ContentsConcept note 2Program schedule 4Abstracts of the papers 7About Water Museum 16

4th International Water Conference 2019January 29-30, 2019, Kuakata, Potuakhali, Bangladesh

of water and sanitation, contemporary global development agenda goes beyond it by recognizing the importance of protection of water courses, biodiversity and the environment. Hence, a holistic approach is necessary to understand the agenda of water and river from a rights perspective. Therefore, Water as ‘WEBS’, an abbreviation which stands for ‘Water, Energy, Biodiversity and Sediment’, is one of the broad thematic areas.

Climate Justice: The people living around the banks of the transboundary rivers often bear the brunt end of climate change. Climate justice is an important agenda for this conference, raised by the community living in the trans-boundary riverbanks.

People’s Initiative: In this age of global cooperation and development, proactive action of citizens across borders are vital to take any common agenda forward. Hence, people’s initiative for the rights of the rivers ties the threads of the conference to set the advocacy agenda.

Objectives• Advocating for the recognition of river as a living entity;

• Widening space for sharing multidisciplinary ideas, knowledge and insights relating to water commons, from local to a global level;

• Advancing transnational advocacy and activism on water commons from a rights perspective.

Expected outcomes• Policy actors will be aware of and sensitized on the recognition of the rights of river;

• A knowledge platform will be created which can be an asset in advancing the agenda of trans-border water advocacy;

• A transnational advocacy network will be mobilized to put pressure on the state parties to recognize the rights to water and rights of the river.

Expected participantsPeople living in the river-banks and coastal areas, academicians, students, local and international rights activists, civil society organizations, government and private sector experts, policy makers, bureaucrats and media.

BackgroundWater and life are often synonymous. The United Nations General Assembly1 explicitly recognizes the human right to water. Nonetheless, the rights of the river is yet to be widely recognized across the globe.

South Asia is blessed with hundreds of rivers. As many of these rivers are trans-boundary, people living in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Myanmar share water as a common natural resource. This makes water a common trans-border agenda in South Asia. ActionAid Bangladesh (AAB) has been working on pro-people water justice and rights of the rivers from the lens of commons in South Asia. AAB established a ‘Water Museum’ in Kuakata, Patuakhali, Bangladesh in 2014, first of its kind in Asia, which highlights the essence of water justice, rights to water and the rights of the rivers.

As part of its on-going advocacy for water justice, AAB has been hosting international conferences with various thematic focuses such as right to water and defending commons, water democracy, water roots innovation with the intent to create space for sharing ideas and innovations, encourage dialogues, fostering trans-border activism and building alliance. AAB encourages people’s voice to protect water resource and pledges support to people’s initiatives and actions to this end. Kuakata Declaration 2016 is the outcome of the first conference in 2016 that reflects people’s voice on water agenda.

The 4th international conference in 2019 will emphasize on the recognition of river as a living entity. It considers the cases of New Zealand and India where river was granted same legal rights as human being through enactment of laws and court rulings. The Whanganui, Ganges and Yamuna rivers now have a legal personality, meaning it must be treated as a living entity. These cases are the milestones in the movement of recognizing the rights of the rivers.

Thematic framework of the upcoming conferenceThis multidisciplinary conference will cover a range of thematic areas namely water as ‘WEBS’, climate justice and people’s initiatives for the rights of the rivers.

WEBS: While the discourse on water is traditionally concentrated to the basic human needs

Concept note

1Article I.1 states that "The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity. It is a prerequisite for the realization of other human rights". (Comment 15, 2012)

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01.00 pm : Lunch

02.00 pm : Paper presentation (Biodiversity and Sediment)

Dr. Ram Devi Tachamo (Nepal)Aquatic Ecology Centre, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, NepalImpacts of Human Induced Hydrological and Morphological Changes on Aquatic Biodiversity in Trans-Boundary Rivers of the Himalaya, Nepal

Istiak AhamedDepartment of Zoology, University of ChittagongA Taxonomic Study of Zooplankton Fauna in Lower Halda River, Chittagong

Sanjida Bintey AliDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar UniversityRiver Route Connectivity Analysis of in Land Water Freight Terminal: A Case Study on Pangaon Inland Container Terminal.

03.00 pm : Open discussion

03.30 pm : Remarks of panelistsDr. Md. Manzoorul Kibria, Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong

04.00 pm : Remarks of Session Chair

6.00-7.30 pm : Cultural ShowVenue: Conference Hall, Hotel Graver Inn, Kuakata

January 30, 2019Conference Hall, Hotel Graver Inn, Kuakata, Patuakhali

8.00–9.30 am : Water Museum visit (Pakhimara Bazar, Kalapara, Patuakhali)

Working Session 2: Climate JusticeChair: Mr. Raquibul Amin, Country Representative, IUCN Bangladesh

10.00 am : Paper presentation

Nazmul Ahsan TonoyDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, RUETAnalyzing Morphological Change over the Padma River Basin Using Landsat Image Classification: A Case Study in Rajshahi City Corporation Area

S M Sirajul IslamDirector-Programme, AVASImpact of Climate Change in the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh

Buenaventura Dargantes (Philippines)Professor of Socio-ecology, Institute for Strategic Research and Development Studies,Visayas State University, PhilippinesRiver Flows, Climate Change and Food and Water Security: Experiences from the Philippines

11.00 am : Open discussion

11.10 am : Remarks of panelistsTanjir Hossain, Lead, Resilience and Climate Justice, ActionAid BangladeshDr. Md. Lutfor Rahman, Director (Hydraulic Research), River Research Institute.

11.40 am : Remarks of the Session Chair

11.50 am : Tea break

Working Session 3:Transboundary rivers and people’s initiative for the rights of the rivers

Chair: Farah Kabir, Country Director, ActionAid Bangladesh

12.00 pm : Paper presentation (Transboundary rivers)

Mohammad Soharab HossenCaritas Bangladesh, Cox 's BazarSangu River's Contribution to the Livelihood of Local People

Md. Rafiul BariExtension officer, Bangladesh Water Development Board, Teesta BarrageImpact of Uneven Water Distribution at Teesta Riverine Areas

Shanto KairyAdjunct Faculty, Department of Global Studies and Governance, Independent UniversityBangladesh-India River Water Sharing Justice on the Basis of International Law and Peaceful Measure

Bushra NishatWater Resources Specialist, BangladeshTransboundary Water Interaction: Data and Information Sharing

01.15 pm : Open discussion

01.25 pm : Remarks of panelistShamsher Ali, Manager, Resilience and Climate Justice, ActionAid Bangladesh

01.30 pm : Lunch break

02.30 pm : Paper presentation (People’s initiative for the rights of the rivers)

Dr. Md. Manzoorul KibriaProfessor and Coordinator, Halda River Research Lab., Dept. of Zoology, University of ChittagongCommunity Initiatives to Conserve the Halda: A Unique River in Bangladesh

Tuhin Subhra Mandal (India)River rights activist, Balurghat, West Bengal, IndiaPeople’s Movement to Save the Atreyee River

Ms. Shamima Aktar (Sumaya) Organizing Secretary of Ganga River Conservation Committee (GRCC)Community Led Campaign for Natural Flows of Water

03.30 pm : Open discussion

04.00 pm : Remarks of panelists Rahima Sultana Kazal, Executive Director, AVASAsgar Ali Sabri, Director, Programme, Policy and Campaigns, ActionAid Bangladesh

Closing session 4.15 pm : Closing remarks: Farah Kabir, Country Director, ActionAid Bangladesh

5.00–8.00 pm : Food Festival and Photo ExhibitionVenue: Conference Hall, Hotel Graver Inn, Kuakata

January 29, 2019Conference Hall, Hotel Graver Inn, Kuakata, Patuakhali

9.30 am – 10.00 am : Registration

Inaugural Session 10.00 am Welcome address Farah Kabir Country Director, ActionAid Bangladesh

10.10 am Key-note address Dr. Imtiaz Ahmed Professor, Department of International Relations, Dhaka University

10.20 am Address of Special Guest Mr. Md. Matiul Islam Chowdhury Deputy Commissioner, Patuakhali

10.30 am Address of the Chief Guest Dr. Muzibur Rahman Howlader Chairman, National River Conservation Commission, Bangladesh 10.45 am : Tea break

Working Session 1 : WEBSChair : Dr. Ainun NishatProfessor Emeritus, Centre for Climate Change and Environmental Research, BRAC University.

11.00 am : Paper presentation (Water and Energy)

Md. Abdul MalekDepartment of Geology, University of DhakaSaltwater Intrusion in Southwestern Coastal Zone of Bangladesh: A Case Study in Kalapara Upazila, Patuakhali

Abdulla‐Al KafyDepartment of Urban & Regional Planning, RUETIdentifying the Most Influential Land Use Parameter Contributing to the Reduction of Surface Water Bodies in Rajshahi City: A Remote Sensing Based Approach

Tanjir HossainLead, Resilience and Climate Justice, ActionAid BangladeshTransboundary Water Governance for Renewable Energy in Himalayan Region: An Opportunity for Bangladesh to Address Energy Poverty

12.00 am : Open discussion

12.30 pm : Remarks of panelistsBushra Nishat, Water Resources Specialist, Bangladesh

Day One

Day Two

Programme Schedule

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01.00 pm : Lunch

02.00 pm : Paper presentation (Biodiversity and Sediment)

Dr. Ram Devi Tachamo (Nepal)Aquatic Ecology Centre, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, NepalImpacts of Human Induced Hydrological and Morphological Changes on Aquatic Biodiversity in Trans-Boundary Rivers of the Himalaya, Nepal

Istiak AhamedDepartment of Zoology, University of ChittagongA Taxonomic Study of Zooplankton Fauna in Lower Halda River, Chittagong

Sanjida Bintey AliDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar UniversityRiver Route Connectivity Analysis of in Land Water Freight Terminal: A Case Study on Pangaon Inland Container Terminal.

03.00 pm : Open discussion

03.30 pm : Remarks of panelistsDr. Md. Manzoorul Kibria, Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong

04.00 pm : Remarks of Session Chair

6.00-7.30 pm : Cultural ShowVenue: Conference Hall, Hotel Graver Inn, Kuakata

January 30, 2019Conference Hall, Hotel Graver Inn, Kuakata, Patuakhali

8.00–9.30 am : Water Museum visit (Pakhimara Bazar, Kalapara, Patuakhali)

Working Session 2: Climate JusticeChair: Mr. Raquibul Amin, Country Representative, IUCN Bangladesh

10.00 am : Paper presentation

Nazmul Ahsan TonoyDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, RUETAnalyzing Morphological Change over the Padma River Basin Using Landsat Image Classification: A Case Study in Rajshahi City Corporation Area

S M Sirajul IslamDirector-Programme, AVASImpact of Climate Change in the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh

Buenaventura Dargantes (Philippines)Professor of Socio-ecology, Institute for Strategic Research and Development Studies,Visayas State University, PhilippinesRiver Flows, Climate Change and Food and Water Security: Experiences from the Philippines

11.00 am : Open discussion

11.10 am : Remarks of panelistsTanjir Hossain, Lead, Resilience and Climate Justice, ActionAid BangladeshDr. Md. Lutfor Rahman, Director (Hydraulic Research), River Research Institute.

11.40 am : Remarks of the Session Chair

11.50 am : Tea break

Saltwater Intrusion in Southwestern Coastal Zone of Bangladesh: A Case Study in Kalapara Upazila, PatuakhaliMd. Abdul Malek1, Md. Abdus Samad2, A. S. M. WoobaiduIlah3 1Department of Geology, University of Dhaka2Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of Mississippi Ole Miss, USA3Professor, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka

AbstractContamination of groundwater due to saltwater intrusion has become a major concern for coastal communities that solely depend on groundwater as their principal source of drinking water.

To delineate the spatial extent of saltwater intrusion in the study area of the southwestern coastal zone, electrical resistivity surveys with some exploratory bore logs and chemical analysis of groundwater were conducted. The vertical electrical sounding (VES) and hydrochemical studies are widely used techniques in the arena of geoscience to investigate the interaction between groundwater and saline water/seawater in coastal aquifers. But the VES method all along has some ambiguities in distinguishing the geological formations of similar resistivities such as saline sand and saline clay. Therefore, in order to minimize these ambiguities and to ascertain the efficacy of data integration techniques for investigating saline water intrusion, a combined geoelectrical survey and periodic geochemical analysis of groundwater was carried out employing resistivity sounding and hydrogeochemical studies.

VES using the Schlumberger configuration were carried out at 19 locations in the study area to identify the vertical and spatial distribution of saline water in terms of resistivity results different water-bearing horizons within the coastal plain sands. Analyzed resistivity results showed presence of two major water-bearing horizons in the investigated area: (i) an upper zone (3rd geoelectric layer) at a depth ranges from 85 to 100m consisting of fine-grained sands with some trace silts having apparent resistivity of 0.5—6.53 Qm and (ii) a lower zone (5th geoelectric layer) extends from shallow depth in the north to more than 160m in the south consisting of medium to fine-grained sands with 1.48 to 12.55 Qm apparent resistivity.

Groundwater from 11 wells were sampled to analyze the electrical conductivity, with evaluations of different ionic concentration and total dissolved solids (TDS) to determine the extent of the saltwater intrusion, and major ion concentrations. The trends of dominant cations and anions are Na+> Ca2+> Mg2+> K+ and HC03-> Cl-> S042->N03- respectively. From analytical results, spatial distribution of EC and chloride concentrations of collected groundwater showed lower values in the northern part of the study area; and an increasing regional trend toward the south mostly due to the saline water intrusion in accordance with the strong correlation (r2= 0.893) EC, TDS, and Cl- content. The deep aquifer is less saline than that of shallow aquifer except for southernmost part of the study area. Due to proximity to Bay of Bengal, seawater plays a significant role in the geochemistry of the groundwater.

Keywords: Seawater intrusion, Vertical electrical sounding, Groundwater, Aquifer, Water quality, Hydrogeochemistry, Coastal region, Bangladesh

Working Session 3:Transboundary rivers and people’s initiative for the rights of the rivers

Chair: Farah Kabir, Country Director, ActionAid Bangladesh

12.00 pm : Paper presentation (Transboundary rivers)

Mohammad Soharab HossenCaritas Bangladesh, Cox 's BazarSangu River's Contribution to the Livelihood of Local People

Md. Rafiul BariExtension officer, Bangladesh Water Development Board, Teesta BarrageImpact of Uneven Water Distribution at Teesta Riverine Areas

Shanto KairyAdjunct Faculty, Department of Global Studies and Governance, Independent UniversityBangladesh-India River Water Sharing Justice on the Basis of International Law and Peaceful Measure

Bushra NishatWater Resources Specialist, BangladeshTransboundary Water Interaction: Data and Information Sharing

01.15 pm : Open discussion

01.25 pm : Remarks of panelistShamsher Ali, Manager, Resilience and Climate Justice, ActionAid Bangladesh

01.30 pm : Lunch break

02.30 pm : Paper presentation (People’s initiative for the rights of the rivers)

Dr. Md. Manzoorul KibriaProfessor and Coordinator, Halda River Research Lab., Dept. of Zoology, University of ChittagongCommunity Initiatives to Conserve the Halda: A Unique River in Bangladesh

Tuhin Subhra Mandal (India)River rights activist, Balurghat, West Bengal, IndiaPeople’s Movement to Save the Atreyee River

Ms. Shamima Aktar (Sumaya) Organizing Secretary of Ganga River Conservation Committee (GRCC)Community Led Campaign for Natural Flows of Water

03.30 pm : Open discussion

04.00 pm : Remarks of panelists Rahima Sultana Kazal, Executive Director, AVASAsgar Ali Sabri, Director, Programme, Policy and Campaigns, ActionAid Bangladesh

Closing session 4.15 pm : Closing remarks: Farah Kabir, Country Director, ActionAid Bangladesh

5.00–8.00 pm : Food Festival and Photo ExhibitionVenue: Conference Hall, Hotel Graver Inn, Kuakata

January 29, 2019Conference Hall, Hotel Graver Inn, Kuakata, Patuakhali

9.30 am – 10.00 am : Registration

Inaugural Session 10.00 am Welcome address Farah Kabir Country Director, ActionAid Bangladesh

10.10 am Key-note address Dr. Imtiaz Ahmed Professor, Department of International Relations, Dhaka University

10.20 am Address of Special Guest Mr. Md. Matiul Islam Chowdhury Deputy Commissioner, Patuakhali

10.30 am Address of the Chief Guest Dr. Muzibur Rahman Howlader Chairman, National River Conservation Commission, Bangladesh 10.45 am : Tea break

Working Session 1 : WEBSChair : Dr. Ainun NishatProfessor Emeritus, Centre for Climate Change and Environmental Research, BRAC University.

11.00 am : Paper presentation (Water and Energy)

Md. Abdul MalekDepartment of Geology, University of DhakaSaltwater Intrusion in Southwestern Coastal Zone of Bangladesh: A Case Study in Kalapara Upazila, Patuakhali

Abdulla‐Al KafyDepartment of Urban & Regional Planning, RUETIdentifying the Most Influential Land Use Parameter Contributing to the Reduction of Surface Water Bodies in Rajshahi City: A Remote Sensing Based Approach

Tanjir HossainLead, Resilience and Climate Justice, ActionAid BangladeshTransboundary Water Governance for Renewable Energy in Himalayan Region: An Opportunity for Bangladesh to Address Energy Poverty

12.00 am : Open discussion

12.30 pm : Remarks of panelistsBushra Nishat, Water Resources Specialist, Bangladesh

Abstracts of the papers

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Impacts of Human Induced Hydrological and Morphological Changes on Aquatic Biodiversity in Trans-Boundary Rivers of the Himalaya, NepalRam Devi Tachamo Shah1*, Subodh Sharma1, Luna Bharati2 Aquatic Ecology Centre, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal International Water Management Institute, Nepal

AbstractRiver ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots of landscapes and means of socio-cultural and economic development of a nation. Harnessing high-gradient rivers to generate hydropower is going to be vital for economic and social development of a country like Nepal. Hence, the country foresees to develop over 25000 MW in the next 10 years. However, the impact of operating such projects undermine ecological preservation of downstream ecosystems that have led to contentious issues among water developer and environmentalists. Here, we have assessed how much of water abstraction could have deleterious impacts on aquatic biodiversity and river health. The study was conducted in trans-boundary rivers of Karnali, Mahakali and Mohana in western Nepal. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled seasonally in the year 2016 and 2017. The study showed that water abstractions varied seasonally in the region (WIilk’s Lambda= 0.697, F(2, 28)= 4.215, P=0.025, n2= 0.23) and in the driest season of the year it was difficult to maintain population of aquatic biodiversity. Macroinvertebrates community patterns were found to be different across 3 categories of water abstractions: “none to slight water abstraction (<30%- Class 1)”, “moderate water abstraction (>30% to < 80%- Class 2)” and “heavy water abstraction (>80%- Class 3) for the driest season. However, significant decline in biodiversity was recorded only in sites of over 80% of water abstraction of average river discharge. In general, abstracted sites were found to be colonized by pool preference biota such as genera of Mayflies (Torleya sp., Caenis sp., Cinygmina sp. Choroterpes sp.) and families of true flies (Limonidae and Ceatopogoniidae). The study also depicts that macroinvertebrates abundance rather than diversity index is a useful metric for assessing the impacts of hydrological and morphological changes in the Himalayan rivers. This study envisages that maintaining at least 20% of river discharge in the driest season of a year would likely preserve ecological integrity of river without compromising their services to livelihood and ecosystems.

Keywords: Benthic macroinvertebrates, Ecological integrity, Himalayan rivers, River health, Water resource development

A Taxonomic Study of Zooplankton Fauna in Lower Halda River, ChittagongIstiak Ahamed Mojumder and Md. Manzoorul KibriaDepartment of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh

AbstractHalda is a unique and resourceful tidal river of Bangladesh, where Indian major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinnus mrigala and Labeo calbasu) spawn during April to June when ecological conditions are favourable from time immemorial, it serves as a natural breeding ground. The present study was conducted over the period of January-June, 2017 to detect the main species of Zooplankton fauna by making its list in terms of zooplankton species composition and groups dominance from five stations- Karnaphuli River (Estuary), Krisno khal,

Khondokia khal, Garduara (Noyahat), and Madari khal. The taxonomic study of Zooplankton along with their occurrence and distribution in the lower Halda River has become a prerequisite for fish production. The methodology of this study involves collection of samples, preservation, identification, analysis and computation of data. In the investigation, a total of 3 major Zooplankton groups- Rotifera, Copepoda, and Cladocera were identified. A total of 42 species under 6 orders and 12 families showing the dominancy for the class Rotifera (36%) consisting of 14 genera were also recorded from five sampling stations. The lowest group was Cladocera (28%) consisting of 12 genera. The composition and dominance of Zooplankton community among five different spots in lower Halda River showed some close inter-relationships. However, the present study suggests conducting further research to know the overall conditions and to make a complete list of available Zooplankton fauna impacting water qualities of the Halda River in Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Keywords: Halda, Zooplankton, Taxonomy

Identifying the Most Influential Land Use Parameter Contributing to the Reduction of Surface Water Bodies in Rajshahi City: A Remote Sensing Based ApproachAbdulla-Al Kafy1,2*, Abdur Rouf Khan1, Lamia Ferdous1, Muhaiminul Islam1, Md. Mamun Hossain1

1Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, Bangladesh.2GIS Analyst, Rajshahi Development Authority, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

AbstractSurface water bodies are some of the most irreplaceable natural resources for human survival and community development. World population is increasing rapidly, and natural resources are significantly reduced because of the establishment of urban areas. Remote sensing satellites’ images at different spatial and temporal resolutions are extensively used for detecting and extracting surface water bodies and its changes in recent decades. This study modelled the spatiotemporal changes of land cover and identifies the most influential land use parameter which contributes to the reduction of surface water body during the period 1987–2017 with 5 years’ interval using the multi-temporal Landsat 5-TM and 8-OLI images. Rajshahi City Corporation, situated in the northern part of Bangladesh, was selected as the study area. A maximum likelihood supervised images classification algorithm was applied for land use change detection estimation. For identifying the prominent land use parameter Matrix union techniques in ERDAS Imagine 15 was demonstrated. The result shows that about 11% of water bodies was filled up in the year 1997 and 2007. The parentage of loss of water bodies in year 2007-2017 is very alarming (51%). This situation has been created because of rapid urbanization in Rajshahi City Corporation area in recent years. Although there are diversified reasons behind the water bodies being filled-up, this study finds rapid urbanization as the major cause of it. The preservation of surface water bodies is crucial for a city to maintain the ecological balance, and especially to reduce the urban flooding. Raising social awareness, enforcing law, considering policy and effective role of local government are vital to conserve the surface water body.

Keywords: Water bodies, Remote sensing, Land use parameter, Urbanization, Preservation, Rajshahi.

Transboundary Water Governance for Renewable Energy in Himalayan Region: An Opportunity for Bangladesh to Address Energy PovertyTanjir HossainLead, Resilience and Climate Justice, ActionAid Bangladesh

Abstract With the quest to become a middle-income country by 2021, the demand for energy in Bangladesh has increased exponentially. However, such growth can have underlying consequences for the people and the environment. Bangladesh, being the lowest riparian of the major Himalayan Rivers share fifty-seven transboundary rivers with India and Myanmar, among which fifty-four are with India. The country is highly dependent on the river water for agriculture, fisheries, transportation and protection of its biodiversity. Furthermore, the rivers entail cultures and beliefs of the people of Bangladesh along with its currents, be it Iztema or Durga Pooja. Over the decades, the demand for hydropower has increased due to rapid industrialization. In the recent years, parts of Ganges-Brahmaputra- Meghna basin has shown signs of changed river water flow pattern, which is negatively impacting the agriculture and groundwater. Simultaneously, water pollution and incompetent water management are aggravating the existing challenges. Socio-economic environment faces the hardest consequences. Bangladesh is planning to import 9000 megawatts (MW) of power from Bhutan. India, Nepal by the year 2041, despite of protests and controversies against the Tipaimukh Hydroelectric Project with India. Recently, Bangladesh has signed a memorandum of understanding with Nepal to start the process of importing hydroelectricity and to enhance the cooperation in the power sector. It is also jointly investing in Kuri 1 power plant in Bhutan. India, Nepal, and Bangladesh will have equal ownership of the project. The Kuri 1 hydro- electric power plant will generate 1125MW of electricity. As much as development is essential for a country, it must be ensured that the consequences do not outweigh the benefits. This paper analyses the challenges and discusses the possible way forwards from the lens of resilience and social justice.Keywords: Transboundary River, Renewable energy, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Resilience, Social Justice

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Impact of Climate Change in the Coastal Areas of BangladeshS M Sirajul IslamDirector-Programme, AVAS

AbstractBangladesh is vulnerable to the effects of climate change. It is among the most disaster-prone countries in the world and coastal communities of Bangladesh have been dealing with extreme vulnerability. This is because the sea level rise in the Bay of Bengal on account of the low-lying deltaic environment and climate change may exacerbate erosion, accretion, floods, water logging, cyclones and tidal surges in the region. Experiences form the communities suggest that climate change has differentiated impacts for gender, ethnicity, religion and age (old, young and early childhood). The impacts also vary according to time, geography, ecology (temporal and spatial). However, globally, in general, women hit hard by climate induced disasters due to construction of gender, and its multi dimensional inter connectedness with other drivers of vulnerabilities. Across Bangladesh the Southern coastal people living in poverty are hit hard by the impacts of climate change. Saline water intrusion affects surface and ground waters, leading to severe scarcity of water to drink and to irrigate. Salinity has further transformed agricultural practices and livelihood options from rice‐based to shrimp‐farming‐based. Natural hazards and climate induced extreme events, like cyclones and storm surges, are another major element in the vulnerability equation. Reduced tree coverage and damaged embankments have further reduced resilience of coastal communities. The combined destructive impacts of climate change, climate variability and disasters are affecting basic securities that include food, water and livelihood security, reducing income and employment situation of southern coastal areas. These issues mostly affect the poor, who have inadequate knowledge and technologies to adapt to changing climate and to reduce their risks to disasters.

Keywords: Climate change, Coastal area, Bangladesh

River Flows, Climate Change and Food and Water Security: Experiences from the PhilippinesBuenaventura Dargantes (Philippines)Professor of Socio-ecology, Institute for Strategic Research and Development Studies,Visayas State University, Philippines

AbstractClimate change, especially extreme weather events create environmental conditions, which require even greater vigilance in the implementation of adaptation and mitigation measures to ensure food and water security among affected communities. Although the Philippines has a plethora of environmental laws and a devolved local government system, many weaknesses remain in the capability of LGUs, line agencies and participatory monitoring teams in installing mechanisms to minimize instances of food inadequacy and water shortage.

Through participation in Environmental Investigation Missions and multi-stakeholder scoping studies and consultations with community residents, LGU officials as well as technical experts from national government agencies, identified a number of practices, some of which were non-compliant with conditionalities stipulated in project operations permits and/or their renewal. At the same time, some community initiatives indicated the growing aspirations to address issues related to the management of rivers to avert localized food and water deficits.

At another level, the experiences demonstrated that academe can play a significant role in building the capability of stakeholders to better manage the complex tasks of maintaining river basin integrity in a changing climate, and of securing accessibility to adequate food and water supplies.

Keywords: Climate change, River Flows, Local government, Food and water security, Philippines

River Route Connectivity Analysis of in Land Water Freight Terminal: A Case Study on Pangaon Inland Container Terminal.Sanjida Bintey AliDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar University

AbstractThough Bangladesh has one of the longest river routes, only 38% is navigable in all seasons. Inland waterway network of Bangladesh connects almost all the important cities of the country. But there is also question about the navigable water route. This is a big drawback for the river-based transportation network. The main river channel loses its navigability due to sedimentation of silt-clay, resulted by climate change. However, people in Bangladesh generally prefer road and rail transportation system to transfer their goods. Most of the export-import of Bangladesh (about 90%) is handled by Chittagong port. Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA) and the Chittagong Port Authority (CPA) have jointly established the Pangaon Inland Container Terminal in 2013. The purpose of this terminal was to help to ease the pressure of cargo movement on the Dhaka-Chittagong railway and highway corridors. The authorities expected it will play a positive role in the country's economic development by opening up a new horizon in the transportation of exported and imported goods through waterways and will create a connection among the capital and other cities through waterways. The aim of this research is to identify the existing navigable river route connectivity with other regions and find out the problems in managing the navigable river route. People related to PICT, BIWTA and BIWTC were considered as the population. This research applied purposive and snow-ball sampling methods. Interviews of several respondents were conducted. This research provides the present status of PICT and analyzes its river route connectivity with other regions. It may inspire further research on river route connectivity of PICT or Inland Water Terminal.

Keywords: River route connectivity, Inland water transportation, Pangon container terminal, Sediment

Analyzing Morphological Change Over the Padma River Basin Using Landsat Image Classification: A Case Study in Rajshahi City Corporation AreaNazir. N.B1, Siam. I.A1, Tonoy. N.A1*, Zubayer. S2

1. Undergraduate student, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology.2. Lecturer, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

AbstractGanges-Padma river system is one of the three major river systems of Bangladesh which produces a lot of resources. Due to an uneven seasonal change that destroyed the flow of river, Padma lost its own identity. Rapid formation of char is growing day by day. The aim of the study is to observe the morphological change of Padma river basin adjacent to Rajshahi City Corporation area for the time range of 2000 to 2010. The study team mainly investigated the applicability of Landsat 9 images in estimating the periodical change of Padma River. Whether land is filling and the portion of char land is increasing or decreasing and the reason behind this situation is also analyzed with Landsat 9 image for different years. The change pattern of Padma River channel is also observed. For image classification band 2(blue), band 3(green) and band 4(red) were selected. Overall morphological and any kind of climatic change was analyzed for this research. The effects of climate change such as extreme cold and hot weather, fall of precipitation rate were also considered. This research may be a guideline for the authority to take necessary steps to bring Padma back to life.

Keywords: Seasonal change, Morphological, Land filling, Char land, Climatic change.

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Bangladesh-India River Water Sharing Justice on the Basis of International Law and Peaceful MeasureShanto KairyAdjunct Faculty, Department of Global Studies and Governance, Independent University

AbstractBangladesh and India are sharing 54 major transnational rivers. Some of these rivers lack adequate flow of water in the Bangladeshi part because of a number of dams and diversion of waters from the rivers in the Indian part. Some important rivers like the Ganges, Teesta, Monu, khowai, are affected by Indian projects. The newly constructed Tipaimukhi Dam on Barak River would create water scarcity and other environmental problems in the eastern part of Bangladesh. Bangladesh and India solved the enclave problem in 2015, but the issue of river water sharing remains unresolved even after several negotiations. The aim of this paper is to study the longstanding Bangladesh-India river water disputes and its possible solutions through the international law and cooperation. It argues that there are several reasons behind the disputes and the failure of the negotiations that depend on the lack of political integrity in Bangladesh, lack of regional cooperation on water sharing between two parties, inconsistent Bangladeshi foreign policy, poor water governance in Bangladesh and water scarcity in both sides. Though Bangladesh-India signed Ganges water treaty and renewed it several times, Bangladesh is still struggling to get sufficient water. As the examples of successful settlements on transboundary rivers, the Indus water treaty and the Danube river environmental program can be followed or reviewed to solve the disputes. If negotiations continue to fail, Bangladesh can go to International Court of Justice for arbitration or can file case against India there. As Bangladesh and India are friendly states and solved the enclave problem by negotiations and maritime problem by arbitration, there are certain possibilities to resolve this problem peacefully.

Keywords: Disputes, Settlement, Peace, Trans-boundary, Ganges, Teesta, Farakka, Tipaimukh.

Transboundary Water Interaction: Data and Information SharingBushra NishatWater Resources Specialist, Bangladesh

AbstractReliable data and information on trends and condition of water resources; climate and flow regimes; water use and development practices provide the backbone for sound decision making and effective water resources management. Information is especially important in the case of transboundary water management. In transboundary basins, information exchange and sharing of data between riparian countries is regarded as a first and essential step towards fostering cooperation and trust. The existing hydro-meteorological networks in both countries has been playing an important role in making possible effective and confident decisions by decision-makers and justified interpretations by scientists. Although there has been limited data and information sharing between the countries in the shared basins, restriction in the availability of data and information beyond borders in South Asia continue to prevail. The countries are often hesitant and cautious to share hydrological information more comprehensively.

Global and continental coverage from satellites can be extremely beneficial in hydrological forecasting, water quality monitoring particularly in regions of poor data availability. Remotely sensed monitoring represents less risk for both countries and will help to foster trust and cooperation. Satellite remote sensing techniques can increase efficiency and consistency in monitoring and can solve problems with reduced human and monetary resources. Against this background, this paper looks at the importance of sharing data and information between the riparian countries, and identifies the use of modern tools and technologies to facilitate this process.

Keywords: Data exchange, Cooperation, International water resources, Transboundary.

Sangu River's Contribution to the Livelihood of Local PeopleHossen, Mohammad Soharabl , Hossain, Md. Safayat2 Rahaman, M.M.31Caritas Bangladesh, Cox 's Bazar, 2Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey &3University ofAsia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract The Sangu River is a trans-boundary river shared by Myanmar and Bangladesh. The length of the river is around 294 kilometers of which 173 kilometers are flowing through Bangladesh. Sangu River acts as a lifeline of the livelihood of people living in the basin area. This research focuses on the river-based livelihood and economies of local communities along the Sangu River basin inside Bangladesh. This research was carried out in different periods of the years 2014 and 2015 that include collection of hydrological data, questionnaire survey, interviews and focused group discussions. A questionnaire survey was conducted to understand the livelihood of local people and hydrological data was collected to analyze the water availability in the river. Sixty-one residents were interviewed from five villages located on the bank of Sangu River. Sangu River basin has a contrasting topography, with mountains upstream and large plains downstream. It experiences high rainfall with a monsoonal pattern and an average of 3031 mm/year. Based on the hydrological data (2006-2013), the highest peak flow of Sangu River was nearly 165m3/s and lowest flow was around 18 m3/s. During November to March, water flow of Sangu River is reduced and it increased from April. Irrigation and transportation system during the winter season were totally affected as the water flow is reduced. The results reveal that Sangu River is contributing hugely to the livelihood of the local people; however, it is equally important to find out alternative resources to reduce high dependency on Sangu River. Too much dependency on Sangu River, is creating resource conflict and in the long run, might diminish the potential of Sangu River to serve the communities due to overexploitation. Government should also invest heavily in this "hard to reach" area to improve the data collection systems as well as to improve quality of life of the people living in Sangu River basin.

Keywords: Sangu, Livelihood, Development, Agriculture, Transportation, Drinking Water, Hydropower

Impact of Uneven Water Distribution at Teesta Riverine AreasMd. Rafiul BariExtension officer, Bangladesh Water Development Board, Teesta Barrage

AbstractThe Teesta River is the 4th largest river in Bangladesh, originated from the glaciers of Himalayas in the Indian State of Sikkim. Agricultural production in its riverine area in both countries is dependent on its water, accounting for 23.50% in Bangladesh (MOA, 2012). A total of 5.12 million hectares land is covered by Teesta irrigation barrage project. The river provides opportunity of sustainable livelihoods of local communities. However, several factors indicate that sustainable livelihoods are at risk due to uneven water distribution between India and Bangladesh. Teesta River is a major source of fresh water. Natural resources are significantly affected due to the uneven water distribution in the northern part of Bangladesh (Rahman, 2013). Additionally, environmental risks such as climate variability, changes of water quality parameters and aquatic biodiversity are created in the northern region of Bangladesh due to the uneven water distribution (Mbugua and Snijders, 2012). The northern part of Bangladesh is a plain land and its 90% populations rely on irrigation water for sustainable agricultural production. This production is directly dependent on water flow, water quality and climatic parameters. Insufficient irrigation water is an indicator of poverty scale in northern region of Bangladesh (Sarker et. al., 2011). This paper focuses on the effects of uneven water distribution and variation of climatic parameters on water flow, water quality constituents, and aquatic biodiversity at different locations across the Teesta Riverine area in the northern region of Bangladesh.

Keywords: Bangladesh, Teesta, Uneven water distribution, Livelihood

12 13

Community Led Campaign for Natural Flows of WaterMs. Shamima Aktar (Sumaya) Organizing Secretary of Ganga River Conservation Committee (GRCC)Md. Safiul Islam (Mukta) Chairperson of Ganga River Conservation Committee (GRCC)

AbstractGanges is the largest river basin in South-Asia, contributing to food security and livelihoods of riverine communities in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. However, water flow of this river is confronted with state level interventions through construction of dams and barrages. As a result, the Bangladeshi part has been experiencing draught in dry season and is over-flooded in monsoon. Consequently, negative impacts on agriculture, fisheries, livestock and transportation system also exist. A numbers of distributary rivers such as Boral, Mathabhanga, Gorai, Kopotakkho are almost dead. Thousands of arable lands became fallow due to lack of surface water. Moreover, it is impacting the mangrove forest Sundarban by increasing saline intrusion. Community of Ganges basin formed a community organization named Ganga River Conservation Committee (GRCC), based in Rajshahi and a riverine network of South-Asia named Nadi Adhikar Manch (NAM). These organizations are campaigning to ensure natural flows of river water, water justice and community-centric river management and to endorse UN Law on Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourse, 1997. GRCC engaged 22 communities in the campaign since 2017 and maintained network with activists of India, Nepal and Bangladesh. It organized a number of community meetings, international conference, workshop, policy advocacy, dialogue with local government and policy makers.

Keywords: Ganges basin, Dam & barrage, Ecology, Food security, Livelihood, GRCC, NAM, Water justice, UN law on Non-navigational use of watercourses.

Community Initiatives to Conserve the Halda: A Unique River in BangladeshDr. Md. Manzoorul KibriaProfessor and Coordinator, Halda River Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh

AbstractBangladesh is crisscrossed by hundreds of rivers. Among them, Halda is an endemic small river which hosts the spawning ground of major Indian carps and a unique habitat for the endangered aquatic mammal Gangetic River Dolphin and hence widely known as natural gene bank. Due to special physio-chemical and ecological characteristics, carp fishes release their fertilized eggs during April to June in every year which is collected by local fishermen and egg collectors using their traditional and indigenous knowledge. Apart from the significant contribution to the fishery sector of Bangladesh, this river is the main source of drinking water for the city dwellers of Chittagong Metropolitan area and source of irrigation water for the local farmers. However, the resources of this tidal freshwater river has been depleting at an alarming rate. Particularly, the amount of collected fertilized eggs has decreased dramatically due to mainly discharge of untreated industrial wastewater from different highly polluting industries, unplanned activities of Chittagong Development Authority, excessive use of agrochemicals in the upstream, water withdrawal through sluice gates and dams, straightening of oxbow bends, illegal sand extraction, killing of brood fish etc. To address these issues, some river philanthropers started community initiatives to conserve its heritage value. As a part of these social movements, they developed the country’s first river research and conservation-based website by using ICT tools. They opened a Facebook page and made a video documentary named “Halda: A Mysterious River”.

Besides, they supported to make a movie named Haldaa. The community initiative also involved a number of seminars, symposium, workshops, press conferences and human chain programs. Very recently, in 2017, they established a pioneer river research laboratory in Chittagong University with highly sophisticated research instruments and facilities. This group is publishing regular research reports, popular articles and journal articles. Thus, community takes initiatives to protect river ecology and community livelihood.

Keywords: Halda River, Carps, Natural Spawning Ground, Conservation, Social movement

People’s Movement to Save the Atreyee RiverTuhin Subhra Mandal (India)River rights activist, Balurghat, West Bengal, India

AbstractAtreyee is one of the important transboundary rivers shared by India and Bangladesh. Atreyee or Atrai (Atreyee river in the Bangladesh portion called Atrai) is a heritage river, once mentioned in epic Mahabharata & Devipurana. However, this 390 km long river, of which 58 km falls in the portion of South Dinajpur, West Bengal, India is endangered. The problems are local as well as international. Water pollution, loss of depth, sand mining, loss of fish diversity and bank erosion are the major concerns. Apart from these, a rubber dam at Mohanpur in the Bangladeshi part controls river water and creates a problem for the river, fishermen and peasants of South Dinajpur. Students, civil society members, poets, theatre activists and intellectuals are fighting to save the river through initiating a movement namely ‘Atreyee Bachao Andolon’ since 2014. The people of South Dinajpur organized rallies, seminars and deputations to save the river and put forward demand to the Chief Minister of West Bengal and the Prime Minister of India to ensure free flow of Atreyee. People of Bangladesh also joined hands to save the river Atreyee. They raised their voice for the river rights and joint river management. This can be a good example of trans-border river conservation in South Asia.

Keywords: Transboundary River, Atreyee, River conservation movement, India, Bangladesh

14 15

Saltwater Intrusion in Southwestern Coastal Zone of Bangladesh: A Case Study in Kalapara Upazila, PatuakhaliMd. Abdul Malek1, Md. Abdus Samad2, A. S. M. WoobaiduIlah3 1Department of Geology, University of Dhaka2Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of Mississippi Ole Miss, USA3Professor, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka

AbstractContamination of groundwater due to saltwater intrusion has become a major concern for coastal communities that solely depend on groundwater as their principal source of drinking water.

To delineate the spatial extent of saltwater intrusion in the study area of the southwestern coastal zone, electrical resistivity surveys with some exploratory bore logs and chemical analysis of groundwater were conducted. The vertical electrical sounding (VES) and hydrochemical studies are widely used techniques in the arena of geoscience to investigate the interaction between groundwater and saline water/seawater in coastal aquifers. But the VES method all along has some ambiguities in distinguishing the geological formations of similar resistivities such as saline sand and saline clay. Therefore, in order to minimize these ambiguities and to ascertain the efficacy of data integration techniques for investigating saline water intrusion, a combined geoelectrical survey and periodic geochemical analysis of groundwater was carried out employing resistivity sounding and hydrogeochemical studies.

VES using the Schlumberger configuration were carried out at 19 locations in the study area to identify the vertical and spatial distribution of saline water in terms of resistivity results different water-bearing horizons within the coastal plain sands. Analyzed resistivity results showed presence of two major water-bearing horizons in the investigated area: (i) an upper zone (3rd geoelectric layer) at a depth ranges from 85 to 100m consisting of fine-grained sands with some trace silts having apparent resistivity of 0.5—6.53 Qm and (ii) a lower zone (5th geoelectric layer) extends from shallow depth in the north to more than 160m in the south consisting of medium to fine-grained sands with 1.48 to 12.55 Qm apparent resistivity.

Groundwater from 11 wells were sampled to analyze the electrical conductivity, with evaluations of different ionic concentration and total dissolved solids (TDS) to determine the extent of the saltwater intrusion, and major ion concentrations. The trends of dominant cations and anions are Na+> Ca2+> Mg2+> K+ and HC03-> Cl-> S042->N03- respectively. From analytical results, spatial distribution of EC and chloride concentrations of collected groundwater showed lower values in the northern part of the study area; and an increasing regional trend toward the south mostly due to the saline water intrusion in accordance with the strong correlation (r2= 0.893) EC, TDS, and Cl- content. The deep aquifer is less saline than that of shallow aquifer except for southernmost part of the study area. Due to proximity to Bay of Bengal, seawater plays a significant role in the geochemistry of the groundwater.

Keywords: Seawater intrusion, Vertical electrical sounding, Groundwater, Aquifer, Water quality, Hydrogeochemistry, Coastal region, Bangladesh

Water MuseumPakhimara Bazaar, Kalapara, Patuakhali, Bangladesh

The first ever ‘Water Museum’ in Asia is located in the coastal district of Patuakhali in Bangladesh, established by ActionAid Bangladesh in 2014. The museum displays water samples of more than 80 rivers including all the transboundary rivers across Bangladesh. Different items representing culture and heritage, photographs showing people’s connection with rivers, map showing all the rivers in Bangladesh, symbol of a boat stuck on the dry river-bed and digital and textual resources on water management also characterize the uniqueness of the museum.

The establishment of the Water Museum evolved in the backdrop of unceasing negligence to the rivers and other water resources. Rivers are losing out, their significance made irrelevant by overlooking river morphology and grossly prioritizing land-centric development. Apprehending the crisis, Water Museum strives to uphold the water issues and sensitize people to build critical awareness around Water Commons.

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b`xi cÖevn, Rjevqy cwieZ©b Ges Rj wbivcËv: wdwjcvB‡bi AwfÁZv

mKvj 11.00 : gy³ Av‡jvPbv

mKvj 11.10 : c¨v‡bj Av‡jvP‡Ki e³e¨

ZvbRxi †nv‡mb, wjW, †iwRwj‡qÝ Ges Rjevqy b¨vh¨Zv, GKkbGBW evsjv‡`k

mKvj 11.40 : mfvcÖav‡bi e³e¨

mKvj 11.50 : Pv weiwZ

Abyôvb m~wP

29 Rvbyqvwi 2019

¯’vb: m‡¤§jb †K›`ª, †nv‡Uj †MÖfvi Bb, KzqvKvUv, cUzqvLvjx

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†Pqvig¨vb, RvZxq b`x iÿv Kwgkb, evsjv‡`k

mKvj 10.45 : Pv-weiwZ

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mfvcÖavb : W. AvBbyb wbkvZ

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†gv. †mvnive †nv‡mb

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W. †gvt gÄyiæj wKewiqv

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mgvcbx ce©

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GB mgxÿvq 2016 Ges 2017 mv‡ji wewfbœ †gŠmy‡g RjR gvB‡µvBbfvwU©‡eªUm&‡K bgybv wn‡m‡e †bqv nq| GB mgxÿvwU ej‡Q †h, G

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