space

for them to be installed, the Vibro wind panels will herald a new dawn, where smaller and

equally effective wind set ups will be used. It is worth noting that this project is being

done in conjunction with engineers and architects, to ensure that it does not flop. This is

also meant to ensure that the mechanical energy is easily converted to electrical energy.

Conversion of the mechanical energy to electrical energy is being made possible by using

a piezoelectric transducer.

The transducer used is a type of device which is usually made of ceramic or even

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polymer. Basically, it works by emitting some electrons when it is stressed. But the

scientists and researchers developing these Vibro wind set up, are also looking into

alternatives to the piezoelectric transducer. In other words, they are also checking and

evaluating the feasibility of using electromagnetic coils rather than the transducer.

However, the advantages and disadvantages of using the latter are still being accessed,

before a final decision is made.

The truth of the matter is that Vibration energy has been there for many years now,

only that governments and policy makers have not accorded the necessary resources in

making it better. But this form of generating electricity is ideal since it is clean, renewable,

and does not pollute the environment in the slightest way. Once complete, this project has

the ability to provide many households with clean and affordable electricity. Besides, it

could set the precedent for better things to come, since the technology could be used

elsewhere. Analysts observe that in the near future, soldiers for example will not need the

heavy and bulky batteries they carry, and instead, they will make use of electrical energy

as they drive. Even civil engineers, who usually rig buildings with sensors that can detect

fires, may rely on vibration energy too to power those sensors. Otherwise, vibration

energy is not a difficult concept, and is the same energy contained when a wind blows, and

the leaves move and flutter much electricity.

wind energy generator that vibrates in the wind rather than cutting the breeze like a

turbine. Dubbed Vibro-Wind, the design consists of a series of pads attached to

piezoelectric cells that generate current when the pads flutter in the wind. This low-impact

design could revolutionize localized renewable energy while providing a safer alternative

to bird and bat-unfriendly turbines.Each of the Vibro-Wind’s individual pads generates

just a trickle of energy, but when framed in an array they’re capable of producing a

significant amount of usable electricity.

They can be easily attached to the facades of large buildings (where there is a

constant breeze) or to any outdoor surface. And because turbulence does not negatively

affect the amount of energy produced, the oscillating wind panels can be placed in all

kinds of places you would never dream of putting a traditional airfoil-based wind

generator.Whereas traditional wind turbines have raised concerns about noise and are

disruptive to bats and birds, the Vibro-Wind offers a low-impact, nearly silent alternative.

While it won’t replace traditional wind turbines, the technology could broaden the

applications of wind energy to places we never thought possible.

4

WORKING PRINCIPLE

PIEZOELECTRICITY

Piezoelectricity is the charge which accumulates in certain solid materials (notably

crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins)

in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity

resulting from pressure. It is derived from the Greek piezo or piezein which means to

squeeze or press, and electric or electron which stands for amber, an ancient source of

electric charge. Piezoelectricity is the direct result of the piezoelectric effect.

The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction

between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion

symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the

direct piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an

applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal

generation of a mechanical force resulting from an applied electrical field). For example,

lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static

structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those same

crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is

applied to the material.

Piezoelectricity is found in useful applications such as the production and detection

of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, microbalances, and

ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scientific

instrumental techniques with atomic resolution, the scanning probe microscopies such as

STM, AFM, MTA, SNOM, etc., and everyday uses such as acting as the ignition source

for cigarette lighters and push-start propane barbecues.

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VIBRATION CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY & ITS

IMPACT

Introduction:-

With the growing demands of human needs the utilisation of conventional energy

has increased tremendously. Consequently environmental issues like global warming etc.

have risen. Keeping these facts in view this model has been prepared to present an idea on

how the daily energy requirement can be fulfilled in a more practical, feasible and

economical way by converting mechanical energy of vibration into electric energy.

Conservation and Utilization of Natural Resources.

This present model ensures the reduction in the use of coal and other sources of

energy.

By the reduction in the consumption of coal, its reserves will last for a longer time in

earth and will give service to mankind for a longer time.

This will save a huge amount of money which the government spends for purchasing

power for street light.

It can reduce the vibration and noise from our society.

Scientific Principle Involved

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting is based upon the piezoelectric effect. The essence

of the piezoelectric effect works as follows: by applying a mechanical stress to a crystal,

one can generate a voltage or potential energy difference, and thus a current.

Piezoelectric materials can become electrically polarized or undergo a change in

Polarization when subjected to a stress because the slight change in the dimension of a

Piezoelectric material results in the variation in bond lengths between cat ions and anions

caused by stress. This phenomenon was discovered on many crystals, for instance,

Tourmaline, topaz, quartz, Rochelle salt, and cane sugar, by Jacques and Pierre Curie

brothers in 1880, and named as piezoelectricity or piezoelectric effect, which describes a

relationship between stress and voltage. Conversely, a piezoelectric material will have a

change in dimension when it is exposed in an electric field. This inverse mechanism is

called electrostriction. Those devices utilizing the piezoelectric effect to convert

Mechanical strains into electricity are called transducers.

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Piezoelectric generator principle:-The vibrations energy harvesting principle using piezoelectric materials is

illustrated below. The conversion chain starts with a mechanical energy source from

vibration. The vibrations are converted into electricity via piezoelectric element. The

electricity produced is thereafter formatted by a static converter before supplying a storage

system or the load (electrical device).

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8

The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction

between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion

symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the

direct piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an

applied mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal

generation of a mechanical force resulting from an applied electrical field). For example,

9

lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static

structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those same

crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension when an external electric field is

applied to the material.

Piezoelectricity is found in useful applications such as the production and detection

of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency generation, microbalances, and

ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scientific

instrumental techniques with atomic resolution, the scanning probe microscopies such as

STM, AFM, MTA, SNOM, etc., and everyday uses such as acting as the ignhe nature of

the piezoelectric effect is closely related to the occurrence of electric dipole moments in

solids. The latter may either be induced for ions on crystal lattice sites with asymmetric

charge surroundings (as in BaTiO3 and PZTs) or may directly be carried by molecular

groups (as in cane sugar). The dipole density or polarization (dimensionality [Cm/m3] )

may easily be calculated for crystals by summing up the dipole moments per volume of

the crystallographic unit cell. As every dipole is a vector, the dipole density P is also a

vector or a directed quantity. Dipoles near each other tend to be aligned in regions called

Weiss domains. The domains are usually randomly oriented, but can be aligned using the

process of poling (not the same as magnetic poling), a process by which a strong electric

field is applied across the material, usually at elevated temperatures. Not all piezoelectric

materials can be poled.

Of decisive importance for the piezoelectric effect is the change of polarization P

when applying a mechanical stress. This might either be caused by a re-configuration of

the dipole-inducing surrounding or by re-orientation of molecular dipole moments under

the influence of the external stress. Piezoelectricity may then manifest in a variation of the

polarization strength, its direction or both, with the details depending on 1. the orientation

of P within the crystal, 2. crystal symmetry and 3. the applied mechanical stress. The

change in P appears as a variation of surface charge density upon the crystal faces, i.e. as a

variation of the electrical field extending between the faces, since the units of surface

charge density and polarization are the same, [C/m2] = [Cm/m3]. However,

piezoelectricity is not caused by a change in charge density on the surface, but by dipole

density in the bulk. For example, a 1 cm3 cube of quartz with 2 kN (500 lbf) of correctly

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applied force can produce a voltage of 12500 V. Piezoelectric materials also show the

opposite effect, called converse piezoelectric effect, where the application of an electrical

field creates mechanical deformation in the crystal.

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USING THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT

The piezoelectric crystal bends in different ways at different frequencies. This

bending is called the vibration mode. The crystal can be made into various shapes to

achieve different vibration modes. To realize small, cost effective, and high performance

products, several modes have been developed to operate over several frequency ranges.

These modes allow us to make products working in the low kHz range up to the MHz

range. Figure shows the vibration modes and the frequencies over which they can work.An

important group of piezoelectric materials are ceramics.

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MATERIALS EXHIBIT PIEZO ELECTRICITY

Many materials, both natural and man-made, exhibit piezoelectricity:

Naturally-occurring crystals

* Berlinite (AlPO4), a rare phosphate mineral that is structurally identical to quartz

* Cane sugar

* Quartz

* Rochelle salt

* Topaz

* Tourmaline-group minerals

Other natural materials

* Bone: Dry bone exhibits some piezoelectric properties. Studies of Fukada et al.

showed that these are not due to the apatite crystals, which are centrosymmetric, thus non-

piezoelectric, but due to collagen. Collagen exhibits the polar uniaxial orientation of

molecular dipoles in its structure and can be considered as bioelectret, a sort of dielectric

material exhibiting quasipermanent space charge and dipolar charge. Potentials are

thought to occur when a number of collagen molecules are stressed in the same way

displacing significant numbers of the charge carriers from the inside to the surface of the

specimen. Piezoelectricity of single individual collagen fibrils was measured using

piezoresponse force microscopy, and it was shown that collagen fibrils behave

predominantly as shear piezoelectric materials

The piezoelectric effect is generally thought to act as a biological force sensor.This

effect was exploited by research conducted at the University of Pennsylvania in the late

1970s and early 1980s, which established that sustained application of electrical potential

could stimulate both resorption and growth (depending on the polarity) of bone in-vivo.

Further studies in the 1990s provided the mathematical equation to confirm long bone

wave propagation as to that of hexagonal crystals.

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* Tendon

* Silk

* Wood due to piezoelectric texture

* Enamel

* Dentin

Man-made crystals

* Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), a quartz analogic crystal

* Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14), a quartz analogic crystal

Man-made ceramics

Tetragonal unit cell of lead titanate

The family of ceramics with perovskite or tungsten-bronze structures exhibits

piezoelectricity:

* Barium titanate (BaTiO3)—Barium titanate was the first piezoelectric ceramic

discovered.

* Lead titanate (PbTiO3)

* Lead zirconate titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1−x]O3 0≤x≤1)—more commonly known as PZT,

lead zirconate titanate is the most common piezoelectric ceramic in use today.

* Potassium niobate (KNbO3)

* Lithium niobate (LiNbO3)

* Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3)

* Sodium tungstate (Na2WO3)

* Ba2NaNb5O5

* Pb2KNb5O15

Lead-free piezoceramics

More recently, there is growing concern regarding the toxicity in lead-containing devices

driven by the result of restriction of hazardous substances directive regulations. To address

this concern, there has been a resurgence in the compositional development of lead-free

piezoelectric materials.

* Sodium potassium niobate (NaKNb). In 2004, a group of Japanese researchers led by

Yasuyoshi Saito discovered a sodium potassium niobate composition with properties close

to those of PZT, including a high TC

* Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) is also a promising candidate for the replacement of lead-

based ceramics.

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* Sodium niobate NaNbO3

So far, neither the environmental impact nor the stability of supplying these substances

have been confirmed.

Polymers

* Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF): PVDF exhibits piezoelectricity several times greater

than quartz. Unlike ceramics, where the crystal structure of the material creates the

piezoelectric effect, in polymers the intertwined long-chain molecules attract and repel

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HIGH VOLTAGE AND POWER SOURCES

Direct piezoelectricity of some substances like quartz, as mentioned above, can

generate potential differences of thousands of volts.

* The best-known application is the electric cigarette lighter: pressing the button causes

a spring-loaded hammer to hit a piezoelectric crystal, producing a sufficiently high voltage

electric current that flows across a small spark gap, thus heating and igniting the gas. The

portable sparkers used to light gas grills or stoves work the same way, and many types of

gas burners now have built-in piezo-based ignition systems.

* A similar idea is being researched by DARPA in the United States in a project called

Energy Harvesting, which includes an attempt to power battlefield equipment by

piezoelectric generators embedded in soldiers' boots. However, these energy harvesting

sources by association have an impact on the body. DARPA's effort to harness 1-2 watts

from continuous shoe impact while walking were abandoned due to the impracticality and

the discomfort from the additional energy expended by a person wearing the shoes. Other

energy harvesting ideas include harvesting the energy from human movements in train

stations or other public places and converting a dance floor to generate

electricity.Vibrations from industrial machinery can also be harvested by piezoeletric

materials to charge batteries for backup supplies or to power low power microprocessors

and wireless radios.

* A piezoelectric transformer is a type of AC voltage multiplier. Unlike a conventional

transformer, which uses magnetic coupling between input and output, the piezoelectric

transformer uses acoustic coupling. An input voltage is applied across a short length of a

bar of piezoceramic material such as PZT, creating an alternating stress in the bar by the

inverse piezoelectric effect and causing the whole bar to vibrate. The vibration frequency

is chosen to be the resonant frequency of the block, typically in the 100 kilohertz to 1

megahertz range. A higher output voltage is then generated across another section of the

bar by the piezoelectric effect. Step-up ratios of more than 1000:1 have been

demonstrated. An extra feature of this transformer is that, by operating it above its

resonant frequency, it can be made to appear as an inductive load, which is useful in

circuits that require a controlled soft start.These devices can be used in DC-AC inverters

to drive cold cathode fluorescent lamps. Piezo transformers are some of the most compact

high voltage sources.

16

ENERGY STORAGE

A vibrating piezoelectric element generates an AC voltage while the electrochemical

battery needs a stabilized DC voltage. This requires an energy harvesting circuit to ensure

electrical compatibility. In figure , an AC–DC rectifier followed by a filtering capacitance

Ce is added to smooth the DC voltage. A controller placed between the rectifier output and

the battery is included to regulate the output voltage. A simplified energy harvesting

circuit shown in figure is commonly chosen for design analysis. Note that the regulation

circuit and battery are replaced with an equivalent resistor R and Vc is the rectified voltage

across it. The rectifying bridge is assumed to be perfect in the following study.

17

ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE

Using piezoelectric elements to harvest energy from ambient vibration has been of

great interest recently. As the power harvested from the piezoelectric element is relatively

low, energy storage devices are needed to accumulate the energy for intermittent use. In

this study, the energy storage devices considered include rechargeable batteries and

supercapacitors. The traditional electrolytic capacitors are not considered due to their low

energy density. The charge/discharge efficiencies of the energy storage devices are of

major concern. The equivalent circuit model of the energy storage devices is investigated.

It is found that the leakage resistances of the energy storage devices are the dominant

factor that influences the charge/discharge efficiency in the piezoelectric energy

harvesting systems. A quick test method is proposed to experimentally study the

charge/discharge efficiencies of the energy storage devices. The experimental results

verify our findings. Adaptability, lifetime, and charging protection circuit of the energy

storage devices are also discussed. It can be concluded that supercapacitors are suitable

and more desirable than the rechargeable batteries to store the energy in the piezoelectric

energy harvesting systems.

18

ADVANTAGES OF VIBRO WIND GENERATION

TECHNOLOGY OVER TRADITIONAL WIND TURBINES

1.The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliability factor.

In many areas, the winds strength is too low to support a wind turbine or wind farm, and

this is where the use of vibrowind alternatives.

2.Wind turbine construction can be very expensive and costly to surrounding wildlife

during the build process.vibro wind panel contain less space and enviorment friendly

3.The noise pollution from commercial wind turbines is sometimes similar to a small jet

engine. This is fine if you live miles away, where you will hardly notice the noise, but

what if you live within a few hundred meters of a turbineThis is a major disadvantage.

4.It can be implemented in heavily populated areas,but normal windmill contains alot of

space To harness the wind energy in places without enough space for the 30-foot long

blades of a wind turbine

5.It is possible to install farms to people's roofs, the way it's possible to install solar panels

on your house. The vibro-wind panels, as they're called, are inexpensive and don't take up

a lot of space

6.The vibro wind panels are sensitive enough to capture energy from the gentle of breezes.

7.wind vibration energy is a source of hope for finding a way to getting cheap and

sustainable energy in populated areas.

8.traditionally wind energy has been associated with huge installation costs, expensive

turbines, and so forth. In this regard, researchers have come up with the less expensive

Vibro wind set up, which uses less space, is not as expensive, and produces much

electricity.

9 Whereas traditional wind turbines have raised concerns about noise and are disruptive to

bats and birds, the Vibro-Wind offers a low-impact, nearly silent alternative

10.vibro wind panel is a portable apparatuses that could power your electronics as a

vehicle move.it can be also implemented in trains to produce power.

11.soldiers for example will not need the heavy and bulky batteries they carry, and instead,

they will make use of electrical energy as they drive

19

CONCLUSION

As a renewable energy resource, wind has lots going for it - but one major

downside is the cost to set up the wind turbines themselves, not to mention the

problematic visual impact and the noise pollution it generates (often likened to a small jet

engine, especially for those living close by). However, Vibro-Wind space-saving

prototype that will harness wind power more cheaply and efficiently - by transforming the

wind's vibrations into electricity.

Vibration energy harvesting has been around for a while, with recent related

concepts that include the harvesting of crowd energy, along with inventions that could

transform the mechanical energy from human motion to power gadgets. With ideas like

this vibro-wind panel, it would be wonderful to someday see wind energy harvesting

integrated into many aspects of everyday life , with vibro-wind panels on your roof, much

like solar panels, or portable apparatuses that could power your electronics or vehicle as

you move.

20