February 11, 2015Dr. Sebastian S. Scheuermann

Properties of Bio Kerosene Blends

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Synthetic Fuels

Coal-to-Liquid (CtL)

Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)

Alcohol-to-Jet a) Synthesized Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK)b) Synthesized Kerosene with Aromates (SKA)

Farnesane

Kerosene from Catalytic Hydrothermolysis (CH Kerosene; „ReadiJet“)

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Synthetic Fuels - Chemical Composition

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Synthetic Fuels - Chemical Composition

AtJ-SKA

fossil Jet A-1

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Synthetic Fuels - Chemical Composition

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of Blends

Density

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of Blends

precise linear relationship:no anomalies (e.g. volume contraction)

other contents can readily be calculated:e.g. aromatic content, total sulfur etc.

Density

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of Blendste

mpe

ratu

re[°

C]

vol% recovered

10 50 90

T10

T50

T90

Distillation Curve Gradients: T50-T10 and T90-T10

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsDistillation Curve Gradients: T50-T10 and T90-T10

ASTM D7566T50-T10 min. 15 °CT90-T10 min. 40 °C

HVOT50-T10 = 47.4 °CT90-T10 = 107.9 °C

fuel 085T50-T10 = 19.2 °CT90-T10 = 49.1 °C

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsDistillation Curve Gradients: T50-T10 and T90-T10

ASTM D7566T50-T10 min. 15 °CT90-T10 min. 40 °C

CtLT50-T10 = 8.0 °CT90-T10 = 27.2 °C

fuel 123T50-T10 = 15.1 °CT90-T10 = 53.5 °C

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsDistillation Curve Gradients: T50-T10 and T90-T10

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of Blends

Distillation Curve Gradients: T50-T10 and T90-T10

critical, if blend components have flat distillation curves

andif one blend component does not meet the requirements

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsLubricity

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsLubricity

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of Blends

Lubricity

parameter is hard to predict

blend component with better lubricityexerts positive influence

values for blends may lie outside the interval defined by neat blend components, but in a way, that lubricity improves

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsFreezing Point

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsFreezing Point

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of Blends

Freezing Point

depression of freezing point may occur at certain blend ratios

effect pronounced, if blend components have similar freezing points

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsSmoke Point

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsSmoke Point

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of Blends

Smoke Point

blends with synthetic fuels free of aromatic compoundsin general have improved smoke points

for synthetic fuels containing aromates:if blend components meet the requirements, blends do as well

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsFlash Point

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of BlendsFlash Point

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of Blends

Flash Point

flash point is dominated by the component with the lower flash point(volatile compounds)

flash point only rises significantly at high contentsof the blend component with the higher flash point

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of Blends

Addition of Aromatic Compounds

PropertyLimits Jet A-1 085 with

70 vol% CtLafter addition of

aromatics to 8 vol%lower upper

Aromatics [vol%] 8 25 6.5* 8.0*

Density [kg/m³] 775 840 772.2 774.3

Distillation T50 – T10[°C]

15 - 11.4 11.3

Distillation T90 – T10[°C]

40 - 35.5 35.6

Lubricity [mm] - 0.85 0.759 0.728

Smoke Point [mm] 18 - 34.0 24.5

*calculated values

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Synthetic Fuels - Properties of Blends

Addition of Aromatic Compounds

minor increase in density, since added amounts are small

negligible influence on distillation curve gradients

influence on lubricity may be beneficial

smoke point worsens

Synthetic Fuels for Aviation

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