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3/10/2019 1 Effects of water and nutrient management decisions on production of sweet cherry. Denise Neilsen, Gerry  Neilsen, Tom Forge Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC.  Canada Presentation to Cherry Fruit School, Wenatchee, WA. Mar. 12, 2019. Context for efficient water use Uncertainty in supply Competition for resources Improved production and fruit quality Lake Shasta CA. 2014 Since January 2000 large areas of W. N. America have been in drought. (NOAA 2016)

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Page 1: 03-12 1445 Neilsen Nutrition Irrigations3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/.../03-12_1445_Neilsen_Nutrition-Irriga… · • uses some measurement or estimate of demand (soil moisture, climate)

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1

Effects of water and nutrient management decisions on production 

of sweet cherry.

Denise Neilsen, Gerry  Neilsen, Tom ForgeSummerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, 

BC.  Canada

Presentation to Cherry Fruit School, Wenatchee, WA. Mar. 12, 2019.

Context for efficient water use

• Uncertainty in supply

• Competition for resources

• Improved production and fruit quality Lake Shasta CA. 2014

Since January 2000 large areas of W. N. America have been in drought. (NOAA 2016)

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Installing efficient, well engineered 

systems Applying water to meet plant 

requirements(irrigation scheduling)

Strategies for managing water well

Reducing soil water 

evaporation 

Precision managementMonitoring spatial variability in water 

stress (emerging technology)

Improving water management irrigation scheduling

• how long an irrigation system should run

• matches water supply to demand• uses some measurement or 

estimate of demand (soil moisture, climate)

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.4

2.0

2.8

Wat

er a

pp

lied

(in

)

0

Meeting water requirements

Potential water savings

Meeting water requirements (scheduled)

Meeting PEAK water requirements (scheduled)

Unscheduled irrigation

Electrical Resistance Block

Capacitance probes

Tensiometers

TDR probes

Weather data - ET

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Automated sensor systems

Sensors

Electronic switch

Solenoid valve

Pressure transducer

Data‐logger, computer, web site

Smart phone

Irrigator

Irrigation controller

Example of a multi-sensor system, communicating to various devices.There are others on the market

Schematic of a multi-sensor system, which controls the irrigation system

Limitations to fruit growth • Stomates

– Open: CO2 inflow for growth and transpiration also occurs

– Close: CO2 demand satisfied or if soil water can not meet transpiration demands

• Stomatal closure due to insufficient soil water can reduce growth

Carbon dioxide

Water vapour

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Monitoring transpiration

• Sap flow gauge used to monitor transpiration

Environmental limitations to transpiration

• In well watered trees sap flow was reduced – above 7mm (0.28in) /day  potential ET– When air temperature above 35°C, 95°F

• high probability of water stress and reduced growth in cherries under these conditions regardless of irrigation strategy

R2 = 0.59

0

200

400

600

800

1000

15 25 35 45Maximum daily temperature (oC)

Sa

p f

lux

(m

l/d

ay)

R2 = 0.72

050

100150200250300350400

0 5 10 15Calculated daily ET (mm)

Dai

ly s

ap f

low

(ml/c

m2 T

CS

A)

Skeena/Gi.6 field Stardust/Mazzard greenhouse

Potential evapotranspiration (ET) Air temperature

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Management options in a well‐designed, scheduled irrigation system

• Irrigation frequency

• Irrigation type

Irrigation frequency

• How often should water be applied?

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Irrigation and soil management experiment on Skeena and Cristalina/Gi6

Loamy sand soil

Irrigation frequency (I1, I2)

Cultivar Cristalina or Skeena on Gisela 6

Soil management

1. P‐fertigation 20 g P/tree immediately after bloom

2. Mulching

3. Control 

– 40g N tree for 6 wks after bloom

– 25 g K/tree  for 4 wks in June 

Cristalina

Skeena

Bark Mulch

Irrigation

Atmometer‐scheduled• ETcrop

• Same amount water – 4x 4 L/hr drip emitters per 

tree– spaced 30cm from tree

• FrequencyI1‐ 4x/day (6h interval)

I2‐ 1 every 2 days

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Soil moisture in the root zone

• High frequency irrigation increased soil moisture content measured just before the next irrigation

TDR at 0-20cm

Yr. 2 Yr. 4  Yr. 5  Yr. 6  Yr. 7 Yr. 3 

Sap flow (transpiration) in response to irrigation frequency in a loamy sand soil

• Sap flow higher when trees irrigated more frequently suggesting potentially greater growth

• Available water storage depleted under less frequent irrigation

Skeena/Gi.6- field site

36 in

4.0in

Cherry

1.6in 0.8inSemi-dwarf

Loamy sand

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36 in

3.0in 1.0in 0.5in 4.6in 1.9in 0.73in 7.6in 3.0in 1.2in

Cherry

Sandy loam Silt loamSand

• Available water storage capacity varies according to soil type, crop rooting depth, crop ability to extract water (allowable depletion)

• How frequently should it be replenished? ‐ as often as possible 

Water – what is really available

CherryCherry

Irrigation and soil management  effects on growth 

• High frequency (4x/day) irrigation (I1)increased growth compared with irrigation 1x/2days (I2)

• Mulch also increased growth under high frequency irrigation in some years

Yr. 1  Yr. 3 Yr. 5 Yr. 7 

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Yield and fruit quality

Yield (kg/tree) Average fruit size (g)

Yr. 5 Yr. 6 Yr. 7 Yr.5 Yr. 6 Yr. 7

Irrigation (I) Skeena Cristalina

I1 (4x/day) 23.6 13.4 7.1 11.8 9.8 10.3 11.8

I2 (1x/2days) 15.5 8.8 6.6 6.4 9.6 9.6 11.5

** * ** ns * ns

Soluble solids (%)

Yr. 5 Yr. 6 Yr. 7

Irrigation (I)

I1 (4x/day) 20.2 19.9 18.5

I2 (1x/2days) 21.4 20.8 18.7

*** ** ns

Irrigation frequency effects on growth, yield and fruit quality Years 5‐7

• High frequency irrigation – Increased soil moisture

– Increased tree growth

– Increased cumulative yield over 3 years

– Increased fruit size 1 year in 3

– Reduced soluble solids in 2 out of 3 years

• Mulch did not affect fruit quality

• Splits <5% in all years – not affected by treatments

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Irrigation type

Ph.D. Thesis work of Tristan Watson

Watson et al., Scientia Horticulturae 239:50-56 (2018)

Irrigation type experiment on Skeena/Gi.6 in a ‘replant’ orchard

Methods• Sandy loam soil• Skeena/Gi.6• 1.25m x 3m trained to Bibaum• Drip irrigation 

– 2l/hr, 30cm spacing; – Two lines 15cm from the tree 

row

• Microsprinkler irrigation– 20l/hr– Small radius(0.75m)

• Scheduling– 100% ET replacement– Atmometer+crop coefficients– Daily

Cro

p c

oef

fici

ent

(Kc)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

0 5 10 15 20 25Weeks after shoot leaf budburst

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Soil Moisture

• 0‐30cm (0‐12in)

• Moisture content lower under micro‐sprinkler than drip 

Effect of irrigation system on tree growth for newly planted Skeena/Gisela 6

• Tree growth was greater under drip irrigation

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Effect of irrigation system on yield for newly planted Skeena/Gisela 6

• Drip irrigation resulted in higher yield in the second year of cropping….

Fruit growth

• …… but did not reduce fruit growth

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Root organisms

• Plant root pathogens were lower under drip irrigation

• Plant root beneficial organisms were higher under drip irrigation

Plant pathogens – root lesion nematodes Plant beneficial organisms – VA-mycorrhizae

Irrigation type effect on growth and  production

• Drip irrigation improved tree growth and yield compared with small‐radius microsprinkler…

• …but did not reduce fruit size

• Plant responses may have been due to 

– Higher soil moisture under drip

– Fewer root pathogens under drip

– More root beneficial organisms under drip

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Nutrition in an efficient irrigation environment

• In irrigated production systems water management can control nutrient availability

• Micro‐irrigation offers good opportunities for controlled application of nutrients through fertigation ….

• ….which can be used to retain highly soluble nutrients like N in the root zone and increase the availability of immobile nutrients like P which get fixed in the soil……

• … and time applications to period of root uptake

N withdrawn

from leaves

N stored inwoody tissue

N remobilized

for new growth

N stored in leaves

Internal N cycling

When to apply ‐ Sources of N for growth

N removed inpruning

N removed infruit andpruning?

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N derived from 15N labeled fertilize

Remobilized N from storage

Millard et al., 2006. Tree Physiology 26, 527–536

Timing of nutrient remobilization and uptake in spring in sweet cherry

• Prunus avium for agro‐forestry/11 yr‐old trees• Early bud and leaf N requirements met mostly from remobilization, • Root uptake occurred around 30 days from budburst

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-5 10 25 40 55 70Days from Bud Burst

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f m

axim

um

N c

on

ten

tin Shoot

Timing of sap flow in the spring

• Sap flow – water uptake starts around first white in sweet cherry

• Likely determines onset of rapid N uptake

0

50

100

150

200

80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

sa

p f

low

ml/c

m2

TC

SA

Day of the year

Sap flow

Sap flow

side green

green tip

tight cluster

open cluster

firstfirst white

full bloom

Granier type thermal dissipation probe

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How much N? 

• ~50‐130 kg N/ha recommended– high rate on coarse textured soils– low rates on soils with high organic matter or fine textureHanson and Proebsting 1996 in ‘Cherries crop production and physiology’ (eds. Webster & Looney )

N removal in fruit grown on a coarse‐textured soil, with scheduled irrigation and fertigation

How much N?

• Studies on other woody perennials (apples, raspberries) have indicated that up to 50% of seasonal N requirements can be met by recycling

• Supplying N at 50 kg/ha (45lb/acre), using fertigation and scheduled irrigation, sufficient to meet requirements on this coarse textured (loamy‐sand to sandy loam) soil

Cv/rootstock N inputskg/ha

Spacing(m)

Age(yr)

Fruit N kg/ha

Canopy N Total N

Skeena/Gi6 42 2x4 5  ~30

Cristalina/Gi6 42 2x4 7 ~45

Lapins/Gi5 30 4x4.5 12  ~20

Skeena/Gi6 (UFO) 50 1.5x4 7  ~15 67 82

Skeena/Gi5 (UFO) 50 1.5x4 7  ~19 68 87

Skeena/Gi3 (UFO) 50 1.5x4 7  ~13 60 73

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Summary N

Good N management depends on increasing N availability by 

• Retention of N in root zone  using  good water management practice

• Timing applications to post bloom demand for root uptake (daily – 6weeks)

• Cherry trees  can require relatively small N inputs

Phosphorus fertigation improves P availability

• Need to overcome soil P fixation• A single large dose of P increases availability in soil 

solution and the soil early in the season

0

2

4

6

8

10

120 140 160 180 200 220

ortho‐PO

4‐P (μg/m

l) 

Day of year

Single dose

Daily dose

Soil solution ortho-PO4 Extractable soil P

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Phosphorus effects on sweet cherry – first production years

• Skeena, Cristalina on Gi.6

• Fertigated P 

– (20g P as 10‐34‐0) at bloom

• Effects on fruit yield and quality

– Increased cumulative yield over 3 years

– Increased fruit size 1 year in 3

– Increased stem pull force 2 years in 3

– Reduced soluble solids 2 years in 3

Summary P

• Mobility and availability of P can be improved by fertigation immediately after bloom

• P availability can also be increased by the use of organic amendments and mulches

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Thank youThank you

Cherries. Botany, Production and UsesEditors: J Quero‐Garcia, INRA Bordeaux, France, A Iezzoni, Michigan State University, USA, J Pulawska, Research Institute of Horticulture, Poland, G Lang, Michigan State University, USAChapter 9 Environmental Limiting Factors for Cherry Production.   G. H. Neilsen, D. Neilsen and T. Forge

Chapter 8 Optimizing precision in orchard irrigation and nutrient management. Denise Neilsen and Gerry Neilsen

2017

March, 2019