02_Mics Kerys Basic Reminders UK

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Titre de la diapositive

Mics Kerys – Basic Reminders

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SDMO Training departement

Basic Regulations meanings Set up point : nominal adjustement point

Gain : Time delays from reading to action

Stability : Time réaction to stable state

Droop : Dead band action

Proportional : The action will be proportional of the gap in between set point and reading

Integral :The main purpose of the integral gain is to have actual speed equals to requested speed.High integral gain can cause slow engine hunting (unstable).

Derivative : The main purpose of the derivative gain is to stabilize the system. High dérivative gain can cause very fast and erratic engine hunting (unstable).

Isochronous : No dead band ( droop = 0 )

Off set : Value from Référence to set up

Amplitude : Set up band action

E F C : Electro Fuel Control

E C U : Engine Contrôl Unit

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OFF ON

1

Stability

Time

Gain

= Best setting = Best setting

Time

Speed

Speed

Droop

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Speed adjustement

Reference

EFC or ECU

Off set

EX MTU = ref 10v – 6v Off Set = 4v

Output Amplitude

Time

U DC

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SDMO Training departementPage 5Page 5

Speed governor reminder

Read

Action

Régulation MODULE

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Page 6Page 6

Proportionnal gain

The main purpose of the propotionnal gain is to speed up/down reactions.

High proportionnal gain can cause fast engine hunting (unstable).

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The main purpose of the integral gain is to have actual speed equals to requested speed.

High integral gain can cause slow engine hunting (unstable).

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Integral gain

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The main purpose of the derivative gain is to stabilize the system.

High dérivative gain can cause very fast and erratic engine hunting (unstable).

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Derivative gain

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- Magnetic pick-up voltage must be at least 2.5 Volts at crank speed

- Do not use same pick-up for speed governor and overspeed protection

- 0Volt must be taken from the control box and not from batterie minus

-Remote speed contrôle should always be shielded and must be far away from power cables.

-Size of the power supply leads to control box and to actuator should be twisted and are to be selected regarding distance between modules.

Speed governor reminder Must-do & must-know

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STATORWINDING

ROTATINGRECTIFIERS

EXCITER FIELD

ROTORWINDING EXCITER

ARMATURE

A V R

A.C.

D.C.

Action

Read

Voltage regulation reminders

Régulation MODULE

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Basic Genset Regulations Loops

Air

Fuel U / HZ

Engine AlternatorSpeed

E F C A V R

Regulation ModuleU / HZ

Action Action

Action Action

Read Read

Read

Voltage Loops

Speed Loops

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Genset Synchronizing REMINDERS

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Principle of synchronization

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We need :- equality of FREQUENCY- equality of VOLTAGE- equality of PHASE ANGLE

Important rules to synchronize two generating sets

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Equality of frequency

/2 2 /3 2 0 t

U

T2

T1

T

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Equality of voltage

/2 2 /3 2 0 t

U

U

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Equality of phase angle

/2 2 /3 2 0 t

U

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Main manufacturers of synchronizing equipments used in EUROPE

By direct contact

ALSTHOM.BASLER. WOODWARD.SEG.SELCO.DEIF.AEES. ( ex HENNEQUIN ).CEE. ( ex TECHNIREL, ex REGULATEURS GEORGIN ).

By analogical signal

BARBER COLMAN.WOODWARD.GAC.SEG.HEINZMANN.SELCO.DEIF.CEE. ( ex TECHNIREL, ex REGULATEURS GEORGIN ).

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Live Bus synchronization Principle

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Dead Bus synchronization principle

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Advantage of the dead field synchronization

Availability of all generators, so a faster resumption of the activity.

No risk of energy exchange during the synchronization.Avoid magnetizing currents transformers.

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Utilization of the neutral

Power station with one generator :The neutral can be linked to earth whatever the pitch of coil.

Power station with many generators :- alternator pitch 2/3 :

Neutrals can be connected to each other or to the earth.- alternators with same pitch :

Neutrals can be connected.Note: active and reactive loads must be distributed.

- alternators with different pitch :Neutrals cannot be connected.If necessary to connect neutrals, place a coil between each alternator to limit current.

Power station synchronised with the mains :If the neutral is connected, an alternator pitch 2/3 is needed.Reduction of power :

P 2/3 = P full x 3 / 2.

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2 Differents synchronizing sequence

A B

a b

Live bus synchronising1- Start A2- Close a3- Start B4- Synchronised B with bus-bar5- Close bDead bus synchronising1- Close a and b2- Start A and B3- Control speed A and B > 1450 tr /mn4- Exitation A and B5- Voltage rise up on bus bar

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Dead bus synchronization avantages

Availability of all generators, so a faster resumption of the activity.

No risk of energy exchange during the synchronization.

Avoid in-rush currents transformers.

Possibility of energising transformer bigger than generator

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Graph - KW function to KVAR

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The “MORDEY” Curve ( relation between I induced and I excitation)

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KW & KVAR Graph given by Utility supply ( when sync with Mains)

KW ConsumptionKW Consumption

KVAR ProductionKVAR Production

KW & KVA ProductionKW & KVA Production KVAR ConsumptionKVAR Consumption

KW ProductionKW Production

KW & KVAR consumptionKW & KVAR consumption

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• Gensets have to accept load impacts corresponding to change in a production process for example. Typically :

. From 10 to 500 kVA, our gensets are able to accept in a single step, a load impact of 75% of their nominal power.

. From 500 to 2000 kVA, our gensets are able to accept in a single step a load impact of 50% of their nominal power.

NOTE : Of course this load impact will affect frequency and voltage.

(except : MTU have a better abilities for load impacts, approximately 60-70 %)

Load impacts

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Load Sharing REMINDERS

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Voltage and KVAR relations

For a non-synchronized genset :- KVAR is function of load’s power factor.- Action on the order of the AVR enables to adjust load’s supply voltage.

Genset synchronised with another one :- KVAR is :

- function of the load.function of the behaviour of generators toward each

other.- Action on the order of the AVR enables to adjust the repartition of the reactive power and the voltage of the bus bar.

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Speed and KW relations

For a non-synchronized genset :- KW is function of load’s power factor.- Action on the speed regulator’s instruction allows to adjust load’s supply frequency.

Genset synchronized with another one :- KW is :

- function of the load.- function of the behaviour of generators toward

each other.- Action on the instruction of the speed control unit allows to adjust the distribution of the KW and the Bus bar frequency.

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KW & KVAR Diagram for generating set

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Without KW distribution

Distribution of active power

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KW Power Reverse and KVAR Power reverse

KVAR Power reverse

KW Power Reverse

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Speed DROOP

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KW distribution with DOOP Mode

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KW distribution with DROOP Mode

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KW distribution with DROOP Mode

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Voltage DROOP Mode

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KVAR distribution with DROOP Mode

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KW distribution in isochronous Mode

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KVAR distribution in Isovoltage Mode

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Load sharing

A B

a b

KwU I I U

KwKvarKvar

Analog Analog

Digital DigitalBus can : Kw KvarBus DC voltage KW ( Kvar on droop mode )

Bus can : Kerys to Kerys Bus DC : Kerys with other ILSRegulation

moduleRegulation

module

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Page 16Page 16

Speed governor – Reminder- Parallel lines

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Electrical Genset Protections REMINDERS

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When gensets are synchronised to the mains, we have those following regulation mode :

- KW is kept in a constant value (remote controlled or not). KVAR is function of KW or constant PF “cos ”.

Measures which allow the detection of a micro power cut are function of the following electrical parameters :

- F- V- I- KW- KVAR

Detection

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GENSET MAINS ( Grid) ( ANSI 49 ) Thermical current ( ANSI 78 ) Rocof « DF/DT » ( ANSI 50 ) Over Load ( ANSI 78 ) Vector Jump ( Shift ) ( ANSI 27 ) Mini Voltage ( ANSI 21 ) Minimum of impedance ( ANSI 59 ) Over Voltage ( ANSI 81 ) Mini Fréquency ( ANSI 81 ) Over Frequency ( ANSI 32-2 ) Max KW ( ANSI 32 ) Max KVAR ( ANSI 32-2 ) Mini KW ( ANSI 32P ) Reverse power ( ANSI 40 / 32) Reverse reactive power ( ANSI 46 ) Imbalance current ( ANSI 51/51V) Short-cicuit ( ANSI 64) Homopolar Current ( ANSI 67 ) Directional short-circuit ( ANSI 67N ) Directional homopolar current ( ANSI 59N ) Homopolar voltage ( ANSI 87B ) Restricted ground

Protections Protections

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( ANSI 49 ) Thermical current

Protections - description

( ANSI 32 ) Max KVAR

( ANSI 46 ) Imbalance current

( ANSI 51/51V) Short-cicuit

( ANSI 64) Homopolar Current

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( ANSI 59N ) Homopolar voltage

Protections - description

( ANSI 87B ) Restricted ground

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This protection allows detection of loss of mains.If mains disappear when genset is paralleled with, the seen load quickly changes and the voltage curve shifts. This is the fastest way to detect loss of mains.

The threshold shift angle can be set between 0.5° and 20°.The setting is choosen regarding the ratio of the genset, the load, the mains total load ...

Electrical protection reminder : Vector Jump ANSI 78

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46,5

47

47,5

48

48,5

49

49,5

50

50,5

This protection allows detection of loss of mains.If mains disappear when genset is paralleled with, the seen load changes and after a delay due to engine inertia the speed/frequency decreases with a rate in accordance with the load seenThe threshold rate of change can be set from 0.5Hz/s to 5Hz/s.The setting is choosen regarding the ratio of the genset, the load, the mains total load ...

Electrical protection reminder : Rocof or DF/DT ANSI 78

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Impedance

Delay

Threshold 1

Threshold 2

Delay 2 Delay 1

Fault area

This protection allows detection of loss of mains for example. It monitors instantaneous impedance of the load Z=Vrms/Irms seen from the gensetThe thresholds impedance can be set from 4 to 120 Ohms.The setting is choosen regarding the ratio of the genset, the load, the mains total load ...

Electrical protection reminder : Low impedance ANSI 21

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U

I

seuil

t

Z

Z = U/I

IF U goes to 0

And

I increase

Z goes to 0

Low impedance Diagram

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Threshold 1

Delay

Current value

Delay 1

Delay 2

Threshold 2

Fault area

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This protection allows detection of short cicuits between phases, phase to neutral, phase to earth. It monitors instantaneous RMS currents on each phases and the sum of the currents going out of the genset.The thresholds currents can be set from In to 5In for phase, from 0.5In to In for earth fault and from 0.3In to In for neutral fault. In is 1A or 5A.The delays can be set from 0 to 5sFor earth fault current, an 8th order low pass filter removes the 3rd harmonic.

Electrical protection reminder : Overcurrent ANSI 50

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Delay

Voltage value

Delay 1

Delay 2

Threshold 1 Threshold 2

Fault area

This protection allows detection of potentially dangerous voltages on the genset. It monitors instantaneous RMS voltage between earth and neutral.The thresholds voltage can be set from 30 volts to 100 volts.An 8th order low pass filter removes the 3rd harmonic.

Electrical protection reminder : Voltage earth fault

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Reference voltage =45°

1 No fault area

Fault area

I1

U32

This protection allows detection of short cicuits between phases, phase to neutral, phase to earth inside the generator. It monitors instantaneous RMS currents on each phases and the sum of the currents going out of the genset and compares the phase between these currents and its reference voltage.

Electrical protection reminder : Directionnal overcurrent ANSI 67

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Directional homopolar current ANSI 67N

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HIGHLIGHTSBasic Reminders on Gensets

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Current Tansformer Spécifications

CT are design due to the utilisation :- protection 5P5 - measure Cl1- ratio X/5A ou X/1A- power en VA- isolation

I secondary (A)

5 X In

In

5A 25A

ex: 200/5A . 5P5. 30VA . 50/60Hz .750V

ex: 200/5A . Cl1. 30VA . 50/60Hz . 750V

( 5 In ) ( In )

A

B

I primary (A)

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Measurement and protection on Neutral point

3 ~

X/5 - 5P5 - 10VA

X/5 - Cl 0,5 - 10VA

GENSET

32

32P

32Q

51

50

67

21

59

67N

81

51N

32RQ

32RP

dF/dt

27

59 °

Régulation Module

Protection Module

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Kerys Voltage and Current measurement

ALTERNATOR

Voltage measure

Voltage measure

genset

Current measure

( 100V à 500V )

( X/5A )

genset

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Ph1

Ph2 Ph3

N

I1

U

I2

I3

P = U I 3 cos

Q = U I 3 sin

S = U I 3

Ir1

Ia1

Ir2

Ia2 Ia3 Ir3

Ia Ir I = 2 +

2

Q = P tg

Triangle of the powers

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Summary about neutral regimes using C15-100 standard

Regime Number of conductors

Detection Note

TT 4 poles Measure of residual current

Trigging at the 1st default

TNC

S

3 poles Without(Measure of

residual current)

Trigging by protection against

overload4 poles

ITSN

AN

3 poles Measure of the resistance of

insulation

Trigging at the 2nd default by

protection against overload4 poles

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PRIMARYPRIMARY

SECONDARYSECONDARY

Connection DELTA / STAR

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PLC : Programmable Logical ControleM M I : Man Machine InterfaceTOR : Tout Ou Rien. = binaryCPU : Control Process Unit ECU : Engine Control Unit PC : Common Part Tactil : Tactile = touch screen displayGrid : Mains = NormalI P : Internet ProtocoleJ D B : Jeux De Barres ( French ) = Bus Bar

( english )I L S : Isochronus Load SharingBUS CAN : Bus Controler Area Network

Glossary of terms

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02_Mics Kerys Basic Reminders UK