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Earthquake-induced deep-seated landslide and landscape evolution

process at Hungtsaiping, Nantou County, Taiwan

Chia-Ming Lo1* Wei-Kai Huang2 Ming-Lang Lin3

*1 Department of Civil and Disaster Prevention ngineering! "ational #nited #niversit$! Miaoli! %ai&an'

2 Disaster Prevention %e(hnolog$ )esear(h Center! inote(h ngineering Consultants! +n('! %aipei 1,! %ai&an! )'.'C'

3Department of Civil ngineering! "ational %ai&an #niversit$! %aipei! %ai&an! )'.'C'

*Corresponding /uthor0 -mail0 pp24gmail'(om or pp24$ahoo'(om't&

Abstract

%he Chi-(hi earth5ua6e 7magnitude 8'9: on eptemer 21! 1;;; triggered numerous landslides

in (entral %ai&an' / parti(ularl$ large! deep-seated landslide o((urred at Hungtsaiping! 1

6ilometers north of the epi(enter' <ield investigation and lands(ape evolution anal$sis revealed an

irregular pattern of displa(ement ve(tors! indi(ating that this failure me(hanism is highl$ (omple='

%his paper presents the results of site investigations in (on>un(tion &ith simulations of lands(ape

evolution asso(iated &ith this landslide' /nal$sis of lands(ape evolution &as ased on topographi(

maps produ(ed at seven different times as &ell as aerial photographs ta6en et&een 1;99 and 2,,9'

Landslide site investigation in(luded field re(onnaissan(e! geomorphologi( anal$sis! geoph$si(al

e=ploration! orehole logs! and laorator$ e=periments' Comprehensive geologi( investigation led

us to (on(lude that the materials involved in the landslide are (olluvial deposits' Lands(ape

evolution involved at least three large landslide events! t&o previous ro(6slides 7the first triggered

during the 1;19 "antou earth5ua6e and another event o((urring in 1;3: as &ell as the 1;;;

(olluvium slide 7triggered during the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e:' ?$ ta6ing into a((ount the sour(e of the

(ollapsed mass! &e &ere ale to reprodu(e the three landslide events using a 3D dis(rete elementmodel' Caliration of the parameters used in the numeri(al model &as ased on the strength

(hara(teristi(s of the ro(6 mass as &ell as the morpholog$ of the landslide deposits'

Ke$ Words0 the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e! deep-seated landslide! lands(ape evolution! 3D dis(rete

element model'

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1 !ntroduction

%he Chi-(hi earth5ua6e that stru(6 %ai&an on eptemer 21! 1;;; 7ML 8'3: triggered over

;!,,, landslides in the mountains in the (entral region of the (ountr$! the most severe of &hi(h

o((urred in Chiufenerhshan! %saoling! Chiu(hifeng! the Central Cross-+sland High&a$! and the

Da>ia )iver 7Liao! 2,,,:' %he landslides at Hungtsaiping in the @hongliao %o&nship of "antou

Count$ and on Chiufenerhshan to its east &ere lo(ated on opposite sides of an anti(line' Ho&ever!

the (omple= me(hanism of the small displa(ement landslide at Hungtsaiping 72 m at the most:!

differed signifi(antl$ from that of the landslide on Chiufenerhshan! &hi(h &as a s&ift translation

landslide &ith sustantial sliding distan(e 7e=(eeding 1 6m: 7Lee et al' ! 2,,A Chang et al'! 2,,A

Lo et al'! 2,,9A Wei and Lee! 2,,9A Dong et al'! 2,,; :' urfa(e displa(ements in the deep-seated

landslide at Hungtsaiping follo&ing the earth5ua6e &ere not as apparent as those at

Chiufenerhshan' %his fa(t and the uni5ue surfa(e deformations ma6e it diffi(ult to grasp the entiret$

of the deformation through field investigation' %his prompted Lee et al' to (ompare aerial photos

and emplo$ numeri(al methods in their investigation 7Lee et al'! 2,,:' %seng et al' and Lo et al'

utiliBed parti(le image velo(imetr$ 7P+: to anal$Be the displa(ement! identif$ the oundaries! and

infer the sliding me(hanisms of the Hungtsaiping landslide 7%seng et al'! 2,,A Lo et al'! 2,,9:'

#nfortunatel$! the (omple=it$ of the geologi(al (onditions in that area 7Dong et al'! 2,,;: prevented

them from dedu(ing the overall landslide me(hanism! sliding depth! or deformation (hara(teristi(s

using onl$ anal$sis of surfa(e displa(ement'

<ield investigations! (ore drilling! geoph$si(al surve$s! and long-term monitoring enaled

Chang et al'! Lo et al'! and Dong et al' to identif$ the range of three primar$ sliding masses 7liding

Mass /! liding Mass ?! and liding Mass C: at Hungtsaiping during the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e 7<ig'

1:' /mong these three sliding masses! liding Mass / and liding Mass ? slid along the interfa(e

et&een an old (olluvium and the edro(6' %he resear(hers spe(ulate that the sliding material

originated from the deposits of earlier (ollapses on the upper slopes! most of &hi(h e=(eeded , m

in thi(6ness 7Chang et al'! 2,,A Lo et al'! 2,,A Dong et al'! 2,,;:' liding Mass C &as situated

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near the sour(e of the sliding Bone and the a=is of the anti(line! &hi(h presented numerous talus

deposits! (ontinuous re(ession along the (liff lines! and dip slope landslides' Later monitoring and

surve$s revealed severe landslide disasters throughout the range of the three sliding masses

follo&ing torrential rain events! there$ indi(ating that the sour(e area and the (olluvium remain

prone to landslides' +n previous topographi( maps! Lo et al' dis(overed large-s(ale (hanges in the

topograph$ at Hungtsaiping et&een 1;, and 1;3! &hi(h led to the re(ent (overing! (ollapse! and

erosion of the old (olluvium 7Lo et al'! 2,,;:' )eferral to earth5ua6es in %ai&an during the last

(entur$ sho&ed that topographi( (hanges in that area &ere li6el$ asso(iated &ith a series of ma>or

earth5ua6es in "antou during 1;19 and 1;18 7Huang et al'! 2,12:' Ho&ever! little resear(h has een

(ondu(ted on these histori(al landslide events or the evolution of the terrain'

Man$ studies have e=amined the me(hanisms underl$ing the large-s(ale! deep-seated landslide

at Hungtsaiping' "evertheless! limitations in surve$ data and monitoring (onditions still leave a

numer of matters to e investigated! and man$ other large-s(ale landslide (ases have indi(ated that

the 6inemati(s and velo(it$ (hara(teristi(s are important anal$sis indi(es 7Chang et al'! 2,,A Dong

et al'! 2,,;A Lo et al'! 2,11:' During large-s(ale ro(6slide! entire sliding masses generall$ rea6 up

into numerous pie(es! there$ transforming into deris avalan(hes 7sturBstroms:! are remar6ale

geologi(al phenomenon 7teven and imon! 2,,9:' Kinemati(s during a landslide and (hanges in

velo(it$ are determinant of the landslides damage potential! &hi(h (an o((ur &ithin >ust se(onds

7Hungr! 2,,8:' Dong et al' 72,,;: also mentioned that the dire(tion of the earth5ua6e sho(6&aves!

the dire(tion in &hi(h the sliding mass is moving! and landslide me(hanisms are (ru(ial to resear(hon large-s(ale landslides' Ho&ever! the (omple= topographi(al evolution resulting from the large-

s(ale landslide at Hungtsaiping re5uired numeri(al simulations to aid in e=planation' Des(riing the

various (hanges that o((ur during landslide events (ould help to gain understanding into the

(omple= me(hanisms underl$ing landslides! assist in planning treatment pro>e(ts! and fa(ilitate

predi(tions related to the future evolution of the site'

)e(entl$! dis(rete element method has een &idel$ applied in the simulation of landslides' %he

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advantage of this approa(h lies in its ailit$ to simulate the onds and separation of strata material

as &ell as the ehavior of landslides &ith large displa(ements after (ollision intera(tions' %his

approa(h is ased fundamentall$ on the results of me(hani(al testing and field investigations'

elo(ities and displa(ements re(orded during simulations are important parameters (apale of

graduall$ unveiling the pro(ess of large-s(ale landslides 7Chang et al'! 2,,A %ang et al'! 2,,;A Lo et

al'! 2,11A Lo et al'! 2,1:' Chang 72,11: used P<C2D to reprodu(e the Hungtsaiping landslide

(aused $ the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e and further integrated data from (ore drilling and field

investigations to enhan(e des(riptions of (hanges and deposition (hara(teristi(s asso(iated &ith

re(ent landslides in the area' Ho&ever! (omple= geologi(al stru(tures! su(h as the distriution of

anti(lines and s$n(lines! regulate the dire(tion of landslide movement! su(h that using a 3D

approa(h to reprodu(e this landslide is a more reasonale approa(h'

/((ordingl$! &e e=amined the histor$ and topographi(al evolution at Hungtsaiping using

topographi( maps from various time periods to deal &ith the uni5ue geologi(al stru(tures and

(omple= 6inemati( me(hanisms of this large-s(ale! deep-seated landslide' %he use of P<C3D made

it possile to re(reate the landslides that o((urred at Hungtsaiping in 1;19 and 1;;; in order to

e=amine the landslide pro(esses and me(hanisms in detail' %herefore! the stud$ is uni5ue in its use

of three-dimensional simulations to represent the sliding ehavior of old (olluvium under (omple=

geologi(al (onditions' We also too6 into a((ount the (hara(teristi(s of previous earth5ua6es to

present a more (omprehensive histor$ of landslides over the last (entur$' %he sustantial

availailit$ of data and surve$ results provided an invaluale referen(e for use in (larif$ing ho&earth5ua6es indu(e the development of landslides' %he primar$ o>e(tives of this stud$ are as

follo&s0

7a: +nvestigating topographi(al (hanges and landslide me(hanisms at Hungtsaiping over the

last (entur$A

7: %he appli(ation of 3-D dis(rete element method for the re-(reation of earth5ua6e-indu(ed

landslides at Hungtsaiping in 1;19 and 1;;;'

<ig' 1 Lo(ation of Hungtsaiping landslide area

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" History o# earthquake-induced landslides at Hungtsaiping

Hungtsaiping is lo(ated in the (at(hment of the @hangping tream! &hi(h is upstream of the

Wu )iver originating at an elevation of 1,8; m on Kandoushan! in the @hongliao %o&nship of

"antou Count$! (overing appro=imatel$ 2!11, ha' %he @hangping tream is formed $ the

(onfluen(e of the Eonglu Cree6 and the Longfeng Cree6! and the Hungtsaiping landslide area

resides on the left an6 of the Eonglu Cree6 7<ig' 1:' urve$s follo&ing the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e

revealed several apparent landslide areas in the Hungtsaiping area! affe(ting an area of 3; ha &ith

sustantial deposits of deris elo& the ridges and steep slopes' %he most signifi(ant slide! &hi(h

&as appro=imatel$ 1, m in length! o((urred under a main es(arpment' +t &as a((ompanied $

ulging or shifted roadeds! (ra(6ed pavement! fallen retaining &alls! and ro(6fall' Landslide

deposits &ere also oserved on oth an6s of the Eonglu Cree6' Wei and Lee 72,,9: emplo$ed

aerial triangulation and 3D mapping to dra& the largest landslide area in Hungtsaiping after the

Chi-(hi earth5ua6e! &hi(h (overed more than 1,, ha' %his large-s(ale! deep-seated landslide

o((urred primaril$ on the southeast an6 of the Eonglu Cree6 7<ig' 1:! &hi(h displa$ed a slope

in(lination to&ards the northeast' Lee et al' 72,,: un(overed eviden(e of multiple sliding events in

the Hungtsaiping landslide area! in(luding tension (ra(6s! gaps! and e=trusions in the ground

surfa(e! shifted (liffs! (ompressed or (ollapsed slope toes! and (anted trees'

%he use of (ontour maps to interpret landslide terrain is a asi( te(hni5ue used in the

investigation of landslides' Large-s(ale landslide movements generall$ ta6e pla(e &ithin the sliding

Bones of earlier landslides! su(h that interpreting the topographi(al (hara(teristi(s of old landslides

(an assist in the identifi(ation of potential landslide sites and redu(e the o((urren(e of disasters in

the future' %hus! to understand the geologi(al (hanges and spatial distriutions in the histor$ of

Hungtsaiping! &e anal$Bed the variations in (ontour maps and &ater s$stems from various $ears'

%he (hanges in hummo(6$ surfa(es on (ontour maps present geomorphologi(al (hara(teristi(s

asso(iated &ith landslides in the past' We dedu(ed the geologi(al evolution of Hungtsaiping using

the geomorphologi(al (hanges found in (ontour maps of the area produ(ed in 1;,! 1;3! 1;88!

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1;! 1;;1! 1;;! 1;;;! and 2,,3 as &ell as data related to earth5ua6es and heav$ rain disasters

over the last (entur$'

?ased on our anal$sis of the maps et&een 1;, and 2,,3 7<ig' 2: and the times of various

landslides in the past! &e divided the entire landslide area into si= Bones! numered from + to +'

.ur anal$sis results are as follo&s0

7a: / (omparison of the terrain in 1;, and 1;3 revealed that large-s(ale landslides ma$

have o((urred in @ones + and ++ et&een 1;, and 1;3' %he landslide in @one +

7appro=imatel$ 192 ha in area! sliding dire(tion to&ards "22FW: (ut off the Longfeng

Cree6! for(ing it to veer north! resulting in a ninet$-degree turn near iasui6u ?ridge "o'

2' %he (olluvial la$er that formed after the re(ent landslide e(ame liding Masses /! ?!

and C at Hungtsaiping' %he landslide in @one ++ &as larger 7appro=imatel$ 2, ha in area!

sliding dire(tion to&ards "3FW:' %he 1;, map sho&ed that upper slopes in @one ++

&ere gentler! and lo&er slopes steeper! &hereas the 1;3 map indi(ated the opposite' %he

resulting deposits formed the sliding mass on the north&est side of Hungtsaiping toda$'

7: %o understand the (ause of this landslide! &e referred to the resear(h (ondu(ted $ Cheng

and Eeh 72,,: on earth5ua6es of the last (entur$ and found that a series of earth5ua6es

o((urred in "antou in 1;19 and 1;18' in(e the estalishment of instrumental oservation

in "antou in 1;! fe& ma>or earth5ua6es have o((urred' Ho&ever! four severe

earth5ua6es too6 pla(e starting in /ugust of 1;19! resulting in sustantial alterations in the

terrain' .ur preliminar$ spe(ulation is that the earlier landslides at Hungtsaiping &eretriggered $ these earth5ua6es! and the signifi(ant topographi(al (hanges that ensued

et&een 1;, and 1;3 help to e=plain the e=isten(e of thi(6 (olluvium over the edro(6

&ithin the ranges of liding Masses /! ?! and C! and also e=plains &h$ the masses did not

result in a s&ift landslide follo&ing the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e'

7(: /nal$sis of topograph$ for the period et&een 1;88 and 2,,3 revealed that the sliding

mass in @one ++ &as alread$ dividing into t&o masses' +n terms of the geologi(al

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(hara(teristi(s! this Bone &as stailiBing' With regard to the fo(us of this stud$ 7the sliding

mass in @one +:! a ne& sliding mass &as forming at the top of the slope ehind this mass

in @one +++' We spe(ulate that at this time! the sliding range of liding Mass C &as

(overed $ (olluvium (omprising the sliding mass of @one +++' %he upper portions of the

(olluvium in the ranges of liding Masses / and ? ma$ also have (ontained (olluvial

deposits involved in the landslide event follo&ing the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e' %he ne&er

landslides that o((urred in @ones +! ! and + ma$ have een (aused $ earth5ua6es or

heav$ rains et&een 1;3 and 2,,3' ?eing ne&er! the$ tend to e less stale'

<ig' 2 Geographi(al anal$sis of the histor$ of Hungtsaiping

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$ %ur#ace geological surveys and core drilling analysis

/((ording to the geologi(al map (ompiled $ Dong et al' 72,,;: 7<ig' 3:! the e=posed strata

around Hungtsaiping in(ludes shale! sandstone! sandstone interla(ed &ith a thin la$er of shale! and

shale &ith siltstone' %he e=posed strata in the landslide Bones mainl$ (omprise shale and sandstone

(overed $ (olluvium et&een 3, m and m thi(6! and in(lining roughl$ to the north&est'

Ho&ever! the uni5ue geologi(al stru(tures at Hungtsaiping result in at$pi(al dip slope (onditions! in

&hi(h the distriution of the s$n(line a=es (ontrols the dire(tion in &hi(h the strata are in(lined as

&ell as &here old sliding masses 7(olluvium: a((umulate 7Dong et al'! 2,,;:' We therefore in(luded

these uni5ue geologi(al stru(tures &ithin our numeri(al model'

?ased on the results of (ore drilling re(ords and resistivit$ image profiling 7)+P: 7 <ig'3:! the

(onta(t surfa(e et&een the shale and (olluvium 7the red dashed line: is primaril$ a la$er' %hus! our

preliminar$ spe(ulation regarding topographi(al evolution is that large-s(ale sliding on the ro(6

slopes (aused the a((umulation of massive piles of ro(6 deris! resulting in the formation of

(olluvium that &as later sha6en loose and deformed $ the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e' %he sour(e of the

sliding masses ma$ e the moderatel$ thi(6 stratum of sandstone interla(ed &ith a thin la$er of

shale! &hi(h is e=posed at the (lifftop' %hus! the (ro&n is li6el$ the same sandstone s(arp (urrentl$

e=posed on the southeast side' Clearl$! a natural &ea6 plane 7the thin shale la$er: e=ists eneath the

ten-meter-thi(6 sandstone out(rop that &as e=posed in earlier times in the sour(e area at

Hungtsaiping' /s geologi(al for(es graduall$ eroded the slope toe! it &as eas$ for torrential rain

events or strong earth5ua6es to trigger large-s(ale sliding! there$ produ(ing the massive (olluvium

deposits oserved toda$ 7Chang et al'! 2,11:'

%he geologi(al (ross-se(tions in <ig' 3( displa$ the distriution of the s$n(line a=is

(orresponding to the original rivered of the Eonglu Cree6 in the topographi( map from 1;,' We

(an therefore infer that earlier landslides (aused all of the s$n(line a=es as &ell as the (overage of

the original rivered &ith a large volume of massive (olluvium! &ith the result eing that the river

&as pushed to the north' %he s$n(line a=es and the terrain of the original rivered also shortened the

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sliding distan(e for the earlier landslide! su(h that most of the landslide material (ame to a rest on

the slope fa(e' /lthough the thi(6ness of the resulting (olluvium rea(hed 3, m to m! the material

&as &ea6 in terms of strength and stiffness' .n a((ount of this! the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e merel$

(aused the sliding masses to move along the ro(6 and soil interfa(e rather than produ(ing a ma>or

landslide disaster' %he aove! is a des(ription of landslides and geologi(al evolution in the

Hungtsaiping areas over the last (entur$' We (omined e=isting data to (onstru(t numeri(al models

of t&o ma>or landslides at Hungtsaiping 71;19 1;;;: in order to provide an a((urate e=planation

of the landslide histor$ and geologi(al evolution in the area'

<ig'3 +nvestigation of geolog$ and orehole logs otained in the surve$ing and mapping of strataunderl$ing the Hungtsaiping landslide' We also list the lo(ations of oreholes and resistivit$

e=ploration 7Dong et al'! 2,,;:'

a' Geologi(al map of the landslide area'

' Profile //-// and ??-?? a(ross the slide dire(tions &ith resistivit$ surve$ lines 7Chang et

al'! 2,11:'

(' Cross-se(tions /-/! ?-?! C-C! and D-D sho& the topograph$! geologi(al stru(tures! and

underl$ing strata 7Dong et al'! 2,,;:'

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& Connection between the 1'1( Nantou earthquake and the 1''' Chi-chi

earthquake

<e& ma>or earth5ua6es had o((urred sin(e the estalishment of instrumental oservation in

"antou 71;:! until a series of severe earth5ua6es ro(6ed the area in 1;19 and 1;18' %he four

primar$ earth5ua6es in(luded the "antou earth5ua6e on /ugust 2! 1;19 7measuring 9' on the

)i(hter s(ale at a fo(al depth of 6m:! the %ai(hung-"antou earth5ua6e on "ovemer 1! 1;19!

7measuring 9'2 on the )i(hter s(ale at a fo(al depth of 3 6m:! and the Puli earth5ua6es on Ianuar$

and 8 in 1;18! 7measuring ' on the )i(hter s(ale at a fo(al depth of 1 6m: 7<ig' :' %hese sho(6s

resulted in 8, deaths! ; severel$ in>ured! 2, slightl$ in>ured! 1!212 private homes (ompletel$

demolished! 1!21 private homes partiall$ (ollapsed! 9! private homes damaged! and 1 private

homes uried' Large-s(ale landslides in numerous lo(ations 7in(luding Hungtsaiping: rought

unpre(edented disasters to the "antou area 7Cheng and Eeh! 2,,:' %he Chi-(hi earth5ua6e stru(6

Central %ai&an in the middle of the night on eptemer 21! 1;;;' +t o((urred 12' 6m to the &est of

un Moon La6e at 6m on the high&a$ and measured 8'3 on the )i(hter s(ale' %he main 5ua6e

and its aftersho(6s resulted in a total of 2!; deaths! , missing! 11!9 in>ured! and over 1,9!28

uildings (ompletel$ or partiall$ (ollapsed' .ver 1,,!,,, people &ere left homeless! and the losses

in propert$ damage rea(hed "%D 1 illion! ma6ing the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e the most severe natural

disaster in the re(orded histor$ of %ai&an 7Cheng and Eeh! 2,,:'

/lthough earth5ua6e re(ords in %ai&an egin in the 2,th (entur$! (omplete information on

seismi( &aves and velo(ities &ere not in(luded until after 1;,' %he re(ords efore this $ear

(ontain onl$ the s(ale of the earth5ua6e and the lo(ation of the epi(enters! &hi(h ma6es later

anal$sis more diffi(ult' Wang et al' 72,,,: divided earth5ua6e a(tivit$ in Western %ai&an in the last

(entur$ into t&o primar$ regions' +n the northern region! seismi(it$ forms a linear pattern trending

in the "W- dire(tion! (alled the %unghsiao-Puli Linear seismi( Bone 7%PL:' %he seismi( Bone

south of the Choshuihsi stream near Chia-Ei is (alled the Chia-Ei Group seismi( Bone 7CEG:' %he

%PL seismi( Bone is lin6ed to the CEG seismi( Bone! forming a semi-(ir(ular elt surrounding the

1,

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PHK 7<ig' :'

eismi( a(tivit$ is distriuted in this semi-(ir(ular elt rather than eing asso(iated &ith the

Chelungpu fault! &hi(h &as a(tivated $ the main sho(6' ven more interesting! the earth5ua6e

fo(al me(hanisms for some of these signifi(ant aftersho(6s &ere nearl$ the same as those asso(iated

&ith the main sho(6 7Wang et al'! 2,,,:' %hus! this stud$ used the same lo(ation! depth! and

magnitude of aftersho(6s asso(iated &ith the Ii>i earth5ua6e for the simulation of PG/ &aveforms

for the "antou earth5ua6e' /(tual measurements of strong motion asso(iated &ith the Chi-(hi

earth5ua6e and aftersho(6s &ere applied to the numeri(al model used to simulate Hungtsaiping

landslide events'

<ig' %e(toni( oundaries and the lo(ations of seismi( a(tivit$ in the &estern area of %ai&an'

a' %e(toni( oundaries of Pei6ang ?asement High 7modified $ Huang et al'! 2,,1:'

' )elationship et&een semi-(ir(ular elt and sour(e lo(ations of 1;19 and 1;;; earth5ua6es

7modified $ Wang et al'! 2,,,:'

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) Nu*erical %i*ulation

)1 Nu*erical Concept

Parti(le <lo& Code 7P<C: is ased on the theor$ of "e&tons 2nd la& and dis(rete element

method 7Cundall and tra(6! 1;8;:' +t is used to model the movement of spheri(al parti(les as &ell

as their intera(tions and (urrent position' Cal(ulations related to (onta(t et&een parti(les or

parti(les and &alls are dete(ted automati(all$' Parti(les (an e onded to form various shapes

(omprising various 5uantities of elements' ?onding strength et&een t&o parti(les is in the form of

a (onta(t ond or parallel ond' Conta(t onds transfer onl$ for(e! &hereas parallel onds (omprise

a set of virtual springs &ith effe(ts in the verti(al as &ell as tangential dire(tions! resulting in the

transfer of stress as &ell as moment' %hese onds tend to fra(ture graduall$ &hen the mass is under

stress or moving! resulting in a separation into mutuall$ independent masses' Displa(ement distan(e

is free from an$ limits &ithin the allo&ale range of the program 7%ang et al! 2,,;:'

%he aove-mentioned d$nami( ehavior is represented numeri(all$ using a time stepping

algorithm in &hi(h the velo(ities and a((elerations are assumed to e (onstant &ithin ea(h time

step' %he use of an e=pli(it 7as opposed to an impli(it: numeri(al s(heme ma6es it possile to

simulate nonlinear intera(tions among a large numer of parti(les &ithout the need for a large

amount of memor$ or an iterative (omputation method 7+tas(a! 2,,2:' %hus! the time step pla$s a

(riti(al role throughout the simulation! &ith a (onsiderale effe(t on (al(ulations and the resulting

s$stem performan(e' %his stud$ (ompared landslide simulations &ith different time steps as the$

pertain to the length and &idth of the landslide Bone' %hese results led to the sele(tion of a time step

parameter of ,',, 7se(Jstep:'

)" nu*erical *odel o# Hungtsaiping landslide

Dis(rete element method does not impose an$ limits on the s(ale of separation or the

displa(ement ehavior of elements' %hus! the movement of masses from fra(ture to separation (an

e entirel$ simulated! ma6ing this approa(h highl$ appli(ale to the simulation of landslides 7Poisel

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and )oth! 2,,A Poisel et al'! 2,,:' %hus! &e emplo$ed P<C3D for the simulation and

interpretation of the 6inemati( pro(esses in three events asso(iated &ith the Hungtsaiping landslide'

%he elements of the P<C model in(lude parti(les and &alls' %he sliding surfa(e of the (ollapse area

in the Hungtsaiping landslide model &as (onstru(ted using 8!,,, &all elements ased on a

11m DM from the mapping of underl$ing strata and geologi(al stru(tures' <igure a presents a

re(onstru(tion of the geologi(al stru(ture asso(iated &ith the sliding surfa(e prior to the series of

earth5ua6e events in "antou in 1;,' %he total length from ast to West &as 3!89m and the total

&idth from "orth to outh &as 2!92m' %he sliding mass &as (onstru(ted using 2,!1 spheri(al

elements &ith a radius of 8' meters as &ell as 1!38; spheri(al elements divided into three lo(6s

7<ig'! 9:! resulting in a total volume of appro=imatel$ 33 million (ui( meters'

%he ehavior of granular media at the ma(ros(opi( s(ale depends on the (onta(t me(hani(al

propertiesA ho&ever! there is no straightfor&ard solution to the sele(tion of these parameters'

nsuring reliailit$ in the use of P<C models as simulation tools re5uires the estalishment of

reasonale relationships et&een numeri(al parameters and the me(hani(al (hara(teristi(s found in

a(tual situations 7Pot$ond$ and Cundall! 2,,:' We adopted e=perimental methods for the

optimiBation of P<C models &ith regard to unia=ial (ompression tests in order to (al(ulate

appropriate ma(ro-parameters for model generation &ith the aim of otaining an a((urate

reprodu(tion of the ma(ro-parameters of the ro(6 material' %hese parameters in(luded unia=ial

(ompression strength 7#C:! Eoungs modulus! and Poissons ratio 7Eoon! 2,,8:' <or ond

modelling! ma(ro-parameters for the intera(tion of t&o (ir(ular parti(les in(lude normal and shear stiffness! normal and shear onds! and the Coulom fri(tion (oeffi(ient! &hi(h must e otained

during the (aliration step' <a6himi 72,,: proposed a slightl$ overlapping intera(tion of (ir(ular

parti(les to resolve the failure envelope and the ratio of un(onfined (ompressive strength to tensile

strength! &hi(h tends to e lo&er than that of ro(6' We applied dimensional anal$sis in the

(aliration of DM for andstone &ith the aim of mimi(6ing the deformation and failure

(hara(teristi(s in stress paths 7<a6himi and illegas! 2,,8:' /lthough there is no straightfor&ard

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solution to the prolem of progressing from mi(ro-properties to ma(ro-parameters! there is a

relationship et&een the t&o properties that (an e emplo$ed in initial (aliration' %he Eoungs

modulus of grains and (ement are e=pressed as follo&s0

R

k E n

c

2=

1N

&here 6n and ) are the normal stiffness and radius of parti(les! respe(tivel$ 7Pot$ond$ and

Cundall! 2,,:' %hus! Poissons ratio depends on the ratio of shear (onta(t stiffness to normal

(onta(t stiffness as &ell as pa(6ing geometr$' %he pea6 strength of the material depends on the

fri(tion (oeffi(ient as &ell as ond strength 7+tas(a! 2,,2:'

%hus! &e performed a series of numeri(al tests on the (ompression of granular samples in

order to derive the me(hani(al properties of the ro(6 material at the ma(ro s(ale' We also otained

samples and geologi(al strength inde= 7G+! <ig'8: in order to modif$ the strength properties found

in the results of sandstone orehole logs 7Chang et al'! 2,11:! in a((ordan(e &ith the Hoe6O?ro&n

failure (riterion' %he 3D granular samples (onsisted of !8 spheri(al elements' %he numeri(al

parameters otained for the (ompression test in(luded a Eoungs modulus 7: as ,8'21MPa and

(ompression strength 7#C: as '2;MPa &ith an internal fri(tion angle of 18'93F 7 %a'1:' %he

ma(ros(opi( properties of the numeri(al sample are similar to those of the sandstone samples! as

determined in laorator$ testing 7%a'1 and <ig' :' %ale 2 lists the numeri(al parameters used for

P<C modelling'

%he numeri(al model of the Hungtsaiping landslide &as re(onstru(ted in the form of three

landslide events! as follo&s0

7a: 1;19 "antou earth5ua6e0 %here are no re(ords on the seismi( a((elerations of this

earth5ua6e eventA therefore! &e referred to the aftersho(6s of the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e that

&ere greater than 9', on the )i(hter s(ale and less than 1, 6m deep to aid in the simulation

of landslides at Hungtsaiping' When the seismi( for(es during the earth5ua6e egan

displa(ing Masses /! ?! and C 7<ig' ;7a:-tep 2:! the large sandstone stratum egan to

slide! there$ e=posing the entire sandstone (liff near the (ro&n of the sour(e area' Due to1

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the distriutions of the s$n(line a=is and strata! Masses / and ? moved to&ard the

s$n(line a=is! (oming to a rest &hen the$ hit Mass C' / gradual loss of onding strength in

Masses / and ? during the sliding and impa(t resulted in their rea6ing up into pie(es and

led to the a((umulation of a sustantial amount of sandstone deris over Mass C 7 <ig'

;7a:-tep 2:' %he impa(t of Masses / and ? a((elerated the movement of Mass C to&ard

the north&est! &hi(h (ompressed and then (ut off the Eonglu Cree6! for(ing it to veer

to&ard the north&est 7<ig' ;7a:-tep 3:' / signifi(ant 5uantit$ of landslide material also

a((umulated in the ne& rivered! at &hi(h point appro=imatel$ et&een 38 and 2 of

the onds in the three sliding masses had alread$ ro6en' %his (aused the entire ro(6 mass

to graduall$ fragment into pie(es'

7: 1;19-1;18 "antou earth5ua6e events0 %he seismi( for(es during the earth5ua6es initiated

the displa(ement of Masses /! ?! and C 7<ig' ;7:-tep : and in(reased the proportion of

ro6en onds in the three masses to et&een 81 and 8' %hese three masses graduall$

formed a massive (olluvial deposit! mainl$ (omprising soil (entered over the s$n(line

a=is' With the sliding of Masses / and ?! (ollisions and fragmentation shifted their

movement in the same dire(tion to the &est 7<ig' ;7:-tep :' Mass C (ontinued

(ompressing the rivered of the Eonglu Cree6! &hi(h eventuall$ deviated north&est!

ultimatel$ arriving at its (urrent lo(ation 7<ig' ;7:-tep 9:' <urthermore! as Mass C

moved north&est! it undermined the support of Masses / and ?! there$ (ausing them to

slide slightl$ to the north&est' /ppro=imatel$ 18 of the material in the front portiona(tuall$ passed the erosion gullies to the &est! su(h that the$ a((umulated in the rivered

7<ig' ;7:-tep 9:' <ollo&ing the 1;19-1;18 "antou earth5ua6e events! the sliding masses

temporaril$ stailiBedA ho&ever! a signifi(ant 5uantit$ of unstale (olluvial material still

resided on the strata and s$n(line a=is' %his material eventuall$ pla$ed a (riti(al role in the

Chi-(hi earth5ua6e'

7(: 1;;; Chi-(hi earth5ua6e0 <ollo&ing the series of earth5ua6es in "antou! the primar$

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sliding masses at Hungtsaiping remained fairl$ stale for 2 $ears until the Chi-(hi

earth5ua6e (aused the old sliding masses to move on(e again' %he main landslide involved

the large (olluvial deposit that had a((umulated over the s$n(line a=is' mall-s(ale

movements in the large (olluvial deposit o((urred along the ro(6 and soil interfa(e!

(ausing the ground surfa(e to shift and deform 7Dong et al'! 2,,;:' eismi( a((eleration

data 7<ig'1,: &as (olle(ted from %C#,82! the seismi( station nearest Hungtsaiping! for

(onversion into the seismi( parameters 7velo(it$ or displa(ement: re5uired for P<C3D

programming' %his made it possile to monitor the displa(ement of elements in various

lo(ations 7<ig' 11: and there$ strengthen our e=planation of ho& the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e

moved the old landslide material' .ur simulation results sho& that the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e

propelled the old sliding masses to move in roughl$ three dire(tions 7<ig' ;7(:-tep 8:A

Masses / and ? mainl$ moved &est 7e(oming the (urrent liding Mass /:! and the 23

of the material in the front spread over Mass C' %he s$n(line a=is divided Mass C into t&o

portions! sliding north&est and north! respe(tivel$ to e(ome the (urrent liding Masses ?

and C 7<ig' ;7(:-tep :' Despite persistent seismi( for(es! the sliding masses did not

displa$ large-s(ale deformation or slide for ver$ long distan(es' Ho&ever! oservation of

the elements in various lo(ations revealed that in addition to differen(es in sliding

dire(tion! the surfa(e and ottom elements of the sliding masses also differed in the degree

of displa(ement! &hi(h resulted in var$ing degrees of geomorphologi(al (hange andJor

destru(tion' During the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e! liding Mass / moved primaril$ to&ard the&est! resulting in displa(ement of 1,'2 m at the top and 11'31 m at the ottom eing!

&hi(h is slightl$ less than the displa(ements asso(iated &ith liding Masses ? and C' <or

this reason! the upper stru(ture of liding Mass / presented damage' +n (ontrast! liding

Mass ? moved north&est and under&ent the largest displa(ements at the0 '91 m at the top

and 1;';9 m at the ottom' %his led to the formation of tension near the top! &hi(h (reated

minor s(arps and small ponds' lightl$ ulging from (ompression! the slope of liding

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Mass ? displa$ed relativel$ little displa(ements of 18' m at the top and 1;';3 m at the

ottom! &hi(h resulted in a small! shallo& landslide near the left an6 of the Eonglu

Cree6' <inall$! liding Mass C moved mainl$ to&ard the north &ith displa(ements of

1;'11 m at the top and 1;'3 m at the ottom'

Dis(rete element numeri(al modeling of the three earth5ua6e-(aused landslides provided

important ph$si(al (onstraints! &hi(h &ere (ompared &ith field oservations' %his led to

ad>ustments in the reported (hara(teristi(s of the events' )esear(h into the series of earth5ua6es in

"antou! as &ell as studies on the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e 7Lo et al'! 2,,A Chang et al'! 2,11A Lee et al'!

1;;;: and earlier studies asso(iated &ith those earth5ua6es provided aundant a(6ground

information &ith &hi(h to investigate possile fa(tors governing the 6inemati(s of these large

earth5ua6e-indu(ed landslides' ?ased on previous studies using numeri(al simulation! &e (an

dis(uss in greater detail the possile reasons for the movement of slide masses follo&ing these

events' / (omparison of the simulation results related to the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e otained using

P<C3D &ith parti(le image velo(imetr$ te(hnolog$ 7P+: 7Lo et al'! 2,,: revealed that the

oundaries and movement dire(tion of (olluvium &ere nearl$ a perfe(t mat(h 7<ig'12:' We found

eviden(e of a $n(line! i'e'! M-s$mmetr$ minor folds of thin-edded siltstone and sandstone la$ers

&ithin a massive shale 7%anliaoti hale: out(rop on the river an6 of Eonglu stream! &hi(h appears

to have pla$ed a (ru(ial role in these events' ?et&een 1;, and 1;3! it pla$ed an important role in

determining the dire(tion of sliding 7<ig' ;7a: mass ? and mass C: and defle(ted the dire(tion of the

Eonglu stream to&ard the north&est' %his e=posed the toe of liding Mass /! &hi(h resulted ininstailit$ and eventual failure' %he Chi-(hi earth5ua6e (aused slip displa(ement in liding Masses

/! ?! and C of appro=imatel$ 2'91 meters et&een 1;; and 2,,3' %he (onditions asso(iated &ith

phenomenon are &orth dis(ussing' +n the simulation! the areas surrounding all +Ds 2,2, and 2,38

presented large displa(ement of appro=imatel$ 1;'1 m' +n (omparison! the area surrounding all +Ds

82; and 889 on the lo&er slope had displa(ement of onl$ 1' m' %he (onditions that led to su(h

large differen(es in displa(ement ma$ have (aused deformations in the mass of the (olluvium!

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resulting in the formation of tension (ra(6s on the sliding surfa(e'

%ale 1 Comparison results of unia=ial (ompression test in a((ordan(e &ith Hoe6O?ro&n failure

(riterion and P<C model

%ale 2 "umeri(al parameters used in P<C modeling

<ig' 3D illustration of geologi(al la$ers ased on the mapping of underl$ing strata

a' Mid-thi(6 sandstone sho&ing geologi(al s$n(line and anti(line stru(tures

' hale0 )e(onstru(tion of sliding surfa(es in <ig 3 &ith modifi(ations ased on topographi(

maps from 1;,' /lso sho&n is the s(ope of possile landslide sour(es0 masses /! ?! and C

<ig'9 "umeri(al modeling of the Hungtsaiping landslide

<ig' 8 Geologi(al strength inde= and distriution of samples otained during field investigation

<ig' %he results of simulation unia=ial (ompression test<ig' ;7a: imulation results of landslide event asso(iated &ith the series of earth5ua6es in "antou

in 1;19

<ig' ;7: imulation results of landslide event asso(iated &ith the series of earth5ua6es in "antou

in 1;19-1;18

<ig' ;7(: imulation results of old landslide (aused $ Chi-(hi earth5ua6e

<ig'1, eismi( re(ords at %C#,82 in 7a: the verti(al! 7: "orth-outh! and 7(: ast-West dire(tions

<ig'11 7a: the monitoring lo(ation of numeri(al modelA 7: the displa(ement of all elements<ig'12 Comparison results of simulation of Chi-(hi earth5ua6e events

a'! ' Morphologi( (hanges &ere identified $ stud$ing surfa(e displa(ement using parti(le image

velo(imetr$ te(hnolog$ 7P+: to otain detailed landslide Bonation from topographi( maps

7Lo et al'! 2,,:'

('! d' urfa(e displa(ement identified using P<C 3D for the simulation of 6inemati(s at the site of

the Hungtsaiping landslide

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( Conclusions

%his stud$ e=amined topographi(al (hanges and landslide me(hanisms of a large-s(ale

landslide area at Hungtsaiping! using topographi( maps from the previous (entur$ as &ell as onsite

surve$s! drilling logs! geoph$si(al data! and the findings of long-term monitoring' We simulated

earth5ua6e-indu(ed landslides in 1;19! 1;19-1;18! and 1;;; using P<C3D to (larif$ the sliding and

deposition ehavior of the large-s(ale landslides at Hungtsaiping under (omple= geologi(al

(onditions' %he results of terrain anal$sis sho& that the series of earth5ua6es in "antou in 1;19 and

1;18 (aused massive landslides in the @one + et&een 1;, and 1;3! &hi(h (ut off the Eounglu

tream and for(ed its (hannel to move north 7presenting a right angle end:' %his produ(ed the

(urrent liding Masses /! ?! and C and (overed the strata in the stud$ area in (olluvial material to

depths of 3, m to m' %he sliding that too6 pla(ed in @one ++ during this time (reated the (olluvial

la$er that e=ists to the north&est of Hungtsaiping toda$' Geologi(al surve$s revealed that due to the

at$pi(al (ata(linal slope (onditions formed $ the uni5ue geologi(al stru(ture at Hungtsaiping! the

s$n(line a=is determined the dire(tion of strata in(lination and the distriution of the (olluvial la$er'

liding Masses /! ?! and C &ere situated on the s$n(line a=is! &hi(h prevented longer runout

distan(es' /s a result! the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e (aused the three masses to slide onl$ 2, m to 3 m

along the stratum-soil interfa(e and did not lead to a large-s(ale landslide disaster'

P<C3D simulations that the earth5ua6e events from 1;19 to 1;18 produ(ed large-s(ale

ro(6slide on the (ata(linal slopes! primaril$ involving sandstone! &hi(h e=posed the entire (liff in

the sour(e area' During the sliding pro(ess! the terrain (aused the strata to fragment and rea6 up on

a large-s(ale! there$ forming a (olluvium la$er that &as deposited on the s$n(line a=is and

(hanging the original path of the Eounglu tream to the valle$ terrain oserved toda$' +n 1;;;! the

Chi-(hi earth5ua6e (aused sliding et&een the (olluvial la$er and the edro(6 on the s$n(line a=is!

in &hi(h liding Masses / and ? moved &est&ard! and liding Mass C moved north&est and north

as divided $ the s$n(line a=is' <ortunatel$! the Chi-(hi earth5ua6e (aused deformation onl$ in the

(olluvial la$er and small-s(ale sliding of 1, m to 2 m! &hi(h did not result in the formation of

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landslide dams or large-s(ale disasters' +n the future! the Hungtsaiping sliding area should (ontinue

to e monitored and anal$Bed'

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+e#erences

1N Chang K'I'! %aoada /'! Chan E'C' 72,,: Geologi(al and morphologi(al stud$ of the

Iiufengershan landslide triggered $ the Chi-Chi %ai&an earth5ua6e' Geomorpholog$ 8173-:0

2;3-3,;'

2N Chang! K'I'! %aoada! /'! Lin! M'L'! and Chen! )'<' /nal$sis of landsliding $ earth5ua6e

sha6ing using a lo(6-on-slope thermo-me(hani(al model0 e=ample of Iiufengershan landslide!

Central %ai&an! ngineering Geolog$ ,0 11Q193 72,,:'

3N Chang K'%'! Lai C'C'! Lin D'G' 72,,: /nal$ses of the Huntsaiping Landslide +ndu(ed $ the

Chi(hi arth5ua6e! Iournal of Chinese oil and Water Conservation! 3;73:0 32;-3 7in

Chinese:'

N Chang! K'%'! Lin! M'L'! Dong! I'I'! Chien! C'H' 72,11: %he Hungtsaiping landslides0 from

an(ient to re(ent! Landslides 73 eptemer 2,11:0 1-1,'

N Cheng! '"'! and Eeh! E'%' 72,,: %ai&an (enturies earth5ua6e! Iournal of (ientifi(

Development 3830 9-8'

9N Cundall P'/' 71;81: / (omputer model for simulating progressive large s(ale movement in

lo(6$ ro(6 s$stems' Pro(eedings of the $mposium of the +nternational so(iet$ of ro(6

me(hani(s! 1' "an($! <ran(e0 ++-'

8N Cundall P'/'! tra(6 .'D' 71;8;: / dis(rete numeri(al model for granular assemlies'

Geote(hni5ue 2;0 8-9'

N Dong I'I'! Lee W')'! Lin M'L'! Huang /'?'! Lee E'L' 72,,;: ffe(ts of seismi( anisotrop$ and

geologi(al (hara(teristi(s on the 6inemati(s of the neighoring Iiufengershan and

Hungtsaiping landslides during Chi-Chi earth5ua6e' %e(tonoph$si(s 99 73O:0 3O8'

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0169555X

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0169555X

http://www.airiti.com/ceps/ec_en/ecJnlIntro.aspx?jnlcattype=0&jnlptype=0&jnltype=0&Jnliid=880&newIssueiid=80076



;N <a6himi /'! illegas %' 72,,8: /ppli(ation of dmensional anl$sis in (aliration of a dis(rete

element model for ro(6 deformation and fra(ture' )o(6 Me(hani(s and )o(6 ngineering ,0

1;3-211'

1,N Hoe6! '! CarranBa-%orres! C' and Cor6um! ?' 72,,2:! Hoe6-?ro&n <ailure Criterion-2,,2

dition! th "orth /meri(an )o(6 Me(hani(s $mposium and 18th %unneling /sso(iation of

Canada Conferen(e0 "/)M-%/C0 298-281'

11N Huang C'E'! Ria K'E'! Euan P'?'! Chen P'G' 72,,1: tru(tural evolution from Paleogene

e=tension to Latest Mio(ene-)e(ent ar(-(ontinent (ollision offshore %ai&an! I' /sian arth (i

1;0 91;-93;'

12N Huang! W'K'! Lo! C'M'! Lin! M'L'! Dong! I'I'! Chang! K'%'! Chang! E'L' 72,12: ffe(ts of

geologi(al (hara(teristi(s on the 6inemati(s of histori(al Hungtsaiping landslide! 2,12 %ai&an

)o(6 ngineering $mposium! Miaoli! %ai&an0 98;-9'

13N Hungr! .' 72,,8: D$nami(s of rapid landslides! Progress in Landslide (ien(e 7pp' 8-9:!

Chapter '

1N +tas(a! Consulting Group +n(' 72,,2: P<C3D Parti(le <lo& Code in 3 Dimensions' #sers

Guide' Minneapolis'

1N Lee! I'<'! Wei! C'E'! and Huang! C'C' 72,,: %he stud$ of Hungtsaiping landslide using digital

aerial photogrametri( te(hni5ue! Pro(eedings +nternational $mposium on Landslide and

Deris <lo& HaBard /ssessment0 -1 - -;'

19N Lee W'H'K'! hin %'C'! Kuo K'W'! Chen K'C'! Wu C'<' 71;;;: CW? free field strong-motion

data from the ;21 Chi-Chi earth5ua6e0 volume 1' Digital /((eleration <iles on CD-).M'

18N Liao H'W' 72,,,: Landslides triggered $ Chi-Chi earth5ua6e' Masters thesis! +nstitute of

Geoph$si(s! "ational Central #niversit$ 7in Chinese:'

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1N Lo! C'M'! Lee! K'C'! Lee! W'C'! Lin! M'L'! and Ieng! <'' 72,,9: Landslide Bonation of

Hungtsaiping area ased on aerial photograph and P+ te(hnolog$! Pro(eedings of 2nd Iapan-

%ai&an Ioint Wor6shop on Geote(hni(al HaBards from Large arth5ua6es and Heav$ )ainfall!

"agao6a! "iigata! Iapan0 3,Q39'

1;N Lo C'M'! Lin M'L'! Lee W'C'! Lee K'C'! Chien 'E'! Dong I'I'! Chang K'%'! Huang /'?'

72,,: Landslide (hara(teriBation and Bonation of Hungtsaiping area ased on topograph$!

aerial photograph and P+ te(hnolog$' %he 3rd +nternational Conferen(e on ite

Chara(teriBation! %aipei! %ai&an0 98-82'

2,N Lo! C'M'! Lin! M'L'! Dong! I'I'! Chang! K'%'! Chien! 'E'! Huang! /'?' 72,,;: Landslide

Chara(teriBation and @onation of Hungtsaiping /rea ased on %opograph$! +image of )rmote

ensing! and P+ %e(hnolog$! Iournal of the Chinese +nstitute of Civil and H$drauli(

ngineering 2172:0 3;-1, 7in Chinese:'

21N Lo C'M'! Lin! M'L'! %ang C'L'! Hu! I'C' 72,11: / 6inemati( model of the Hsiaolin landslide

(alirated to the morpholog$ of the landslide deposit! ngineering Geolog$ 1230 22-3;'

22N Lo C'M'! Lee C'<'! Chou! H'%'! Lin! M'L' 72,1: Landslide at u-Hua High&a$ 11';6

triggered $ %$phoon Megi in %ai&an! Landslides 1172:0' 2;3-3,'

23N Poisel )'! )oth W' 72,,: )unout models of ro(6 slope failures' <elsau 220 9-,' Poisel )!

?ednari6 M! HolBer )! L+STUK P 72,,: Geomr(hani(s of HaBardous landslides' Iournal of

Mountain (ien(e 273:0 211-218'

2N Pot$ond$ D'! Cundall P' 72,,: / onded-parti(le model for ro(6' +nternational Iournal of

)o(6 Me(hani(s Mining (ien(es 10 132;O139'

2N teven "'W'! imon D' 72,,9: Parti(ulate 6inemati( simulations of deris avalan(hes0

interpretation of deposits and landslide seismi( signals of Mount aint Helens! 1;, Ma$ 1'

+nternational Iournal of geoph$si(s 1980 ;;1-1,,'

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http://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Ching-Fang+Lee%22

http://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Hsien-Ter+Chou%22


http://link.springer.com/search?facet-author=%22Ching-Fang+Lee%22




29N %seng! C'H'! Hu! I'C'! Chan! E'C'! Lee! I'<'! and Wei! I'E' 72,,: / slo& slide in (entral

%ai&an indu(ed $ (hi-(hi earth5ua6e revealed $ P+ anal$sis! /meri(an Geoph$si(al #nion

>ournal-%11D-13,80 1-'

28N %ang C'L'! Hu I'C'! Lin M'L'! /ngelier I'! Lu C'E'! Chan E'C'! Chu H'%' 72,,;: %he %saoling

landslide triggered $ the Chi-Chi earth5ua6e! %ai&an0 insights from a dis(rete element

simulation' ng Geol 1,90 1-1;'

2N Wang C'E'! Chang C'H'! Een H'E' 72,,,: /n interpretation of the 1;;; Chi-Chi earth5ua6e in

%ai&an ased on the thin-s6inned thrust model! %/. 110 9,;-93,'

2;N Wei C'E'! Lee I'<' 72,,9: %he appli(ation of digital aerial photograph$ in the stud$ of

Hungtsaiping landslide! Chungliao! "antou Count$' ?ulletin of the Central Geologi(al urve$

1;0 3;-; 7in Chinese:'

3,N Eoon I 72,,8: /ppli(ation of e=perimental design and optimiBation to P<C model (aliration

in unia=ial (ompression simulation' +nternational Iournal of )o(6 Me(hani(s Mining

(ien(es 0 81-;'

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