02 SHAW the Jews of the Ottoman Empire

8/13/2019 02 SHAW the Jews of the Ottoman Empire

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Also by Stanford}. Shaw

BETWEEN OLD AND NEW: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE UNDERSULTAN SELIM III, 1789-1807

THE BUDGET OF OTTOMAN EGYPT (editor and translator)THE FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION

AND DEVELOPMENT OF OTTOMAN EGYPT, 117-1798

HISTORY OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND MODERN TUR!EYV"#$%& 1: E%'()& "* +& G.(/: T& R(/& D&2#(& "*+& O++"% E%'()&, 1380-1808V"#$%& 3: R&*")%, R&4"#$+(" R&'$5#(2: T& R(/& "*

M"&) T$)6&, 1808-197 (with Ezel Kural Shaw)OTTOMAN EGYPT IN THE AGE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

(editor and translator)OTTOMAN EGYPT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY:THE NIZAMNAME-I MISIR OF AHMED CEZZAR PASHA

(editor and translator)STUDIES ON THE CIVILIZATION OF ISLAM (co-editor with

William Polk)L'lMPERO OTTOMANO DALLA FINE DEL

CONQUECENTO ALLA CADUTA Vol. 6: L'lmperoByza!"o# L'l$lam"$mo# e %'"mpero O!!omao

(with Allesio Bombacci)

OSMANLI IMPARATORLUGU VE TR!IYE CUMHURIYETITARIHI


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T&e e($ o) !&eO!!oma Emp"re

a* !&e T+r,"$&Rep+-l"

STANFORD SHAWProfessor of Turkish and Near Jtern History University of California !os An"eles


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C"+&+/Acknowled"ements (ist of Plates (ist of A!!re%iations ((1 I;+&)(; "* +& &


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L(/+ "* A55)&4(+("/AAS Asian and African Studies&AE Archi%es des Affaires Etran"eres#K$( O)/,

P)(/AHR American Historical 3e%iew&

AIU Alliance +sraelite ni%erselle#P)(/BA ") BAA ,as!akanlik Arsi%i#P)(%& M((/+&)/ A)2(4&/,

I/+5$#BAIU ,ulletin de l>Alliance +sraelite ni%erselle4

7euieme Serie=P)(/> BAO ,a!i Ali E%rak 6dasi#A)2(4&/ "* +&

O++"% P)(%&M((/+&)/ O**(2&, P)(%& M((/+&)/ A)2(4&/, I/+5$# BS

,alkan Studies& BSOAS ,ulletin of the School of 6rientaland African Studies

=L""> BTTD ,el"elerle Turk Tarih 7er"isi& EBEtudes ,alkani/ues& E# Encclopaedia of +slam4 0ew

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E%(;)+(" "* "$;&) &


288/441

The $ews of the Turkish 3epu!lic# since 193? 395ahdet# 1illi .azete# 8aman#+"$; + +(%&/ +& #&*+-


289/441


')&//$)& *)"% +& M$/#(% /++&/ +"


290/441



291/441

A''&(&/APPENDI 1: GRAND RABBIS OF ISTANBUL AND THE OTTOMAN

EMPIRE, AND CHIEF RABBIS OF REPUBLICAN TUR!EY4ra* Ra--"$ o) I$!a-+l a* !&e O!!oma Emp"reM"/&/ C'/#( =1@?-1@9> E#( M(.)( =1@97-1?>

4ra* Ra--"$ o) I$!a-+l

%

Tarn ben Yahya d! 1542"

E#(& B&%( -L&4( = /"%&+(%& *+&) 1@0>M&(% B) S%$E#(& B& H(% = /"%&+(%& *+&) 103>Y( B// = 13>"/&' M(+)( =13-1?9>Yo#to$ ben Yaesh 1639%1660"

Y"%+"4 5& H B&6) =10-177>H(% !%( = 17?0>$ B& R& = *+&) 1731>$ 5& S%$ R"/&/ =+" 1737>S%$ L&4( =1737->A5)% 5& H(% R"/&/ = 17@>S"#"%" H(% A#*)( =G) R55( + 22&//(" "* M$/+* III>

=177-177@>M&() I/6(E#(& P#"%5" =173->H(% 2"5 B&6) =/+(## ( "**(2& ( 1807>4ra* Ra--"$ o) I$!a-+l a* !&e O!!oma Emp"re

A5)% -L&4( 18?-18?3

S%$ H(% 18?7-18?9?M"/& F)&/2" 18?9-18@1@

2"5 B&) D4( 18@1-18@H(% -C"& 18@-180 Y6$5 A4(;") 180-18?7

Y6() C&)" 18?-18738

M"/& L&4( 1873-1908

H(% N$% 1908-1930

10

S5&+( L&4( 1918-1919I/6 A)( 1919-1930


292/441

Appendies 37?C&"e) Ra--"$ o) !&e T+r,"$& Rep+-l"H(% M"/& B&&)" 1930-19?1 R* D4( S5 19@0-

190 D4( A//&" 191-APPENDI 3: POPULATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE

LATE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES ACCORDINGTO OFFICIAL OTTOMAN CENSUS REPORTS

T5#& 1 &+(#/ +& E%'()& +"+#/ +5#&/ 3-13 +& E$)"'&')"4(2&/ +5#&/ 1?-@9 +& A+"#( A/( ')"4(2&/

1 E%'()& T"+#/9ea

rT"+"/ ews 1uslims Arm&6rt

h*rk&6rth

188? 18971908191@

17,?7,33 19,00,?0730,9@7,1718,30,01

18@,1?931,@31@

3,00?187,07?

13,8,9801@,111,9@1,18,@781,0@@,8@

988,8871,0@3,?7@1,00,1?1,39@,81

3,?39,773,9,9133,833,77?1,793,30

3 I/+5$# P)"4(2& =I/+5$#, I/#/, B&";#$, B"/'")$/,/6), S(#&>

9ear Totals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth .rk&6rth

18@@1

??1,@7 3@,@@7 170,1 77,?@8 70,118

18 ?78,09 3?01 181,17@ 73,17? 8,?11880 ?81,?7 3,9 31@,7? 1,0 8,00188? 87?, @@,?1 ?8@,910 1@9,0 13,7@11897 90?,@83 @,?@ 30,19@ 18,1?1 11,871908 783,3?1 @7,779 ?70,?@? 9,9? 17,1191@ 909,978 3,13 0,@?@ 73,93 30,?7


293/441

37@ Appendies ? &() E%&+( ==&6%&2&,G&5.&, !)+#, (#&, A#)>1

9ear Totals $ews 1uslims Arm&6r th

.rk&6rth

188?1908

:R#L==83,??

@0,@1,?30

3,8091,7?

?,3819,377

@ +6 S26 =C+(2, B6 =&6%&2&, S(#(4)(>


.rk&6rth

188?18971908191@

8,8331,0017,399,7

91,00?1,71,@80

1,0911,?30 3?,13830,0@8

899939 99

8@3

?,8@8?,30@@,?3?,797

E()& P)"4(2& =E()&, !()6#)(, T&6*$);(, G##('"#(>


.rk&6rth

18?117 188?18971908191@

@31,7318?,0@98,931,1@,?@@?1,09@

3,138 1?,7311,?73?,9?933,1

18,3@9@?@,??9,0?1?9,189?0,@17

3@7, 1,@317,9783,9@19,73

37,31@#9

388,98?@0,78833@,@9

S#"(2 P)"4(2& =S#"(2, S&)"., D)%>

9ear T"+#/ $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth

.rk&6rth

18?130 188?18971908

3@0,@11990,@001,0?8,9?933,?9

,91 ?7,30@?,@3?3,?9

100,3@9@@7,8@@3,17@19,0@

13730031 301 @?7

377,3?739@,3@3?,881


294/441

Appendies ;& M"/+() P)"4(2&=M"/+(), D&5)&, E#5/>

9ear T"+#/ $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth .rk&6rth

188?18971908

@,?99711,@83@,808

,073,91@ ,@9

33,?@33,93?38,?1

39 33 8 337,7373,3038,001

8 Y =(> P)"4(2&


188?18971908

1,@71,811,@1

?,77@,1@@ ?,73

33,@1331,@733,1?1

- 38,39@387,81338,3@

9 I;6") =S2$+)(> P)"4(2&


188?18971908

87,?73 87,3989,8@8

- 78,0078,99981,333

,91?,80@,09833,3?

10 !"/"4" P)"4(2&


188?18971908

731,?@37@,?@708,1?

1,7111,88 1,8

@09,7?3@?3,178?98,81@

# # 39,?9?3@?,@30 ?0,783

275


295/441

37 Appendies 11 C&.()&-( B)-( S&*(A&;&I/#/ P)"4(2&D"&2&/&

ear Totals

$ews A#$/!


296/441

Appendies 1 A6) P)"4(2& =A6),")$%, !()/&()Y".;+>

9ear Totals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth .rk&Rrth

188?18971908191@

8@7,@831,018,831,17,1?19?,817

@19? 1,31,03

7?,789,1a1,011,877,38

7,7907@,0?189,780@@,07

3?708?,77@1,7730,33

1 A( P)"4(2& =A(, B&);%, M&&%&,M;(/,D&(.#(,M$/>


188?18971908191@

1,@08,?871,@78,@3@1,737,3871,08,7@3

33,37?37,701?3,71?,0@1

1,118,@91,30?,771,?1?,01113@9,07

1?,9@01@,093?,@319,?9

19,@?1339,9838@,90399,09

17 B(+#(/ P)"4(2& =B(+#(/, S(()+, G&&, M$;, S//$, M#.;()>


188?18971908191@

37,998??8,@3?01,91@?7,@79

- 17,0@33@,773197,90?09,999

101,?8101,890,17119,1?3

38

18 B&()$+ P)"4(2& =B&()$+, N5#$/, A2)&, L(6(, T)('"#(>


188?18971908191@

8,01@30,7?1,1983@,87?

?,@18,838,0981,03

@3,0?@0,019@9,100@8,?1@

8 89 181,188

@,977,1?11,7?187,3@@

277


297/441

378 Appendies 19 A#&''" P)"4(2& =A#&''",I/6&&)$, A+6, A+&', !(#(/>

Y&)

Totals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth *rk&6rth

188? 18971908191@

787,71@819,3?8877,837,790

9,91?10,7111,@13,19?

8@,99713,870,3137,?30

3,@07?,@@?8?0

?,10@

7,37,818930?1-?3

1?773

30 H$4&(;) =B$)/> P)"4(2& =B$)/, I&;#, Y&(/2()>9ea

rTotals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rt

h.rk&6rth

188? 18971908191@

1,??,@931,@@,39@1,91,3771,337

?,0?7?,?9?@,??7@,13

1,1?3,711,3?@,?0@1,@?0,@98@7@,11@

@,83?,77777,88,931

1??,0171@@,1?81,?8

7@,937

31 D()5&6() P)"4(2& =D()526(), M)(, S(4&)&6, V()/&()>9ea

rTotals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth *rk&6rth

188? 1897

1908191@

?8,970@1@,3

?9@,13?19,83

1,01?39,8@?

1,1 3,08

389,91@,303

?1,9@93,101

@,83?1,@31

@?,3@,890

1,0101,13

1,833

33 S$)( P)"4(2& =B#5&6, B(J, H9ea


h.rk&6rth

188? 18971908191@

@00,7@81,1?@@78,77918,@09

,377,897 9,?10,1@0

??8,9?1@7,@?@@07,999791,83

199 ???0 ?@ @1?

39,?99???,730??,170 ?,?0,978


298/441

3? T)5#$/ G)5 P)"4(2&9ear Totals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rt

h*rk&6rth

1908 @@@,0 13,1

@?1,30 0 ?7 780

3@ B; P)"4(2&?8

9ear Totals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rt h

.rk&6rth

188?18971908

197,7187,38178,178

13,71 1@,71?,71

10,108171,?9813,9@?

?@9 3?8? @0

??,370W@1

3 B/) P)"4(2&@3


*rk&6rth

188?18971908

8,8?80,07110,370

@31@@1 @@0

81@79,31 9,@0

? ?? ?@?

@

3 M$/$# P)"4(2&@@


.rk&6rth

188?18971908

18,111198,38811,1@8

@38@,8@,1

1@,9?18,8181@8,13

@ 7@ @/

1? ? @b

Appendies /!.


299/441

380 Appendies 37 S(4/ P)"4(2& =S(4/,A%/, T"6+, K)(/)/(5, M&).(*">

9ear

Totals $ews M$/OT/ Arm&6rth .rk&6rth

188? 18971908191@

93,@980,871,19?,791,19,@@?

QR=3? 399?@@

7,9807,197?,@809?9,7?

11,313?,30@1@,0@1@?,@0

?7,81?@3,13?,907,?3@

38 T)5." P)"4(2& =T)5.", L.(/+,G%&, O)$, O*>Y&

)Totals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rt

h.rk&6rth

188? 18971908191@

1,0,39?1,1@,91,?@3,7781,133,9@7

1 ?78

87,?@?9??,7381,071,988931,138

@1,780@7,190,0?7,0@9

1,0?9181,0@@31,@7@11,7@

39 !/+%"$ P)"4(2& =!/+%"$, !;()(, S("', S*)5"#$>9ea


h.rk&6rt

h188

? 1897

1908191@

9@9,1198,88@

1,10,@1977,337

7 8 939,?009@,193

1,073,3@07?7,?03

?,?7?,@ 9,809

8,99

1@,?917,0@0

33,8130,98

?0 !" P)"4(2& =!&, B$)$), I/')+, A6&(), !);2>9ea


h.rk&6rth

188? 18971908191@

9@@,0091,033,8?@1,3@9,777879,?08

3138 33@

877,339@3,9?31,1@,71?70,713

9,81?10,871,?713,971

,?@8,1018,13,071


300/441

Appendies 381 ?1 M%$)&+$#.(. P)"4(2&=M#+, H)'$+, D&)/(%, M%$)&+$#.(.>

9ear

Totals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth .rk&6rth

188? 18971908191@

?81,?@@,97@7@,?70?8,337

3 1@@,?79

?00,188?80,093?90,79@7,070

7?,1787@,30@7,13 971

@?@7 91@8

?3 V P)"4(2& =V, H66)(>9ea

rTotals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth .rk&6rth

188? 18971908191@

119,801?3,00711?,9@39,1@1

1,?8? 9,@13,01@,7189,?80

0,@@89,?83

7,793

1

?? E/6(;&() S26 =E/6(&(), S(4)((/), M(#(2(6>9ea


191@

13,73 738 1@0,78 8,37 3,1?

?@ A+# S26 =A+#, E#%#(, A#(&>9ea


191@

3@9,8 30 3?,73 ?0 13,?8


301/441

383 Appendies? U)* S26 =U)*, B()&2(6, R66, H9ea

rT"+(/ $ews 1uslims Arm

O)+(.rk&6rth

191@

170,988 8 1@9,?8@ 1,11 l

? I2 II S26 =6 II, A%$), M$+>

9ear

Totals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth .rk&6rth

191@

10,19@ 10 103,0?@ ?@1 3,00

?7 I.%(+ S26 =I.%(+, A'., G(4&, I.(6, !)%$)/>9ea


188? 18971908191@

19,9338,@@?390,0@?3,1?

19199 ?@1@38

1?3,171,300,033,89

?7,330@?,111,1@,@0?

3?,70837,733?,8@0,0@8

?8 B"#$ S26 =B"#$, E)&;#(, B)+(, D$.2&, Z";$#6>9ea

rTotals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth .rk&6rt

h

191@

@08,@8 30 ?99,381 3,91 ,1@

?9 C(6 S26 =C(6, B*), F+/, =)/5>ea

rTotals Jews 2uslims Arm#Orth &rk#Orth

1914

393,302 "! 265,950 27,058 98,739


302/441

Appendies 38?@0 Z") S269ea

rT"+&/ $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth .rk&6rth

188?

?8,3 3 ??,8? 8?

189 1,30 3 0,77 ? 3

190 0,8@ ? 0,?7? 0

@9

130191 ,39@ 3 ,779 7 18

@1 !$/ S26 =&)$/#&%, Y**, G., H#(#$)))%>9ea


188?

3?@,77@ 8,110 199,1? 9?9 1,701

189 38,80 11,909 317,?@ 83 19,070190 3?1,309 7,88? 197,701 70 1,88/3

191 ?38,18 31,39 3,0@@ 1,?10 3,0?

@3 !) H(/) S(5 S26 =!)(/)/(5, B"#4(, A.(.(&>9ea


h191

@38,830 ; 377,9 7,@?7 ?3

@? !/&)( S269ea


h191

@3?,07@ 18@,393 3,193 3,90


303/441

38@ Appendies@@ !#( S$#+(& S269ea

rTotals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth .rk&6r

th191

@1,81 ?,@3 1@9,?0? 3,@1 8,0

@ !)&/( S26

ear

Totals Jews &usli#s Arm#Orth &rk#Orth

1914

472,970 362 359,804 8,704 97,497

@ !+ S269ea


191@

?1,89@ ?0?,?@8 @,@8 8,7

@7 M) S269ea


191@

193, 31 13,@ ?8,@?? ?@

@8 M&+&;& S269ea

rTotals $ews M!/!%/ A

n&

6rth.rk&6rt

h191

@310,87@ 1,1 188,91 1

319,93?


304/441

Appendies 38@9 N(;& S269ear Totals $ews 1uslims Arm&6rth .rk&6rth 191@

391,117 337,100 ,70 8,?13Sources4188?: I/+5$# U(4&)/(+ L(5)), M$/2)('+ TY @8071897: N&.)&+-( U%$%-$ T(2)&+ 4& N*(, I/++(/+(6-( U%$%(

I)&/(, 7e%let-i Alie-i 6smanienin 'Empire 6ttoman au ler 1ars '


305/441

38 AppendiesH66^)( @? ?@ 3 1 0H+ S)( 3? 13 18 19I2 0 @9 10 90 @@I/+5$# @7,0? @9,@3 ?,91@ ?,@8 ?0,8?I.%() 18,17 1,78@ ,?8? ,07 @,07!)/ 1 ?? 3 @1

!/&)( 1 178 @ ? 33!()6#)( 978 ?78 110 1 @!()/&() ? @ 0 0 0!"2( @ 7 3 3!" 17 1@8 18 @ @7!+ 19 3 1 0 7M#+ 8 7 0 M(/ 378 ?08 3 1 3?M) 3 311 13 3@ 0M)( @90 17 7 13 9M&)/( 133 M$;( 391 380 ?1 9 ?N(;& 0 13 ? 0 1O)$ 3 @ 0 0 @S6) 1 18 S%/$ 9 7 1 17 8

S& 187 S("' 0 0 3 7 11S(4/ 77 ?1 7 31T&6(); 1,@81 ??9 3?9 170T"6+ 93 0 3 9T)5." ? 0 ? 1 1U)* ?18 3?@ 11 3 1@V 139 1?3 7 9 91Y".;+ 3? 3 1 301Z";$#6 18 3 0 1?

Sources41937 R&'$5#(J$& T$)J$&, P)&/(&2& $ C"/&(#, O**(2& C&+)# &

S++(/+(J$&,+statistik 92li"iAnnuaire Statistiaue V =19?1-3> =I/+5$#, 19?3>: 1937

U%$%(N*$/ T)()(, '' 8-9 19@ R&'$5#(J$& T$)J$&, P)&/(&2& $ C"/&(#,

O**(2& C&+)# & S++(/+(J$&, Q'Ekim '=@ .enel 02fus Saimi3ecensement .eneral de 'a Population du Q'

6cto!re'=@ =A6), 190> 19 R&'$5#(2 "* T$)6&, P)(%& M((/+), G&&)#

S++(/+(2# O**(2&, Q< Ekim '=@@.enel 02fus Saimi*ensus of Population# Q< 6cto!er '=@@T2rkie

02fusuPopu-lation of Turke=A6), 191> 190 R&'$5#(2 "* T$)6&, P)(%& M((/+),

S++& I/+(+$+& "* S++(/+(2/, 3? Ekim'=LR .enel 02fus Saimi4 T2rkie 02fusu*ensus of Population# Q< 6cto!er

'=LR#Population of Turke =A6), 19> R&'$5#(2 "* T$)6&, P)(%& M((/+),

S++& I/+(+$+& "* S++(/+(2/, 3? Ekim '=L@ .enel02fus Saimi4 T2rkie 02fusu*ensus of Population# Q< 6cto!er '=L@4

Populationof Turke=A6), 1970>


306/441

Appendies 387Note'

T& T$)6(/ D&')+%&+ "* C&/$/ ( "+ 2"$+ '&"'#& 5 )(;("/+)+(;


307/441

388 Appendies"+& ++


308/441

N"+&/DEDICATION1 M$/+* !&%# A++$)6 /++&%&+ +" ')&// 2"*&)&2& (

I.%() " 3 F&5)$) 193?, )&'")+& ( +& &, 3 S&'+&%5&) 198@CHAPTER 1: INGATHERING OF THE EWS1 S+)), 893 S+)), 1@7? Y4"& F)(&%, A+((/2& P"#&%(6 &/ 13 )$&)+/,

Kairos VI1-3 =198@>, 80-88@ B)", VII, 31 T%(), ?8-?9 VS !(/"4, 8hitie it pod%izi na nashia prepodo!en 6tets

Teodosi=S"*(, 193> 19-31, J$"+& ( T%(), ?97 T& a"apeha !a-me>ot ha-'@ %eha-'L& Pere/ !e-toledot na-ne%ra ha-ehudit !a->imperia ha->otmanit %ihaseha im ha-siltonot=&

11 H(/ *%(# 2"+($& +" #& +& &


309/441

290 Notes topp# "!314/

CHAPTER 3: THE GOLDEN AGE OF OTTOMAN EWRY1 T& ')"4(2(# 2&/$/ *(;$)&/ 4& 5&& &)(4& *)"% +&

O++"% C/+# R&2")/, / 2(+& ( M)6 E'/+&(, The 6ttoman$ewish *ommunities and their role in the Difteenth and Siteenth*enturies =F)&(5$);, ! S2 S2"#)/ 4& &4&)&+&)%(& &2+# "< % '&"'#& 2"/+(+$+& O++"%

"$/&"# (hane)5$+ I 2#2$#+& /&4& '&)/"/ '&) &,

' 0@ C"#%, 8imra#89-90, *)"% +& 3esponsa of 3a!!i 7a%id +hn

A!i 8imra# 4"# I## =W)/ III, " 18,1, " ?78 G"#%Z(%), 90-91, *)"% +& M$/2)('+ "* +& R&/'"/ "*

R55( D4( I5 A5( Z(%), ( +& L(5)) "* +& &


310/441

N"+&/ +"pp& ';-'=R 391CHAPTER @: THE REVIVAL OF OTTOMAN EWRY IN THE

NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES1 T& ")(;(# O++"% +&+ (/ ( BVA *e%det Adiie0

*ari 1uslim 18, '' ?1-?? F)&2 +)/#+(" 2 5& *"$ (G#+&, +stan!ulI ?7-79

3 T& )&4+ '//;&/ "* +& +, '' @3-@@, 2(+& (Y(+.26 !&)&%, T& I*#$&2& "* A+( S&%(+(/% " &


311/441

393 N"+&/ +"pp& '=R-'=L1 R&4 T S H$;&/, Tra%els in .reece and Al!ania=3 &, 3

4"#/, L"", 18?0>, II, 19@-917 R&4 " H)+#&, 3esearches in .reece and the e%ant

=L"", 18?1>, 307, J$"+& ( Y(+.26 !&)&%, &Etudes Pre-6ttomanes et 6ttomanes# 5+++ Smposium# >7ecision-1akin" and the Transmission of Authorit in the Turkic Sstem>#U(4&)/(+ "* M(&/"+, M(&'"#(/, M(&/"+, 1@-19 A$;$/+ 1988,'@

18 H)+#&, i!id '' 30-7 W(##(% M)+( L&6&, Tra%els in0orthern .reece =3 4"#/, L"", 18?> II, 3?1-?3, 09 E))(6"/S&4(##/, Athens-Auschwitz =A+&/, 198?>, ' (, J$"+& ( !&)&%,i!id' 1@

19 D"2$%&+& ( !&)&%, i!id'' 1@-19 P&)# L P)&/2, The$ews of *orfu (.reece)# U'$5#(/& PD (//&)++(" N&< Y")6U(4&)/(+, 198@ G&");& F(#, Histor of the *reek 3e%olution=L"", 181>, 173, 179-8 S&& #/" G)&&2&, E$VII, 87-77

30 Y"( V/)4(, Ee Thessaloniki-& Kata Ton A"ona TisAneksantizias =S#"(2, 19@>, '' 19-? Y(+.26 !&)&%,An 6utlineof the Histor of the $ews of Salonica=( H&5)& =M$/&$% "* !(55$+.L"%, G&+"+, 198>, ' 31, J$"+& ( !&)&%, i!id' 1

31 !&)&%, i!id'' 8-13 T& P&)/&2$+(" "* +& &, 1 M 1891 A A5#;" +" AIU, 19 O2+"5&) 1898, AIU,.rece VIIIB?@ S26( =L)(//> +" AIU, 3? A$;$/+@ S&'+&%5&)189?, ,A+# .rece# 7euieme Serie# " 18, #&) et +e Semestre#189?> E#( F);;( =L)(//> +" AIU, $& 187@, AIU G)&2&, IC33L)(// AIU )&')&/&++(4&/ +" AIU, 3? $&$# 1897, A+# .receIIB1 &

3? H(% !&/#&/, Korot 9ehude ,ul"aria=H(/+") "* B$#;)(/&, 4"# 1 =T A4(4, 1971> T%(), 9?-9@ FO 19118@, " 1,B#$+ +" L), E()&, 7 $) 1877

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02 SHAW the Jews of the Ottoman Empire