03 - SYNOPSIS - Garry Cacho (Autosaved)

8/13/2019 03 - SYNOPSIS - Garry Cacho (Autosaved)

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SYNOPSIS OF THE TECHNICAL REPORT

TITLE: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHIC POSITIONING

SYSTEM BASED LOAD FLOW SIMULATION FOR THE

ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES

ABSTRACT:

There are three hierarchical layers of an electrical power system in the

Philippines, mainly the generation, transmission and lastly the distribution system.

Each of these layers is dependent to each other in terms of technical and economicimpact. But to say the most, traditionally distribution system gets the least attention

by the central corridors of power. But in reality, it is often the most critical layer of

the electrical power infrastructure in terms on its impact on cost of electricity,

quality of service, reliability and the society as a whole.

Just like the other layers of the electric power infrastructure, severalpolitical, technical and economic changes that are mandating the way on how to

build, manage and operate the private distribution utilities (DUs) and electric

cooperatives (ECs). Deregulation and open access is pushing on the DUs andECs to focus its emphasis on cost cutting, reliability and quality of service. The

great fear of deregulation is that service will suffer because of cost cutting.

Regulators and utility consumers are paying considerable attention to reliability and

quality. Customers are pressing for lower costs, better reliability, and less visualimpact from utility distribution systems.

Deregulation and technical changes increase the need of an electric

cooperative engineer for better brain tools and information. Load flow simulation

software is the primary brain tool of an electric cooperative engineer to carry outthe task of optimizing the operation of the distribution infrastructure. The focus of

this technical report is to develop an in-depth understanding on how JAED.NS (Just

Another Electric Distribution Network Simulator) was engineered, mainly on its

load flow capabilities and its data structure.

JAED.NS is only a star of the electric system simulation software galaxy. Its

existence is derived from my personal need to bridge the gap between geographicinformation system and electric system simulator. Traditionally, in a distribution

utility, geographic information system and electric system simulator is a very

dissimilar species. They often clash its other, defeating the purpose of its existence.Data from geographic information system is most of the time difficult to convert to

electric system simulator data. JAED.NS is a hybrid of both geographic information

system and electric system simulator, naturally eliminating the cons of being twoseparate systems. JAED.NS offer better data usability, integration and user

interface.

JAED.NS main data is fetched fresh from geographic positioning system(GPS) handheld thereby eliminating tedious manual data conversion. It has the

facility to process GPS data and with little effort, engineers can see the fruit of their

labor which is the simulation output in less time.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

PROFILE OF JAED.NS AS A SOFTWARE

PROFILE OF SUBSTATION SPECIMEN

OBJECTIVE

I. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MODELING1. Purpose of Modeling2. Model Limitations3. Development of Equipment Modeling4. Model Data Structure5. Data Acquisition Methodology6. Map of Specimen Substation7. Building Blocks of Test Substation

a. Sub-transmission Lineb.

Power Transformerc. Automatic Voltage Regulator

d. Primary Distribution linee. Distribution Transformerf. Capacitorg. Secondary Distribution Lineh. Service Dropi. Embedded Generatorj. Load Modelsk. Load Curve

II. GEOGRAPHIC POSITIONING SYSTEM1. Introduction to GPS2. GPS Data Gathering Methodology

a. GPS Mark-up Languageb. Data Extraction and Storage

3. Geo-ReferencingIII. LOAD FLOW ALGORITHM

1. Introduction to Load Flow Algorithm2. Forward-Backward Load Flow3. Application of Equipment Model to Load Flow4. Application of Load/Generator Model to Load Flow5. Radial Network Topology for Load Flow6. Load Flow Methodology of JAED.NS7. Load Flow Output

a. Summaryb. Per Hour / Per Section Output Table

IV. APPLICATION OF JAED.NS OUTPUT1. Load Flow Analysis2. Substation Power Factor Improvement3. Backbone Line Voltage Improvement and Balancing4. Backbone Line Load Balancing5. Distribution Transformer Load Balancing6. Embedded AVR Settings7. Embedded Generator Output Optimization

V. RECOMMENDATIONS/CONCLUSIONVI. FIGURES/ MAPVII. TABLESBIBLIOGRAPHY & REFERENCES


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PREFACE

Load flow simulation is a very mature electrical engineering tool used for a

myriad of applications. Over the span of a couple of decades starting from the dawn

of computers, load flow software has been developed extensively. From the text

based input data whereby the user is encoding literally the bus-to-bus informationof a section, up to now that user will draw the single line diagram just like

computer-aided design drawing (CAD). However, most of the commercially

available software lacked the ability to support large weakly meshed electricalnetworks such required by the distribution utilities and rural electric cooperatives.

Most often, small rural electric cooperative are put into disadvantage regarding

buying commercially available simulation software since it also needed separate

software for geographic information system (GIS) data acquisition and storage, notto mention an insurmountable financial requirement of data migration from GIS to

simulation software.

As electric cooperative engineer, I envisioned a software that will integrateGIS, data migration and simulation software into a single system such that small

rural cooperatives in the Philippines will benefit to it technically and financially forobvious reason that it will only acquire one software that will do all the task

required. Hence, JAED.NS distribution system simulation software was developed.

JAED.NS is on test run with Cebu I Electric Cooperative Inc. (CEBECO I)

as the flagship user. Its been a challenge for them because of limited manpower

available to do the job. However, even at a slow pace, slowly its line data is been

updated. The integration of JAED.NS to operation and maintenance is the primarygoal of the project. I hope that this will be successfully executed by CEBECO I.

JAED.NS trial version can be downloaded from the internet through this

link:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxMuEQhiVHqabnNMamhhVXpTZ1k/edit?usp=sharing

All the features are available except that it can only manage to process 30km of line

data, however the excess data can be stored in its file system for future use if the

company wish to acquire the full version. JAED.NS has more features other thanload flow like, reliability studies, fault analysis, fuse coordination, load allocation

and line tracing capabilities yet these topics are beyond the scope of this technical

paper.

I thank my loving wife Ms. Grace De La Cruz-Cacho for her all out support

and approval during my struggling times in developing JAED.NS. She inspired meto push through this seemingly gigantic task and finish what I have already started.

I thank her for her patience that I spent more time talking to my laptop than to her

in the conception of the project. She understood my greatest passion, to makeJAED.NS a reality.

I thank my best friend Engr. Nestor Diamada for giving me vital inputs

during the development of JAED.NS. He gave me the idea how to develop thegraphical interface which would become the primary dashboard of the software.

Moreover he also supervised the debugging process and during the dry run of the

software. He sees to it that the final product will be competitive technically andfinancially with the available commercial software in the market.

I thank Chief Engr. Getulio Crodua of Cebu I Electric Cooperative Inc. forhis total support of the development of JAED.NS. He always lend his helping hand

specially in real life data gathering using GPS handheld in Carcar City and the

Municipality of Argao,Cebu which became the basis for the development of

JAED.NS interface and algorithm.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxMuEQhiVHqabnNMamhhVXpTZ1k/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxMuEQhiVHqabnNMamhhVXpTZ1k/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxMuEQhiVHqabnNMamhhVXpTZ1k/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxMuEQhiVHqabnNMamhhVXpTZ1k/edit?usp=sharinghttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxMuEQhiVHqabnNMamhhVXpTZ1k/edit?usp=sharing


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PROFILE OF JAED.NS AS A SOFTWARE

JAED.NS is an acronym for Just Another Electric Distribution Network

Simulator. It is a software used mainly for distribution system basic analysis

namely:

a.

Load Flow Analysisi. Classical Load Flow Analysis in Excel using ERC DSLsegregation format.

ii. Map Based Load FlowData is uploaded from the GPS surveyusing special language called GML. Data is then processed as

line data to be used in the load flow analysis. Equipment load

flow result will be fed back to the map model for easy spatial

analysis.iii. Transformer Load Approximation Load Flow this analysis

is done if the available data for the moment for simulation is only

the primary line and transformer data. Primary feeder metering

data is required to approximate the transformer load using thelatter kVA rating as its weights hence load analysis can be

performed.iv. Distributed Load Approximation Load Flow this is similar

to Transformer Load Approximation Load Flow in process. The

only difference is that in the model, only the primary line data isreadily available. Therefore the primary line length is the basis

for the weights during load approximation.

b. Reliability Studiesi. Feeder failure rate calculationii. SAIFIiii. SAIDIiv. CAIDIv. ASCI

c. Fault Analysisi. Single Line to Ground Faultii. Line to Line Faultiii. Double Line to Ground Faultiv. 3 Phase Faultv. Protection Equipment Coordination

d. Feeder Line Equipment Auditingi. Single Phase Poleii. V Phase Poleiii. Three Phase Poleiv. Secondary Polev. Single Phase Line Lengthvi. V-Phase line Lengthvii. Three Phase Line Lengthviii. Secondary Line Lengthix. Nos. of Distribution Transformersx. Single Phase kVA installedxi. V Phase kVA installedxii. 3 Phase kVA installedxiii. Nos. of Capacitors Installedxiv. Total kVaR installedxv. Nos. of Customers Connected

PROFILE OF SUBSTATION SPECIMEN

Carcar Substation is a typical 69kV/13.2kV 5 MVA substation supplying

two feeders namely Feeder 1 and Feeder 2. It serves mostly Carcar City, Cebu a

city 40 km south of Cebu City, with an approximate population of 100,000. Carcar


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substation wass commissioned on May 1999 and currently serves a total of 13,567

customers with a peak demand of 4.7 MW. Its load curve profile is typical of a ruralarea with peaking load at night starting 19:00 hrs until 22:00 hrs and mostly below

50% of the peak load all throughout the day. It has an average of 8.5% total system

loss. Shown in the below table the basic fact sheet of Carcar Substation as per

feeder basis.

Items Feeder 1 Feeder 2

1. Nos. of Single Phase Pole 1,026 247

2. Nos. of V Phase Pole 1 -

3. Nos. of Three Phase Pole 252 118

4. Nos. of Secondary Pole 2,714 1,138

5. Single Phase Line Length (m) 91,377 20,722

6. V Phase Line Length (m) 72 0

7. Three Phase Line Length (m) 18,611 9,754

8. Secondary Line Length (m) 170,545 56,889

9. Nos. of Dist. Transformer Connected 268 74

10. Connected Single Phase kVA 5,975 1,915

11. Connected V Phase kVA 20 -

12. Connected Three Phase kVA 548 105

13. Nos. of Capacitors 22 3

14. kVAr Installed (Capacitors) 950 75

15. Nos. Medium Voltage Customers 4 1

16. Nos. Low Voltage Customers 10,006 3,556

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this work is to demonstrate how geographical positioning

system and load flow simulation can be merged into a single tool to aid electric

cooperative engineers in evaluating its system performance. A general formulation

is developed to obtain an efficient simulation software taking account the detailedand extensive modeling techniques required in a real world electric cooperative

distribution system. The basic foundation of the simulation software is being

explored in details to develop a common understanding on the engineering

principles used to realize the simulation software.

I. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MODELINGComputer modeling of an electric distribution network starts with its

individual components namely:a. Conductorsb. Transformersc. Connected Loads

Each major components of the system is modeled according to its

responses to the application of source voltage and receiving end current becausenormally these two values can be readily obtained in the substation metering andcustomer revenue metering data respectively. Hence, each model can be

mathematically represented as a two-port circuit with source voltage and receiving

end current as its input, and source current and receiving end voltage as its output.In electric textbooks, this refers to inverse hybrid circuit that is commonly used in

electronic transistor design calculation. This approach in modeling can also usefulin evaluating large cascading network topology as can be seen in a weakly meshed

radial distribution system of the electric cooperatives.

1. Purpose of Modeling The distribution system consists of variouscomponents that are interacting with each other in terms of input


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and output voltages and current. It is necessary to mathematically

model each of these components in order to calculate the degree ofresponsiveness to certain inputs and outputs. There are many

possible configuration a distribution system can be arranged.

Therefore, the model must be able to represent the interconnectivity

of each components being evaluated. There are no rigid rules thatare being followed in modeling electrical equipment. The only

aspect being adhered is that the model must be of generalized

format and is mathematically feasible to be operated in thecomputer.

2. Model Limitations The extent of modeling in this technicalreport will be limited only to the electrical components that arecommon to the distribution system such as conductors, transformers

and connected loads. In the modeling of conductors, impedance

gradient due to varying ambient temperature is not considered. And

also, the earth resistance is only fixed to 100 ohms/meter.Underground conductors are not included in the model since most

of the rural electric system is overhead lines. Since the model usesGPS WGS84 coordinates system, the length of the conductor is

calculated using simple assumption that the earth shape is a perfect

sphere and not considers it to have terrain imperfections and thevaried longitudinal and latitudinal radius. In the transformer

modeling, de-rating due to wear and ambient temperature is not

included. Old and new transformers are assumed to have the same

capacity to its nameplate ratings. In the load modeling, constantpower, constant current and constant impedance load type are being

considered. In addition, capacitor modeling is also included.

3. Development of Equipment Modeling In this part of the paper,the discussion will focus on the mathematical derivation ofequipment models for conductors, transformers and connected

loads. In the conductor model derivation, the main topic will be the

formulation of impedance matrix using Carsons formula for

transmission lines. The deduction of Carsons formula foroptimized computer application will be shown. Kronz matrix

deduction will also be shown to illustrate the inclusion of neutral

conductor in a line segment. For the derivation of transformermodel, the formula will be taken from the real world practices like

inclusion of core loss test data and short circuit test data.

Transformer model will be deduced into simple equation to make iteasy to convert to inverse hybrid two-port circuit. For the load

modeling, a dynamic load model will be shown. In which, the load

will vary with time and will be formulated to accommodate thethree major kind of load, namely constant power, constant current

and constant impedance load type.

4. Model Data Structure In software development, a robust andefficient data structure must be designed at the start to be able to

have a very clear path during the process. Somehow there will be

changes like addition and omission of data but that should beminimal. The focus of this topic will be the formulation of data

structure for conductor, transformer and load modeling. The

approach that will be used is object oriented programming (OOP).Where the characteristics of the equipment will be represented as

objects of a data structure. Each type of equipment will be

represented as a class and its data will be represented through the

use of class properties and class methods. The data structure of thefile storage system will be discussed in details as well.

5. Data Acquisition Methodology Distribution system data areacquired in all aspects of discipline in the electric cooperative. Line


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data acquisition is done in the field using Global Positioning

System handhelds. It follows certain set of rules during surveying.In addition to the rules the surveyor must be able to know GPS

Markup Language that is native surveying language of JAED.NS

software. Transformer data is obtained using the test results

recorded by the Technical Services Department. For the load data,the Billing Database server is the main source of the data. The topic

does not include how data is acquired in the database server but a

format must be followed to make the data extraction as smooth aspossible.

6. Building Blocks of Test Substation In this section the followingderivation and data structures is explained in full details of the thefollowing electrical components:

a. Sub-transmission Lineb. Power Transformerc.

Automatic Voltage Regulatord. Primary Distribution line

e. Distribution Transformerf. Capacitorg. Secondary Distribution Lineh. Service Dropi. Embedded Generatorj. Load Modelsk. Load Curve

GEOGRAPHIC POSITIONING SYSTEM

Introduction to GPS

The Global Positioning System or GPS is a constellation of navigation

satellites orbiting geo-synchronously and sends precise position and time to GPSreceivers/handheld back to Earth. It is originally designed for military and

intelligence applications at the height of the Cold War in the 1960s, with inspiration

coming from the launch of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik in 1957, the global

positioning system (GPS) - is a network of satellites that orbit the earth at fixedpoints above the planet and beam down signals to anyone on earth with a GPS

receiver. These signals carry a time code and geographical data point that allows the

user to pinpoint their exact position, speed and time anywhere on the planet. Transitwas the first satellite system launched by the USA and tested by the US Navy in

1960. Just five satellites orbiting the earth allowed ships to fix their position on the

seas once every hour. In 1967 Transit was succeeded by the Timation satellite,which demonstrated that highly accurate atomic clocks could be operated in space.

GPS developed quickly for military purposes thereafter with a total of 11 "Block"

satellites being launched between 1978 and 1985.However, it wasnt until the USSR shot down a Korean passenger jet - flight

007 - in 1983 that the Reagan Administration in the US had the incentive to open up

GPS for civilian applications so that aircraft, shipping, and transport the world over

could fix their positions and avoid straying into restricted foreign territory.Upgrading the GPS was delayed by NASA space shuttle SS Challenger disaster in

1986 and it was not until 1989 that the first Block II satellites were launched. By

the summer of 1993, the US launched their 24th Navstar satellite into orbit, whichcompleted the modern GPS constellation of satellites - a network of 24 - familiar

now as the Global Positioning System, or GPS. 21 of the constellation of satellites

were active at any one time; the other 3 satellites were spares; in 1995 it wasdeclared fully operational. Today's GPS network has around 30 active satellites in

the GPS constellation.

Today, GPS is used for dozens of navigation applications, route finding for

drivers, map-making, earthquake research, climate studies, and an outdoor treasure-hunting game known as geo-caching.


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GPS Data Gathering Methodology

a. GPS Mark-up Language GML in short form. It is a nativesurveying language used by JAED.NS. It is a set of mnemonics that

can be easily memorized by the user during surveying. GML can be

inputted in the notes of each GPS saved waypoints and during data

extraction, JAED.NS will recognize it as distribution line data andautomatically create objects as described by the user. This technical

report will discuss thoroughly how GML will be used and

implemented during data gathering. The discussion will alsoinclude the projection techniques used to project the electrical

components to the screen for visual viewing.

b. Data Extraction and Storage JAED.NS file storage system hastwo formats. The first format is a text based comma separated values

data file and the second is spreadsheet based using M.S. Excel file

format. Both file formats can be used interchangeably. In this

section, the content of the file system will be tackled methodically indetail.

Geo-Referencing

Geo-referencing is a technique to project and super impose a GPS position

data into any satellite imagery such as Google Maps and Bing Maps . It usesratio and proportion technique to scale the satellite bitmap image into WGS84

satellite coordinate system. The techniques and mathematical formula derivation

used by geo-referencing will be shown.

LOAD FLOW ALGORITHM

1. Introduction to Load Flow Algorithm Efficient load flow is abasic necessity of a distribution system engineer. Over the years a

myriad of load flow algorithm and computer applications has been

developed. The algorithm can be classified as Gauss Seidel, Newton-Raphson and Fast Decoupled algorithms. These classical approaches

in load flow required high X/R ratio to ensure solution convergence.

A special algorithm is introduced based on Gauss Seidel method to

cater the requirements of a large weakly meshed radial distributionsystem that will converge even the evaluated system has relatively

low X/R ratio; it is called forward-backward sweep load fl ow.

JAED.NS simulation engine is powered by forward-backward sweepalgorithm first proposed by Carol Cheng and Dariush

Shirmohammadi in a paper published for IEEE on May 1995. It is an

iterative approach in solving a large distribution system load flowproblem. It is robust and converges relatively fast compared to older

form of load flow algorithm. However, the user must input realistic

data since divergence in the solution has high probability otherwise.The algorithm can offer solution to highly unbalanced 3 phase

system that is prevalent to rural electric cooperatives where more

than 50% of its line is single phase.

2. Forward-Backward Load Flow Unbalanced 3 Phase forward-backward load flow algorithm is accomplished in 3 segments. The

first segment is the calculation of load current in the stub sections. Itis done using the general formula IL= conjugate(SL/ VL); where :

IL - Load Current

SL- Real and Imaginary Demand

VL-Most Recent Receiving/Load End Terminal Voltage

Using Kirchoffs Current Law, all section current IL will be summed

up back towards the source node until it reaches the root node or

slack bus.In the second segment of the calculation, the sections

receiving end terminal voltage will be recalculated using Kirchoffs

Voltage Law hence, VL= VSZ IS;

where:


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VL-Recalculated Receiving/Load End Terminal Voltage

VS Sending End Terminal Voltage

Is- Sending endCurrent

Z- Impedance of the section

In the third segment of the calculation, the gradient of the

receiving end terminal voltage of each section will be calculated.The general formula will be as follows; VL = absolute (VL- VL)

where:

VL the gradient of the sending end terminal voltage

VL-Recalculated Receiving/Load End Terminal Voltage

VL-Recent Receiving/Load End Terminal VoltageAfter the voltage gradient is calculated, VL will take the value of VL

as its new value. The largest voltage gradient will be considered as

the error of the iteration hence, e = Maximum (VL)Where:

eIteration error.The 3 calculations segments will be repeated over and over again

until the iteration error eis less than the desired error set by the user.

The iteration will also be terminated when the maximum number ofiteration specified is exceeded even the iteration error e is greater

than the user desired error.

For further illustration, this section will also demonstrate asample numerical calculation of a basic non linear problem that can

be solved using forward-backward sweep algorithm.

3. Application of Equipment Model to Load Flow In this section,the primary focus is the detailed explanation on the relationship

between the mathematical model of the equipment/component to theforward-backward sweep algorithm. There are assumptions in theprocess of implementing the load low that will be revealed in this

chapter and will be clearly discussed.

4. Application of Load/Generator Model to Load Flow In thissection, the objective is to explain the basic concepts of the nature of

loads and embedded generators and how it will be interacting in the

distribution system model. Some mathematical formulas that havebeen introduced in the earlier sections but will be reiterated for the

purpose of clarifying the behavior of the load/generator in the load

flow process.

5. Radial Network Topology for Load Flow In this section, theradial network topology will be discussed along with the algorithm

for the radial network tracing algorithm. It will be shown in thissection some snippets of the codes being used to implement the

recursive tree tracer that can walk through the weakly meshed

network model in order to build the hierarchical layers for theforward-backward sweep algorithm. The process of sorting the

linked list of the sections for the radial network will be clearly

discussed.

6. Load Flow Methodology of JAED.NS The three phase forward-backward algorithm is the main load flow engine of JAED.NS which

has been said in the earlier sections. The load flow simulationprocess starts with the acquisition of stored data file. Included in the

data file are the components/equipments like substation, distribution

line, distribution transformer, capacitor, customer monthly energyconsumption, load curve and embedded generator. All these

components will be sorted according to type and voltage level. Each

type of component has its own modeling methodology as mentionedin the earlier sections. Next, the from-tobus data and phase data of

each section will be evaluated for continuity and integrity in order to


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prevent stray buses that will make the simulation non-convergent.

Next step would be the building of the radial topology networklinked list. This linked list is a sorted series of section data which

have hierarchical order with root/swing bus as the first in the list and

the stub nodes or loaded sections are in the lowest order of the list.

This will ensure the correct execution of forwad-backward sweepingalgorithm that was described in the earlier section entitled

Forward-Backward Load Flow. After the execution of forward-

backward sweeping algorithm, the results will be outputted in a textfile and in the graphical screen interface.

7. Load Flow OutputIn this section, the output file will be interpreted and explained. Thisoutput file contains the numerical results of the load flow simulation.

The following are the results of simulation:

a. Summaryb.

Per Hour / Per Section Output Table

APPLICATION OF JAED.NS OUTPUT

In this chapter, the discussion will focus on the real world application of

JAED.NS software. The following are the list of readily available applications:

1. Load Flow Analysis2. Substation Power Factor Improvement3. Backbone Line Voltage Improvement and Balancing4. Backbone Line Load Balancing5. Distribution Transformer Load Balancing6. Embedded AVR Settings7. Embedded Generator Output Optimization

The demonstration will be based on the load simulation result of a real

world substation named Carcar Substation. An elaborate details like charts and

graphs will be shown to highlight the potential usage of JAED.NS as a primarysimulation software for the rural electric cooperatives.

RECOMMENDATIONS/CONCLUSION

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03 - SYNOPSIS - Garry Cacho (Autosaved)