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Contents

Preface ................................................................................. xv

1. Petroleum Analysis ..................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................. 1 1.2 Definitions .................................................................... 6 1.3 Historical Perspectives ................................................. 10 1.4 Modern Perspectives ................................................... 12 1.5 Analysis and Specifications .......................................... 13 1.6 Sampling ...................................................................... 17 1.7 Measurement ............................................................... 20 1.8 Accuracy ...................................................................... 22 1.9 Precision ...................................................................... 23 1.10 Method Validation ........................................................ 24 References ............................................................................. 26

2. Petroleum and Petroleum Products ........................... 29 2.1 Petroleum ..................................................................... 29

2.1.1 Definitions ...................................................... 30 2.1.2 Composition .................................................. 33

2.2 Petroleum Assay .......................................................... 34 2.2.1 Carbon Residue, Asphaltene Content ........... 35 2.2.2 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 37 2.2.3 Distillation ...................................................... 39

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2.2.4 Light Hydrocarbons ....................................... 41 2.2.5 Metallic Constituents ..................................... 41 2.2.6 Salt Content ................................................... 42 2.2.7 Sulfur Content ............................................... 43 2.2.8 Viscosity and Pour Point ............................... 45 2.2.9 Water and Sediment ...................................... 47 2.2.10 Wax Content .................................................. 48 2.2.11 Other Tests ..................................................... 49

2.3 Petroleum Refining ....................................................... 51 2.3.1 Visbreaking .................................................... 53 2.3.2 Coking ........................................................... 54 2.3.3 Hydroprocessing ........................................... 56

2.4 Natural Gas .................................................................. 57 2.4.1 Definition ....................................................... 57 2.4.2 Composition .................................................. 58 2.4.3 Properties and Test Methods ........................ 61

2.5 Natural Gas Liquids and Natural Gasoline ................... 62 2.6 Petroleum Character and Behavior .............................. 63 References ............................................................................. 66

3. Gases ............................................................................ 69 3.1 Introduction .................................................................. 69

3.1.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas ............................... 69 3.1.2 Natural Gas ................................................... 71 3.1.3 Refinery Gas ................................................. 74

3.2 Sampling ...................................................................... 75 3.3 Properties and Test Methods ....................................... 76

3.3.1 Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) ............ 76 3.3.2 Composition .................................................. 77 3.3.3 Density .......................................................... 82

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3.3.4 Sulfur ............................................................. 82 3.3.5 Volatility and Vapor Pressure ........................ 83 3.3.6 Water ............................................................. 83

References ............................................................................. 83

4. Naphtha ........................................................................ 85 4.1 Introduction .................................................................. 85 4.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 86 4.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 88

4.3.1 Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point ............ 90 4.3.2 Composition .................................................. 90 4.3.3 Correlative Methods ...................................... 96 4.3.4 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 97 4.3.5 Evaporation Rate ........................................... 98 4.3.6 Flash Point .................................................... 99 4.3.7 Kauri-Butanol Value ...................................... 100 4.3.8 Odor and Color .............................................. 100 4.3.9 Volatility ......................................................... 101

References ............................................................................. 103

5. Gasoline ....................................................................... 105 5.1 Introduction .................................................................. 105 5.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 105 5.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 109

5.3.1 Additives ........................................................ 109 5.3.2 Combustion Characteristics ........................... 112 5.3.3 Composition .................................................. 114 5.3.4 Corrosiveness ............................................... 118 5.3.5 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 120 5.3.6 Flash Point and Fire Point ............................. 121

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5.3.7 Oxygenates ................................................... 123 5.3.8 Stability and Instability ................................... 123 5.3.9 Volatility ......................................................... 127 5.3.10 Water and Sediment ...................................... 132

References ............................................................................. 134

6. Aviation Fuel ................................................................ 137 6.1 Introduction .................................................................. 137 6.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 138 6.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 139

6.3.1 Acidity ............................................................ 139 6.3.2 Additives ........................................................ 140 6.3.3 Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) ............ 141 6.3.4 Composition .................................................. 143 6.3.5 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 147 6.3.6 Flash Point .................................................... 147 6.3.7 Freezing Point ............................................... 148 6.3.8 Knock and Antiknock Properties .................... 149 6.3.9 Pour Point ...................................................... 150 6.3.10 Storage Stability ............................................ 150 6.3.11 Thermal Stability ............................................ 151 6.3.12 Viscosity ........................................................ 152 6.3.13 Volatility ......................................................... 152 6.3.14 Water ............................................................. 154

References ............................................................................. 155

7. Kerosene ...................................................................... 157 7.1 Introduction .................................................................. 157 7.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 157

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7.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 160 7.3.1 Acidity ............................................................ 161 7.3.2 Burning Characteristics ................................. 161 7.3.3 Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) ............ 163 7.3.4 Composition .................................................. 164 7.3.5 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 169 7.3.6 Flash Point .................................................... 170 7.3.7 Freezing Point ............................................... 170 7.3.8 Pour Point ...................................................... 171 7.3.9 Smoke Point .................................................. 172 7.3.10 Viscosity ........................................................ 172 7.3.11 Volatility ......................................................... 173 7.3.12 Water and Sediment ...................................... 174

References ............................................................................. 175

8. Diesel Fuel .................................................................... 177 8.1 Introduction .................................................................. 177 8.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 177 8.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 178

8.3.1 Acidity ............................................................ 179 8.3.2 Appearance and Odor ................................... 179 8.3.3 Ash ................................................................ 179 8.3.4 Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) ............ 180 8.3.5 Carbon Residue ............................................ 181 8.3.6 Cetane Number and Cetane Index ................ 182 8.3.7 Cloud Point .................................................... 184 8.3.8 Composition .................................................. 184 8.3.9 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 188 8.3.10 Diesel Index ................................................... 189 8.3.11 Flash Point .................................................... 189

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8.3.12 Freezing Point ............................................... 190 8.3.13 Neutralization Number ................................... 191 8.3.14 Pour Point ...................................................... 191 8.3.15 Stability .......................................................... 192 8.3.16 Viscosity ........................................................ 193 8.3.17 Volatility ......................................................... 194 8.3.18 Water and Sediment ...................................... 195

References ............................................................................. 196

9. Distillate Fuel Oil .......................................................... 197 9.1 Introduction .................................................................. 197 9.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 199 9.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 200

9.3.1 Acidity ............................................................ 200 9.3.2 Ash Content ................................................... 201 9.3.3 Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) ............ 202 9.3.4 Carbon Residue ............................................ 203 9.3.5 Cloud Point .................................................... 204 9.3.6 Composition .................................................. 204 9.3.7 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 207 9.3.8 Flash Point .................................................... 207 9.3.9 Metallic Constituents ..................................... 207 9.3.10 Pour Point ...................................................... 208 9.3.11 Stability .......................................................... 210 9.3.12 Viscosity ........................................................ 212 9.3.13 Volatility ......................................................... 213 9.3.14 Water and Sediment ...................................... 215

References ............................................................................. 215

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10. Residual Fuel Oil .......................................................... 217 10.1 Introduction .................................................................. 217 10.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 218 10.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 219

10.3.1 Ash ................................................................ 219 10.3.2 Asphaltene Content ....................................... 220 10.3.3 Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) ............ 221 10.3.4 Carbon Residue ............................................ 222 10.3.5 Composition .................................................. 224 10.3.6 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 230 10.3.7 Elemental Analysis ........................................ 231 10.3.8 Flash Point .................................................... 234 10.3.9 Metals Content .............................................. 234 10.3.10 Molecular Weight ........................................... 236 10.3.11 Pour Point ...................................................... 237 10.3.12 Refractive Index ............................................ 237 10.3.13 Stability .......................................................... 238 10.3.14 Viscosity ........................................................ 239 10.3.15 Volatility ......................................................... 240 10.3.16 Water ............................................................. 243

References ............................................................................. 244

11. Mineral Oil (White Oil) ................................................. 247 11.1 Introduction .................................................................. 247 11.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 247 11.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 249

11.3.1 Acidity or Alkalinity ........................................ 250 11.3.2 Aniline Point .................................................. 252 11.3.3 Asphaltene Content (Insoluble

Constituents) ................................................. 252

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11.3.4 Carbonizable Substances (Acid Test) ........... 253 11.3.5 Carbon Residue ............................................ 254 11.3.6 Cloud Point .................................................... 255 11.3.7 Color and Taste ............................................. 256 11.3.8 Composition .................................................. 257 11.3.9 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 259 11.3.10 Electrical Properties ...................................... 260 11.3.11 Flash Point and Fire Point ............................. 260 11.3.12 Interfacial Tension ......................................... 261 11.3.13 Iodine Value .................................................. 262 11.3.14 Oxidation Stability .......................................... 262 11.3.15 Pour Point ...................................................... 263 11.3.16 Refractive Index ............................................ 264 11.3.17 Smoke Point .................................................. 264 11.3.18 Specific Optical Dispersion ............................ 264 11.3.19 Ultraviolet Absorption .................................... 265 11.3.20 Viscosity ........................................................ 265 11.3.21 Volatility ......................................................... 266 11.3.22 Water ............................................................. 266 11.3.23 Wax Appearance Point .................................. 266

References ............................................................................. 267

12. Lubricating Oil ............................................................. 269 12.1 Introduction .................................................................. 269 12.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 269 12.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 273

12.3.1 Acidity and Alkalinity ...................................... 273 12.3.2 Ash ................................................................ 274 12.3.3 Asphaltene Content (Insoluble

Constituents) ................................................. 274

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12.3.4 Carbonizable Substances (Acid Test) ........... 276 12.3.5 Carbon Residue ............................................ 277 12.3.6 Cloud Point .................................................... 278 12.3.7 Color .............................................................. 278 12.3.8 Composition .................................................. 279 12.3.9 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 282 12.3.10 Flash Point and Fire Point ............................. 283 12.3.11 Oxidation Stability .......................................... 283 12.3.12 Pour Point ...................................................... 284 12.3.13 Thermal Stability ............................................ 284 12.3.14 Viscosity ........................................................ 285 12.3.15 Volatility ......................................................... 286 12.3.16 Water and Sediment ...................................... 287

References ............................................................................. 288

13. Grease .......................................................................... 291 13.1 Introduction .................................................................. 291 13.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 291 13.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 295

13.3.1 Acidity and Alkalinity ...................................... 295 13.3.2 Anticorrosion Properties ................................ 296 13.3.3 Composition .................................................. 296 13.3.4 Dropping Point ............................................... 297 13.3.5 Flow Properties ............................................. 298 13.3.6 Low-Temperature Torque .............................. 299 13.3.7 Mechanical Stability ....................................... 299 13.3.8 Oil Separation ................................................ 300 13.3.9 Oxidation Stability .......................................... 301 13.3.10 Penetration .................................................... 302 13.3.11 Thermal Stability ............................................ 302

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13.3.12 Viscosity ........................................................ 303 13.3.13 Volatility ......................................................... 303 13.3.14 Water Resistance .......................................... 304

References ............................................................................. 304

14. Wax ............................................................................... 307 14.1 Introduction .................................................................. 307 14.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 308 14.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 309

14.3.1 Appearance ................................................... 309 14.3.2 Barrier Properties .......................................... 310 14.3.3 Carbonizable Substances ............................. 311 14.3.4 Color .............................................................. 311 14.3.5 Composition .................................................. 312 14.3.6 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 313 14.3.7 Hardness ....................................................... 314 14.3.8 Melting Point .................................................. 314 14.3.9 Molecular Weight ........................................... 316 14.3.10 Odor and Taste ............................................. 317 14.3.11 Oil Content .................................................... 317 14.3.12 Peroxide Content ........................................... 318 14.3.13 Slip Properties ............................................... 318 14.3.14 Storage Stability ............................................ 319 14.3.15 Strength ......................................................... 319 14.3.16 Ultraviolet Absorptivity ................................... 320 14.3.17 Viscosity ........................................................ 320 14.3.18 Volatility ......................................................... 321

References ............................................................................. 321

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15. Asphalt ......................................................................... 323 15.1 Introduction .................................................................. 323 15.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 323 15.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 328

15.3.1 Acid Number .................................................. 328 15.3.2 Asphaltene Content ....................................... 331 15.3.3 Bonding and Adhesion .................................. 333 15.3.4 Breaking Point (Fraas) .................................. 333 15.3.5 Carbon Disulfide-Insoluble Constituents ....... 333 15.3.6 Carbon Residue ............................................ 334 15.3.7 Compatibility .................................................. 336 15.3.8 Composition .................................................. 336 15.3.9 Density (Specific Gravity) .............................. 338 15.3.10 Distillation ...................................................... 340 15.3.11 Ductility .......................................................... 341 15.3.12 Durability ....................................................... 341 15.3.13 Elemental Analysis ........................................ 341 15.3.14 Emulsified Asphalt ......................................... 342 15.3.15 Flash Point .................................................... 342 15.3.16 Float Test ...................................................... 343 15.3.17 Molecular Weight ........................................... 343 15.3.18 Penetration .................................................... 344 15.3.19 Rheology ....................................................... 345 15.3.20 Softening Point .............................................. 346 15.3.21 Stain .............................................................. 346 15.3.22 Temperature-Volume Correction ................... 347 15.3.23 Thin Film Oven Test ...................................... 347 15.3.24 Viscosity ........................................................ 347 15.3.25 Water Content ............................................... 347

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15.3.26 Weathering .................................................... 348 References ............................................................................. 348

16. Coke .............................................................................. 351 16.1 Introduction .................................................................. 351 16.2 Production and Properties ............................................ 351 16.3 Test Methods ............................................................... 353

16.3.1 Ash ................................................................ 353 16.3.2 Calorific Value (Heat of Combustion) ............ 354 16.3.3 Composition .................................................. 355 16.3.4 Density .......................................................... 357 16.3.5 Dust Control Material ..................................... 357 16.3.6 Hardness ....................................................... 358 16.3.7 Metals ............................................................ 358 16.3.8 Proximate Analysis ........................................ 359 16.3.9 Sulfur ............................................................. 360 16.3.10 Volatile Matter ............................................... 361 16.3.11 Water ............................................................. 361

References ............................................................................. 362

Conversion Factors ............................................................ 363

Glossary .............................................................................. 365

Index .................................................................................... 389

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