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8/11/2019 02 Icelandic in Easy Stages No. 1
1/137
DI
EL
II
EISY IIGE
W ll IIIIS n nlna
II I
Iy
EIIIIR PIL
01 8.
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MA LASK
OLINN MIMIR
BRAUTARHOLTI4
REYKJAVIK
SIMI
10004
ICELANDIC IN EASY
STAGES
with
notes in
English
BY
EINAR
pALSSON B.A.
GRADED
LESSONS FOR PRACTICE IN
COLLOQUIAL
ICELANDIC
DESIGNED
FOR THE
FOREIGNER
LIVING IN ICELAND
NR
The
most
common
phrases
Simple
conversa t ions
Hints
on g rammar
Simple
texts
Drawings by Calum Campel l
and Robert
Guil lemette
Copyright
1975
by
Mlmir .
ll r ights r ese rved including t ransla t ion
mto foreIgn
languages
ew Impression 1979
with some ed i t o r i a l changes
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2.
Index Book
1 .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17
.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Index
p. 2
To the Student p. 5
How to use
the
book p. 6
Pronuncia t ion of Icelandic
p.
7
The alphabet and the sounds of Icelandic p .
8
Some
peculiar i t ies of
Icelandic pronunciat ion
p.
9
Some
express ions in the c lass room p. 11
Greet ings p. 12
Text
-
Units
The
indefini te ar t ic le . What,
i t ,
thi
s ,
ye s .
He, who,
no,
not.
That ,
or ,
also;
as .
Verb
and the
word
you .
To
ask and to answer .
Where , I am,
you a r e . P r e s e n t
cont inuous.
Definite ar t ic le . Gender . Vocabulary .
To unders tand . Adject ives .
Colours .
To
be.
To
have, to own. These are .
Gender
of
proper names .
To
become. To
be
able to. Days
of
week.
Dropping the vowel . I changes into Ye . Plu ra l .
Declension
of
i t
and
what .
Why-because .
Verb
in
the infini t ive.
Vocabulary .
Declens ion
of nouns. Indicat ive of verbs .
You
and
1. Declension. Icelandic
ver ses .
am
doing something.
I am - I
was
- I have been.
have f inished. I t is over .
I t
has happened.
Gunnar og
Hallged5ur . Simple
text . TO
HAVE
as he lper verb .
Possess ive pronouns.
Asking
for
your
heal th .
He
and
she.
Declension.
The
head.
Declension
of f i r s t 4 numbers . Opposi tes . Gender .
Conversa t ion .
Your heal th . Cases . Two
forms
of YES.
Do
you speak
Icelandic? Engl ish?
Quest ion - answer . To know, to be
able
to.
To have. Simple text . Two
ver ses .
Nouns.
Declension.
Definite
ar t ic le .
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3.
31.
Time. Cases . Adverbs .
32.
Place . I wonder.
33.
To
be
going
( to). The hotel .
34. Food.
A res tauran t .
The meal .
35. Nouns.
Declension.
36.
Formal
polite
speech. Conversat ion.
37.
Gender . Adject ives.
38. Finding your way.
39.
Compar ison.
Money.
40.
What
t ime is
i t?
41. Food. A word- l i s t .
42.
What you drink and
smoke .
Nominat ive .
43. The shop.
Direc t
and
indirect
speech.
44. What you do and what
you
are doing now. When? Why not?
45.
Accusat ive
case . Asking
for things.
What
you
eat .
46. Useful
sentences .
When
you
get
up.
47.
Impersonal verbs . I want, I need, I
should
l ike.
48.
Plura l .
Definite
ar t ic le .
49.
In the
shop.
50.
Prepos i t ions .
51.
Siggi s
por r idge . Simple
text .
52.
Dr
iving. Simple
text .
53.
How
dare
he Simple text .
54.
A l e t ter
for
grandmother .
55.
A l e t ter for grandfather .
56.
Icelandic
name
s .
57. Pronouns . Declension.
58.
Pronouns. Some sentences .
59 Pronouns . Trans la t ion . Lis t of ver bs. Indic at ive.
60. N um bers . Cardina ls . Ordinals . Gender .
THE
f i r s t .
Declension.
61. Commer ce . Shopping.
62.
Conversat ion in
the
shop.
63. Adject ives . Strong or
weak.
Declension of THIS, THAT.
64. Fun
with
adjectiv e
s .
65. Dril l .
Adject ives .
66. Tim e
Conversat ion
To
c:atch
a
bus.
67.
What and
when
? List
of verbs . Indicative.
68.
The world . Vocabulary .
69.
What you
say
to guests . A
vis i t .
70. Possess ive pronouns. Declension.
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7 l .
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
8l .
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
9l .
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
4.
Simple songs.
For
embas sy
people.
A telephone conver
sat ion.
Nationali t ie
s . Language s . Phraseology for embassy people .
Emba s s ie s , t i t le s , poli t ical par t ie s .
Islendingasaga. The
past .
Vocabulary.
The
Pr ice- Index
family .
Meeting people. Basic sen tences .
Simple dialogue.
Where
are you going?
Gunnar
and Inger
. Simple
text .
Adject ives. Opposi tes .
Elephant jokes.
Accusat ive - dat ive . Poetry .
To
have
to,
to
need,
to
be
expected
to,
to
be
going.
Adject ives.
Jon and Gunna.
The weather .
The weather .
A
dialogue.
Compar i son
of adjectives .
Some verSes .
The te lephone.
Phrases .
Fore ign currency . Where is the
bank?
Yesterday.
Pas t
tense
of to
be,
have,
Siggi.
Presen t - fu tu re .
The blood. An essay .
The
doctor .
A
dialogue.
The
Cardinal
Poin ts .
Life. Simple past .
The family.
Declension.
The
Arr ival
Your
passpor t . Immigra t ion .
own,
do.
100. The gir l and the pol iceman. A dialogue.
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5.
To the student:
Icelandic
is an
inflect ing language.
This means that
the
sam e word often changes form without changing meaning . Such
grammat ical
features as
tense,
aspect ,
person,
nu.rnber, mood
etc , are fo rmed
by
attaching affixe s to roots of s t ems , so, if the
foreign student is
not
careful he may eas i ly get
lost
in the
in tr icacies of g r a mma r
without ever
learning the language.
The
a im of this
book
is to teach
the
fore igner
in
-
Iceland
who has l i t t le
t ime
and only scant knowl_edge 01
grammat ical terminology
how
to
m a s te r
the
essen t ia l s
of
the
language with a
minimum
of
tediu.rn
and effort .
f your pr imary a im is to
SPEAK Icelandic you
m ust
have a
ready
knowledge of a re la t ive ly sma l l
nu.rnber
of words
and a
fair ly
accura te knowledge of the
essen t ia l
gr ammat ica l
conventions
and
id ioms.
To
l earn
this
is quite a
task. The
solution?
Fi r st: l ea rn the
essen t ia l
word s . Second: l earn to
recognize
the
DIFFERING FORMS
of
words when you come across them. f you
have
t ime
-
by al l means l earn
by
hear t
the different fo rm s
and
pa r ad igms . f you
have
not got too much
t ime
concent ra te on
the
essen t ia l
words . You will waste an immense
amoWlt
of
t ime
if you
t ry to be a perfectionis t before
you
know the genera l lay-out of
the
language.
f your m ain
aim
is to
be
able to
READ
the language
without
a
dict ionary,
you need a re la t ively
l arge vocabulary
and
a genera l familiar i ty
with
the
grammar .
The main
thing
to
r e me mb e r
in
that connection i s , that vocabulary
in
Icelandic m eans
di f ferent form s
of the
s a me
word.
In
other
words:
you
mus t
recognize
which
fo rm s
belong
to which
words . A
dict ionary
will
not give the
different forms.
As
for di rect ives ,
their correspondence
in
any
two
languages
is never absolute.
Hence
we do
not
presen t
those as g r a mma r
but
as idiomatic
par ts
of sentences . Words
appearing
in the text are in genera l the
highes t - f requency
words
in
the language employed in sentence s of
high
frequency.
This you must
know:
Icelandic is a DIFFICULT language.
I t s rudiments
CAN
NOT
be learned as eas i ly as the
rudiments
of
mos t other languages. It takes t ime to unders tand
the
grammat ical
fea tures
of
a s imple sentence . A sentence of the order Subject /
V
e r
b/
Object
, usually
found
in
the
f i r
s t
Ie
s sons
of
other
text books,
is not
so s imple
in Icelandic.
The minute you
s tar t
using
the
Object
of a sentence
you
are involved in declension,
the
main stumbling
block of
Icelandic.
Simila r ly , the pas t tense can not be in t roduced
until compara t ive ly la te in your study.
But
then again,
after
you
mas te r the essen t ia l s ,
you
will find yourse l f
in
ca lm water s .
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6.
How to use
the book:
The wises t plan is to read the lessons through quickly. After gett ing
a
bi rd s eye view you can set t le down to detai led study. Do not waste too
much
t ime t rying to
memor ize
the case endings of
the nouns
or any of the
f lexions of the adject ive other
than
compar i son ) t i l l you are famil ia r
with the
necessary par t ic les
of the
language.
Concentrate on
l ea rn ing
a relat ively smal l c lass
of
words .
This c lass
includes the
par t ic les ,
pronouns pointer words and helper verbs .
A bat te ry
of about two hundred
such words
for
ready use , supplemented by a nodding acquaintance with
about
a hundred
others
includes a
very
high
propor t ion
of
the
words
we
constant ly
use. The most
impor tan t
thing at
the
outset is to
have a smal l
vocabulary of the
essent ia l nouns
adject ives and
verbs
always at
your
disposa l .
Icelandic has a lot
of archaic
g r ammat ica l
devices . In
this
book
we t ry
to l ighten the burden
of
learning
the
se by giving t hem in
an
evolut ionary context .
Thus al l the lessons a re lessons
in g r a mma r
whether
or not gr ammat ica l t e rminology is used.
In
actual fact we expect th is book
to
se rve
you
BEFORE
you
s ta r t
studying
g r a mma r
se r ious ly .
The
text
is
so des igned
as to
help you
fix
the ru les without
taxing
the
memor y unduly.
You
s tar t
using
the language
right
away. The only way to fluency
in
a
language
which
has the grammatica l in t r icac ie
s
of Icelandic is
-
pract ice .
Hence
the design of the book the
presenta t ion
of
the
mater i a l
and
the
ques t ions .
This
book is
pr imar i ly
a work-book wri t ten for prac t ica l
ends .
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7.
Pronuncia t ion of
Ice landic
The Ice landic A lpha bet re
sem
ble s the English Alphabet exc ept for
ce r t a in l e t t e r s
whlch
a re in ac tua l fact
phonet ic
s ymbol s .
l
New l e t t e r s a re
p- J E- O- D.
The P sound s tands for the Engl i sh sound
th
in
the word t h o u g h t ~ '
and
the
D 15)
sound
s tands for
the
Engl i sh
th
in
the
word the . A s a ru le : i?1leComes D when not s t r e s s e d . Both
l e t t e r s
a r e
in te rna t ional
phonet ic symbols used
in
or de r to
faci l i ta te
spel l ing
and
save
the
t rouble of wri t ing two l e t t e r s for one sound. The
JE
sound s tands for the i sound in the word
hide or
l ight and
i s
s imi l a r ly used
to
faci l i ta te reading.
The
0
sound
s tands for
the Engl ish
in bi rd or in wor d , but spoken WITh pr o t r uded
and
rounded
l ips .
2 .
The l e t t e r s C - W
-Q
do
not
occur in Icelandic.
3. Pecu l i a r
to
the
Ice landic
Alphabet is the
use
of an accent over ce r t a in vowels .
The
accent
is not a St r e s s
Mar k ,
as
no s t r eSs
m a r k s a r e needed
in
Ice landic
at al l . The s imple expedient of using an accent makes these vowels
phonet ic sounds , so tha t you
immedia te ly know
how to
pronounce
t h e m
when
you
corne upon t h e m
in
the t ex t . The i r sound s will be
given
in the tab le
below.
4. Stre s s invar iab ly
fal l
s on
the
f i r s t syl lable in
Ic
e landic .
The
mai n
differenc e between Engl i sh and Ic elandic pronuncia t ion
i s
tha t in
Ic
elandic
you
a lways pronounce al l
the
vowels of a
word ,
giving
them the
full value
of the i r
sound,
wher eas in
Engl i sh you tend to
s lu r
t h e m
over
and thus
neut ra l ize t hem
when not s t r e s s e d .
5.
There a r e ce r ta in sounds in Ice landic which have no prec ise equivalent
in Engl i sh in spi te of the s imi l a r i t y of
the
Alphabe t . In the tab le below
the sounds which
r e semble
the Ice landic
sounds m o s t c lose ly
will
be
given.
As
a
gene r a l
ru le
the
di f ferences
a re s l igh t however ,
and are
eas i ly over come
with
a l i t t le
prac t ice .
6.
Sounds in
Ice landic
can be
both long and
s h o r t , jus t as in Engl i sh . I f
long, consonants are
genera l ly
doubled in the spel l ing, but
this
expedient
is
not
cons i de r ed
neces sa r y
in
the
cas e
of vowels , as they a r e always
condi t ioned
by
the
following
cons onant
s ,
so
tha t
onc
e
you
get the hang
of Ice landic pronuncia t ion you wil l find it r egu la r .
7.
An
id iosyncrasy of
the
Ice landic
language is the use
of
the
so ca l l ed
aspi ra t ion , a
f low
of a i r , o r H sound, with rnost of the
consonant s .
An
Engl i shman pronunc ing
the word
sk ip
f.
ex .
wil l tend to say
sk ibp
whereas
the
ac tua l pronuncia t ion is
m o r e
l ike
skhj iph .
A word l ike
det t a
( to fall) wil l
sound
something l ike deddta in
the
mouth of an
Engl i shman,
whereas i t wil l sound
l ike dehht t a
when spoken by
an
Ice lander .
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8.
8.
Icelandic
is
general ly spokencr i sp ly and definitelywith pure
vowels ,
and
thus
r esembles
I tal ian
or
Spanish
inmanyways . But it
is
cont inuous
in speech,
has no glo tt a l s top
o r "hyatus"
( two vowels
up against one ano the r) , d rops
extra vowels
where one suf f ices ,
and
consonant s
when
they
get in
your
way.
A s imple
sentence
l ike: "Hvatl
gedSi
hann?" is pronounced: "Kva(tl) gert l( i ) (h)ann" .
In
this way it
r esembles
French . Most
of
the language
follows a s imi l a r pattern.
TheAlphabet and the
Sounds of Icelandic .
A Val, band. (A pure
vowel ,
l ike the Scott ishor I tal ianA . )
(The
English
A in "can" or the A
in
"calin"
do
not
occur
in
Icelandic) .
A
Ain,
hatt. (A dipthong l ike
the
OW in "how" o r OU in "about" . )
Au
Autlur, aut t .
Note
well:
This
combinat ion
of
vowels does NOT
s tand for the
OU
sound in "house" or the German A U in "Haus" .
t
r ep resen t s
a
sound
foreign to Engl ish
but
well
knownin
Fr ench ,
the
EU
in
"feuil le".
B
Batur , bol. (A sound s imi l a r to the Engl ish B
in "boat") .
D
Dagur ,
dIs . (Similar to
the
Engl ish
D
except
that it
is
pronounced by
touching
the f ron t t ee th with t ip of
tongue.
)
(tl)
Batl,
hlatla. (Same as English th in
" the" .
Never used as
f i r s t l e t ter of
a word
in
writ ing. )
E
Kern, ekki . (Like Engl ish e in
"end" ,
but
pronounced
deeper
in
the
mouth .
(Khjem, ehkki . )
When K or G
are followed
by
E or I
you
genera l ly i n se r t a j
sound.)
Ey- Ei
Leyfa ,
lei t t .
(This
combinat ionof
vowels
s tands for the
Engl ish Ey in " they" or the A in
"a le" .
E Eg, f le t ta .
(Same sound as
YE
in " ye s " . )
F
F e r ,
f r am.
(Same
as
English F
in
" for " . )
G Gaman ,
get . (Same as
Engl ishG
in "got" . )
- Haga,
laga.
(Like G in Engl i sh "Magda"
but
sof te r . S imila r to
soft
Ger man g
in
"sagen" . ) - Eigi , pegi . (Like Y in "yes" . )
H
Hann, hun . (Similar to Engl ishH
in "he" . )
(This
sound
is often
dropped in
speech
whennot s t r es sed . )
I Y
Sitja, tyggja. (Same as Engl ish I in "lid" or "s i t " . )
[
Y
Yta, Iskur . (Same
as
Engl ish EA in " leave"
o r
EE in " fee t " . )
(The Y and Y a r e pronounced
exact ly
l ike
I
and [ anddo
not
show a different pronunciat ion,
but
a di f fe ren t o r ig in of the
word. )
J
Jon,
ja ta .
(Same as
Engl ishY in "ye t " . )
K
Kar l , ket tur . (Similar to Engl ishC in "cat" , but
pronounced
fur ther forward in the mouth . )
L
Laki , l a tu r . (Similar to
the f ir
s t L in "l i t t le" , butnot
so
cr i sp .
On
the
other
hand
an L never becomes so "dark"
as in "muddle"
or
" i l l" . )
LL
Hell ,
kal la . (Pronounced l ike
DDL, Hedd I, khaddla .)
M
Magnus , s tama. (Same as Engl ish M in "mou th" . )
N
Nei, fani.
(Same as
Engl ish N in
"no" . )
NN
Einn,
beinn. (Like DDN,
eiddn, beiddn. )
o
Pota , Oddur . (Same
as
Engl ish 0
in
" l o r d " '')r "co t " . )
o For ,
Olafur .
(Similar toAmer ican pronunciat ionof 0
in
" those" . )
P
Pal l , poki . (Same as P in "Pau l " . Often sof tens in to an
F -
sound in the
middle
of
word
s , e .
g. ski
pta (skhj i f ta . )
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9.
R
Ragnar ,
bara .
( A ro l led or t r i l led R l ike scott ish " ra in" . )
S
Siggi, segja: (Similar to English S in "say", but th icker . )
(The voiced
S
in
" rose" does
not occur
in Icelandic.)
T
T
ota, tala .
(Similar to English T
in talk,
but spokenwith
t ip of
tongue
on front teeth. Sound softens i n middle o f word. )
u
Bura ,
sund . (Thi s sound does
not
exis t
in
Engl ish . S imi lar
to ii inGerman "di i r r" . Say "sWld"
as
if itwere an English
word, and
then
t ry
with
rOWlded
and
very prot rudingl ips ,
andyoumay
catch i t . )
o
Hus, ulfur .
(Same
as
English 0 in
" lose" or
0 0 in
"choose" . )
V
Valur , vera . (Similar
to English
V in
"va lue" , but
less
forceful .
)
x
Vaxa,
lax.
(Like soft
gs,
not ks . )
Z
Stanz .
(No
word beg ins
with
Z . PronOWlced just l ike S in
Icelandic, and is
used
to indicate a combinat ionof
t s ,
ds ,
o r
tis. The
le t te r
Z
thus
only
represents
s impli f ied spell ing.)
PU,
petta . (Pronounced l ike English
TH
in "thought". When
not s t re s sed
it
usual ly sof tens
into
D
l ike
TH
in
" thi s" . )
Saera, aett.
(Like
English I in "f ive"
or " l ike" . )
Lot ,
orn .
(Like
English
I in "bi rd" , but
with
prot ruded
and
rounded
l ips .
)
A s no ted , a ll
vowels
can be longo r shor t . This table
give
s
the
long var ie ty fir st.
Some Pecu la r i t i e s
of
Icelandic Pronunciat ion
1.
As al l
o ther languages
Icelandic
is condit ioned by s t r ess
and
the
ry th m of thewhole sentence or clause . This has given r i se to
cer ta in deviations from or tographic spell ing
in
the sil0k.\!n
language, e speciallywhen spoken fast . These deviat ions are
almost
always
regular ,
however ,
and
those
pecul iar i t i es
which
a re
not the resul t of s t r ess
or
ry thm
a re eas i ly recognized.
The
main pecular i t ies
of
speechversus or thographyare
l is ted below:
2.
In the
middle
ofwords t he so
cal led unvoiced
consonants P - T - K - F
general ly become softened and resemble the i r B-D-G-V
counterpar t s .
3.
F L and FN
This
clus ter ofconsonants is
pronounced bl and
bn
betweenvowels
or
at
the
end ofwords , e .g .
Keflavlk
(Khjebblavlk) . , Hafnars t raet i (Habbnar
straet i) . When not s t r e s sedbefore consonant s they
tend not to be pronoWlced at a l l
or
l ike soft
m
sounds, e .g . hefndi (hemdi) .
4.
RN
often becomes rdn
in pronunciat ion,
e .g .
st jorna
(s thjordna), 'or
just dd
: harn
(baddn).
. . . .
5.
The vowel s
U
- I -E -A tend to
become broader
before the clus ter
of
consonants
NG and
NK . A s
this come
s more o r Ie S 5
automatical ly
in speech
it is
not
consid e red necessa ry to accent
the vowels:
honk
(haWlk), hlunkur (
hlunkur) , Ingi (fngi) . enginn (einginn),
pankar (pankar). The same
phenomenon
somet imes occur s before
g
whenpronuncia t ion
is eas ie r that way, e .
g.
legi
(leigj i)
etc .
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10.
6 .
When the consonants K or G are followed by I or E , you
usually inser t
a J sound,
e . g . kem (khjem), ges tur (gjes tur)
e tc .
7.
As in Engl ish the NG clus ter has
two
sounds, somet imes l ike
ng in "thing" f ex.
the word hr ingla , and somet imes
l ike
in
f inger
f. ex. the word
"lyng".
8.
The
consonants
L-M-N are se ldom voiced
as
in English .
When
followed
by
unvoiced consonants
like
P - T - K - F they
are pronounced in a s t r essed and clipyed manne r ,
e .g .
l ampi
(lahmp i), k al t (khalt), hanki (hahnki) .
9.
Dipthongs tend to
be shor ter and mor e
cl ipped than in
Enghsh .
When pronounCIng the sound
represented
by
a
au, ei , 0,
ae,
you
a lmost
always make them as shor t as
thei r
shor te
s t counte rpar ts in
Engl ish .
10.
When
ini t ia l vowels
are shor t
the
f l l o w i n ~
consonant
often tends to be doubled, even i f not
spel
ed that way,
e .
g. a()fert5
(at5t5fer8),
afstat ia
ahffstatia)
e tc .
11.
A s a l ready
s ta ted
mos t
of these pecul ia r i t ies come mor e
or
l e s s
automatical ly
in speech because
of
their
obvious
connect ion with
s t re
s s
and the asp ira t ion
the
puff
of brea th
or
H sound)
and
a r e -
jus t
l ike
the
dropping of
middle consonants
-
condit ioned by the eas i es t ry thm of the whole.
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Some
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16 .
17.
18.
19.
20.
Expre s sions.' in the Clas s room.
Go
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12.
Gree t ings .
1 .
Al5 heilsa:
to
greet .
Al5
kvel5ja:
to
say good-bye.
Al5
hei lsas t :
to gree t eachother (
the
s t i s ref lexive)
Al5 kvel5jast: to say good-bye to each other .
2.
Greet ing
a man
( three ways):
a) S ~ l l ~ b) Komdu s ~ l ~
c)
Komdu s ~ l l og b l e s s a l 5 u r ~
3.
Greet ing
a
woman
( three ways):
a)
S ~ l
b) Komdu
s ~ l ~ c)
Komdu
s ~ l
og
b l e s s u l 5 ~
4.
Saying good- bye to a man
( th ree ways):
a) S ~ l 1 ~ b)
Ver tu
s ~ l l :
c) Vertu
s ~ l l og blessal5ur :
5.
Saying good-bye to a woman
( th ree ways):
a) S ~ l : b)
Ver tu s ~ l : c) Vertu
s ~ l
og blessul5:
6"
Greeting two o r
mor e people:
A
mixed
group: a) S ~ l : b) Komil5 pil5 s ~ l :
c)
Komil5 pil5 s ~ l og
blessul5:
Men:
a)
S ~ l i r . '
b)
Komil5
pil5
s ~ l i r ~
c)
Komil5
pil5 s ~ l i r
og
b l e s s a l 5 i r ~
Women: a) S ~ l a r : b) Komil5 pil5 s ~ l a r : c) Komil5 pil5 s ~ l a r og blessal5ar :
Good - bye
to
two or m o r e people:
A
mixed
group:
a) S ~ l ~ b) Veril5 pil5 s ~ l : c) Veril5 pil5 blessul5 og s ~ l :
Men:
a)
S ~ l i r :
b)
Veril5 pil5
s ~ l i r :
c) Veril5 pil5 blessal5ir og
s ~ l i r :
Women: a)
S ~ l a r :
b) Veril5 pil5 s ~ l a r :
c)
Veril5 pil5 blessal5ar og s ~ l a r :
A
shor t
form
of Good-bye
for
e i ther or
both
sexes :
BLESS.
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13.
Hvat5 e r
? Pet ta
e r
. . . (What is
?
This
is . . )
~
@
...0--.
5U;C \ .
iii
The
Indefini te
Art ic le .
I
1. Mat5ur.
Pet ta
e r mat5ur.
Er pet ta mat5ur?
Ja,
pet ta
er mat5ur.
2.
Kona.
Pet ta e r
kona.
Er
pet ta kona?
Ja , pet ta
e r kona.
3.
Barn.
Pet ta
e r
barn.
1
Er petta
barn?
Ja,
pet ta e r
barn.
4 . Bok.
Pet ta e r bok.
Er petta bok?
Ja.,
pet ta er bok,
5 .
Mynd.
Pet ta e r
mynd.
Hvat5 er
pet ta?
Pet ta e r mynd,
M
B o r ~
Pet ta
e r bort5.
Hvat5
er
petta?
Pet ta e r bort5.
7.
Er
pet ta mat5ur?
Nei,
pet ta
er
ekki
mat5ur.
Hvat5 e r
pet ta?
Pet ta e r kona.
8.
Pet ta
e r
stol l .
Hvat5
e r pet ta?
pat5 er
stoll .
9 .
Pet ta
e r
hes tur .
Hvat5 er pet ta?
~ a t 5 e r hestur .
A. NOTES: Pet ta (N): this -
er
(v. vera) : is mat5ur (M): a man - ja:
yes
.
kona (F) :
a woman -
barn
(N): a child - bok
(F):
a
book
- mynd
(F):
a picture - hvat5 (N):what -
bort5
(N): a table - nei:
no
-
ekki: not
stoll (M): a
chair
- pat5 (N): i t -
hestur
(M): a horse - numer (N):
number - spurning, spurningar
(F):
ques tion , ques t ions
B.
In
Icelandic
there
is no indefinite ar t ic le .
Instead of
saying:A
book,
:. picture, :. man, woman
etc .
you simply say:
book,
picture,
man,
woman.
C . ADTELJA (
to count):
1
einn
- 2
tvei r
- 3 pri 'r - 4 f jo r i r - 5 f imm - 6 sex - 7 sjo - 8
at ta
9
nlu
- 10 t lu (M).
1 ein 2
tvaer
- 3
pr ja r
- 4 f jorar - 5 f imm - 6
sex
- 7 sjo .
8 at ta
9
nlu -10
t lu (F).
1 eitt 2
tvo
- 3 prju - 4 fjogur - 5
f imm
- 6 sex - 7
sja
- 8
at ta
9
nlu
- 10 t lu (N).
D. Spurningar:
1.
Hvat5 er
numer e i t t ? tva?
pr
j u? f ja gu r? f imm? s ex ?
sja ? at ta?
nlu? 2.
Er numer
eit t
kona?
3.
Er numer tvamat5ur ?
4.
Er
numer
pr ju
barn? 5.
Er
numer
fjagur
hes tu r?
6. Er
numer
f imm
s tol l?
7. Hvat5 e r numer
sex? 8.
Er nUrner sjo bort5? 9. Hvat5
e r nUrner at ta? 10. Er numer nlu
hes tur?
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1.
2.
3.
4 .
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
14.
? Hver - hann (Who - he)
et ta er Einar .
Einar
er (s lendingur.
Pet ta e r Ca1um.
Ca1um
er
Skoti.
E r
Einar
Skoti?
Nei ,
Einar e r
ekki
Skoti.
Er Ca1um Skoti?
Ja,
Ca1um
er
Skoti.
E r Ca1um
(s lendingur?
Nei,
Calurn
e r ekki
(s lendingur.
Hvats
er
Ca1um?
Hann
e r Skoti .
Er petta
Einar?
Nei, pet ta
e r
ekki
Einar .
Hver
er
pet ta?
Pet ta
e r
Ca1urn.
E r
petta
Ca1um?
Nei, petta
er
ekki
Ca1urn.
Hver
er
pet ta?
Pet ta er
Einar .
Hvats
ger i r
Einar?
Hann
skr i far .
Hvats skr i far hann?
Hann
skr i far bok
Hvats
ger i r
Ca1um?
Hann te iknar .
Hvats
te iknar hann?
Hann te iknar
mynd.
Spurningar: 1. Hvats er Einar? 2. Hvats e r
Cal
urn? 3.
E r
Einar
Skoti?
4 . Er Ca1um
rs1endingur?
5. E r Einar
rs1endingur?
6. E r Ca1umSkoti?
7. Hver
er
Skoti?
8.
Hver e r
(s lendingur?
9. Hvat5
ger i r Einar?
10. Hvats
ger i r
Ca1um?
11. Hvats skr i far Einar? 12. Hvats te iknar
Calum?
NOTES: rs1endingur (M): an Icelander - Skoti (M): a
Scotsman
- hann: he
- hver: who - ger i r (v. gera): does - skr i far ( v . sk ri fa ) :
wri tes
- te iknar
(
v.
teikna): draws
Litiff Ij6ff.
Notes:
Li t i3 Ij6ff
(N):
a littl poem
S61
(F):
.sun
u t i : outs ide
S61
u t i
S61
inni
inni : ins ide
h ja r t a
(N): hear t
Sol i
h ja r t a
s inn i (N): mind bara:
j u s t
S61
i s inn i
S61
Bara
s61!
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15.
ECSa - l Ika -
eins og
- auCSvitaCS
tOr - also _'Eke - of course)
1.
Penni .
HvaCS
e r pet ta? Pet ta e r
penni.
E r petta
penni? Ja , paCS e r penni.
Er petta penni
eCSa
blyantur?
paCS
e r penni.
2.
BlYantur.
HvaCS e r pet ta?
.Petta
e r blYantur.
~
Er petta blyantur? Ja,
paCS
e r
blYantur.
E r petta blyantur
eCSa
penni? paCS e r blYantur.
3.
Taf la . HvaCS e r pet ta? .Petta e r taf la .
Er petta taf la?
Ja , pacs e r taf la .
E r
petta blyantur eCSa taf la? paCS e r taf la .
4.
BIll .
HvaCS
e r
pet ta? .Petta
e r
bI l l .
E r petta
bIl l?
Ja , pacs e r bill .
Er
petta
bIll
eCSa batur? .Petta e r bIl l .
5 .
Batur . HvaCS e r pet ta? Pet ta
e r
batur .
Er
petta batur? Ja , pacs e r batur .
E r petta bIl l? Nei , petta e r ekki
bill .
-
-
.--
-
- - -
6.
Einar e r maCSur og
Calum
e r maCSur lIka.
7.
E r Calum
maCSur l Ika?
8.
Ja ,
Calum
e r maCSur
lIka.
9. Er hann ekki kona?
10. Nei, hann
e r
ekki kona.
Hann
e r
S k o t i ~
11.
Nu,
e r hann pa maCSur eins
og Einar?
12.
Ja,
auCSvitaCS e r
Calum
maCSur. En hann
e r skryt inn maCSur
13.
PaCS
rna nu
segja.
NOTES:
Penni
(M)
a pen
et5a
:
or
blyantur(M):
a pencil
l Ika:
also
tafla
(F) :a chalkboard
and
. bIll
(M):
a car
nu: oh (lit . now)
batur (M): a boat eins og : as
ja:
yes , ja :wel l
auCSvitaCS: of course
paCS rna
nu
se
gja
s krytinn: s t range
he sure
i s .
AD
TELJA:
11 ellefu -
12
ta lf -
13
pre t tan - 14 f jar tan
- 15
f immtan
- 16 sextan - 17 sautjan - 18 at
jan
19 nIt
jan
- 20 tut tugu
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15 a
Let tu r t e x t i (M). (An easy t ex t ) .
A. Hvaff e r pe t ta? What i s
t h i s?
Hvaff
e r
paff?
Wha t i s i t ?
I aff
e r
pe t t a .
It i s
t h i s .
I aff er paff.
That ' s
it.
B. Hvaff e r nu
p e t t a ?
Now, what i s
t h i s?
Hvaff
e r
nu paff? Now, what
i s
i t ?
I aff er
nu pe t t a .
Well, it is
t h i s .
Og
paff er
nu
pao.
And ,
well ,
t ha t ' s what
it i s .
c.
Ja
og
Ne i (Yes and No) Ja . . Jre ja . . . (Well) .
Ja
means
"yes" .
Ju
i s
used
a f t e r
a
nega t ion .
Ja
means
"wel l" .
Jreja
means "wel l" too .
Dremi :
Er pe t t a b i l l ?
Ja .
Er pe t t a
ekki b i l l ? Ju.
Er pe t t a
b i l l ?
Ja, paff e r nu paff.
(Meaning:
Well ,
I
wonder . )
Jreja,
elskan.
Well , my dear .
Nei means "no". Neee means "Noooo
Is t ha t
so?
I don ' t be l ieve it.
This
word i s seldom
wri t ten
but
much
used.
I aff e r nefn i l ega paff: Ah, well , so it i s .
D. Neitun (F ) .
(Negat ion)
Ekki
means "no t" .
AIls
ekki
means
"not a t a l l " .
Aldre i means "never" .
A common nega t ion:
Ekki
fa ra .
Don' t go.
Li t . Not to
go.
Ekki
koma. Don' t come.
Ekki
fa ra
ut .
Don' t
go
ou t .
Ekki
koma
inn.
Don ' t
come in .
Ekki
l a t a svona.
Don' t
behave l i ke
tha t .
Ekki
keyra . Don' t dr ive .
Ekki gra ta . Don' t
cry .
Ekki hlreja. Don' t
laugh.
E.
Orff
(N)
(Words)
.
Ao endur taka : to repea t
Aff
seg ja
a f tu r :
to
say
again
( r epea t )
Aff s ja : to s ee aff s j a s t : to see each o ther
Aff h i t t a : to meet aff h i t t a s t : to meet each
o ther
Aff halda afram:
to
go
on
aff hretta: to s top
Aff t aka viff: to take over
Aff k la r a : to f i n i s h aff k l a r a s t : to be f in ished ,
ge t
done
I>etta
herna
( t h i s here)
og pe t t a parna
( tha t t he re )
i s
the
normal way
to
d i f f e ren t i a t e
between
" th i s and
tha t" in
Ice land ic .
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16.
t
Sognin
og:
oro io
}:n:i t
( The
verb
and the word
"you
It).
I
Ao s k i l j a
( to unders tand) . Ski lur
pu:
sk i lu rou?
2.
Ao f a ra
( to
go,
l eave ) . Far pu:
farou .
3.
M
sk r i f a
( to
wri t e )
.
Skr i f a
pu:
skr i f aou .
4.
Ao
svara ( to answer) .
Svara pu: svaraou .
5.
Ao byr j a ( to begin) .
Byrja
pu:
byr jaou .
6.
Ao
opna
( to
open)
.
Opna pu: opnaou.
7 .
M
loka
( to
c lose ,
shu t ) . Loka
pu: lokaou.
8. Ao seg ja
( to
say,
t e l l )
.
Seg
pu:
segou.
9. M hafa ( to have) .
Haf
pu: i'lafou.
10 . M
koma
( to come) . Kom pu: komdu.
I ! .
Ao
pyoa ( to
t r an s l a t e , melt) .
Pyo pu:
12.
Ao
l e s a ( to
read)
.
Les
pu:
l e s tu .
13.
Ao
taka
( to
t ake)
.
Tak
pu:
t ak tu .
14.
M
vera
( to be)
.
Ertu : aJ;e
you?
15. Ao vera
( to
be) . Vertu : be.
A. Simple Sentences :
1 . Komdu h ingao . (Come
here ) .
2 . Farou ut . (Go
ou t ) .
3.
Skr i faou
mer bre f . (Wri te
me a
l e t t e r ) .
(U18).
4. Svaraou
mer
e l skan .
(Answer
me
da r l ing ) .
5. Taktu
b6kina .
(Take
the book) .
(U45) .
6. Ertu kominn? (Have you a r r i ved? ) .
7 . Vertu her lengur . (Stay here l onge r ) .
8. Ski lurou pe t t a? (Do you unders tand tha t? ) .
9. Byrjaou pa. (Then begin) .
10. La tt u e kki svona. (Don' t behave l i ke t ha t ) .
11.
Keyrou heim. (Drive home).
12. Gra t tu
bara .
( Ju s t c r y ).
13. Ja ,
hlreOu bara, asn i .
(Yes,
j u s t
laugh,
foo l ) .
14 . Sj aoumig .
(Look
a t me). (U18).
15. Hit tu mig
klukkan
f jogur .
(Meet
me
a t
four o ' c lock ) .
16.
Haltu afram.
(Go
on) .
17. Segou
pe t t a
a f tu r . (Say
t ha t
aga in) .
18. Endur tak tu oro io . (Repeat the word).
19.
Klaraou
k aflann . (F in ish the
chap te r )
U 45) .
20 Taktu vio .
(Take over ) .
B. When
speaking: to somebody in th e
so - ca l l ed
"second
person" you
almost always su f f ix t he p e rs ona l pronoun
pn (you) to t h e v e rb. Depending on t h e p r ev iou s consonant
of the
verb it then
becomes e i t he r :
-ou, -du or - t u .
In
the plura l you wri t e pID but
normal ly
pronounce it -o i .
Komio
pio : komioi .
Far io pio : f a r io i .
pYddu.
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17.
AD SPYRJA OG AD SVARA
(to ask and to answer)
Spurning
(que stion):
Ert
pu ma()ur?
Svar (answer) : Ja , eg e r ma()ur
SAMTAL A conversat ion)
E . Go()an daginn, Calwn
E . Hvar er t pu nu.na?
E .
Ja ,
u ~
E.
En hvar e r eg?
E.
Alveg
re t t . Hva(j e r
eg ?
E.
Ja , HVAD e r eg?
E.
En
hva(j er t
pu?
E . Gott . Hva()
e r
eg
a )
gera?
E .
Og
hva(j er t
pu
a(j gera?
E.
Hva j e r ega j ke nna ?
E. Og hva(j
er t
pu a ) laera?
E . E r
pa(j
erf i t t?
E .
Hva() e r pa()
pa?
E .
Rett. Pet t a
e r gott
svar .
E . Takk
fyr i r .
SPURNINGAR (questions):
1.
Hva(j e r eg a(j gera?
2.
Hva(j er t pu a j gera?
3.
Hva(j
e r
Einar
a )
gera?
4 . Hva(j er Calwn a(j
gera?
5. Hvar er t
pu
nu.na?
6. Hva(j er tu?
7.
Ertu kennar i?
The
presen t continuous tense-
C . Go(jan daginn,
Einar .
C.
Hver, eg?
C.
Eg
er
herna
inni .
C.
P u
er t he rna
inni H'ka.
C.
HVAD e r t pu?
C.
P\1 er t kennari .
C.
Eg e r nemandi .
C . Pu er t a(j
kenna.
C. Eg e r
a(j
laera.
C. P u
er t
a(j kenna Is lenzku.
C . ls lenzku, au(jvita(j.
C. Nei, pa(j
e r ekki
erf i t t .
C.
Pa()
er au(jvelt.
C.
Ja ,
en
pa(j
er"
.e,kJ.i
satt:.
C. Ekke r t a(j pakka.
8.
E r E i n a r n e m a n d i ?
9. Hva(j
e r
Calum?
10.
E r
Ca1wn
herna
inni
nu.na?
11. Hva(j
e r Einar a(j kenna?
12. Hva(j e r Calum a(j laera?
13. En hva(j
er t
pu a(j
laera?
14.
E r erf i t t a(j laera Is lenzku?
15. E r au(jvelt
a j svara?
NOT
ES:
Go(jan
daginn (acc . M): good
morning,
good day
hvar : where -
nuna:
now - herna inni: in here -
alveg
ret t :
quite
right
- kennari (M): a
teacher
-
nemandi
(M):
student
a(j gera :
doing
- a j laera: learning - a ) kenna: teaching -
Islenzku
(acc .
F):
Ic
e landic - erf i t t
(N): difficul t
- au(jvelt (N).
easy -
pa:
then
-
re t t
(N):
right
-
gott
(N): good
- sat t
CN
t rue -
takk
fyrir : thank
(you)
for (that) - Ekker t a ) pakka: don't
ment ion
i t
(lit:
nothing
to
thank for)
-
Spurn ing
F) S pur n inga r
F
pI )
Svar N) Svor N
pI )
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j
Kyn - akveC5ni greinir inn.
Indefini te:
A man etc .
Mascul ine
words:
Pet ta
e r
maC5ur
( m a n )
Pet ta
er
s t rakur ( boy)
Pet ta
e r veggur (wall )
Pet ta e r
svampur
( sponge)
Pe t ta
er
blyantur (
penc i l )
Pet ta
e r stoll ( c h a i r )
Pet ta
e r gluggi
(
window)
Pet ta e r
ls1endingur
( Icelander
Pet ta
e r
Skoti ( Sco t sman)
Pet ta
e r
bIll (
c a r )
Pet ta e r
penni
( pe n )
Pet ta e r batur ( boat )
Pet ta
e r nemandi ( s tudent )
Pet ta
er
kennar i
( t eache r )
PaC e r dagur ( da y )
Feminine words:
Pet ta e r
kona
(
woman
Pet ta e r s te lpa ( gir l )
Pet ta
e r
hurC5 (
door )
Pet ta e r
tafla
( chalkboard
Pet ta e r bok ( book)
Pe t ta
er
mynd ( p ic tu r e )
Pet t a er
Is lenzka
(
Icelandic
Pet ta e r
lygi (
l ie
)
Pet ta er spurning ( question
PaC
e r
nott
( n igh t )
Neuter
words:
Pet ta e r
golf
( f loor )
pe.bta e r loft ( ceil ing, air
Pet ta
e r
borC5 ( t ab le )
Pet ta er fjall (mountain
Pet ta
e r barn (
ch i ld )
Pet ta
e r svar ( a ns we r )
PaC
er
kvold
(
evening
).
18.
(Gende
-
The defini te
ar t ic le) .
Defini te : THE man etc .
Pet ta
e r
maC5ur -
inn
Pet ta
er
s t rakur - inn
Pet t a e r veggur -
inn
Pet ta
e r svampur -
inn
Pet ta er
blyantur-
inn
Pet ta er
stoll
-
inn
Pet ta e r
gluggi
- nn
Pet ta e r
ls lendingur
- Inn
Pet ta
er Skoti - nn
Pet ta e r
bnl- inn
Pet ta
e r
penni
-
nn
Pet ta
e r batur - inn
Pet ta e r
nemandi - nn
Pet ta e r kennar i - nn
Pet t a e r dagur - inn
Pet ta e r kona - n
Pet ta
e r s te lpa - n
Pet ta
e r
hurC5 -
in
Pet ta e r taf la - n
Pet ta e r bok - in
Pet ta er
mynd - in
Pet t a e r
Is lenzka
- n
Pet ta e r
lygi
- n
Pet ta e r spurning - in
Pet ta
er
nott
- in
Pet ta e r
golf
- iC
Pet ta
e r loft - iC
Pet ta er borC5 - iC
Pet t a e r fjall - iC
Pet ta
e r barn -
iC
Pet ta
e r
svar -
iC
paC5
er
kvold
-
iC
A.
NOTES:
Gender: Whenyou
speak of
a " m a s c u l ine "
word or
a
"feminine"
word
it
has
nothing
to dowith sex . This i s a gr ammat ica l convention
and
has to dowith
the
fo rm or
the endingof the word .
In
English
" things"
are
always
neuter ,
in Icelandic
they
may
be mascul ine ,
feminine
OR
neuter , depending on
the
fo rm of
theword .
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19.
B.
All the words
here
given
are
in the so-ca l led "nomina. t ive"
c alOe,
i .
e . the undecl ined
word
as
you
will find i t in the
dic t ionary .
The defin.i te ar t ic le is suffixed, i . e . it is added to the
word
and
become s
pa r t
of i t .
Icelandic
has
four so-ca l led
"cases" .
These will be deal t
with pre sent ly. The ar t ic le i s decl ined with the word in accordance
with these case s as you wil l
see l a te r . This
means that
the
word
i t se l f AND
the ar t ic le
change
form
according
to
the
case .
In the nominat ive
case
all mascul ine
words
end
in INN
In the nominat ive
case
all
feminine words
end in N - . -
In
the nominat ive case
all
neuter
words
end
in ID-;
when
the
ar t ic le is suffixed .
(For
cases see U17, 50).
C . In elevated speech and in
l i t e r a ry
Icelandic the defini te
ar t ic le is some t imes put in front of the word: HINN got5i
mat5ur,
HIN got5a kona, HID got5a barn ( the good
man
etc . ) .
This pa r t
of
the
language wil l be
deal t
with l a t e r .
D.
For r e f e r ence ,
here are the
dif ferent forms of the
defini te
ar t ic le in all case s singular and plura l when not suffixed.
R e m e m b e r that the H-sound is
only
an
asp ira t ion
and
falls
off
when not s t r essed :
SINGULAR
MASCULINE-FEMININE-NEUTER
Nominative
case
(ne fn i fa l l )
:
hinn hin
i ~
Accusat ive case
(l>olfal l )
hinn hina
hi3
Dative case
(pagufal l ) hinum
hinni
hinu
Genit ive case
( e i gna r fa l l
)
hins
hinnar
hins
PL U R A L
Nominative
case
(ne fn i fa l l ) :
h i n i r
hinar
hin
Accusat ive
case (po l fa l l
)
hina
h inar h in
Dative
case
(pagufa l l )
hinum hinum
hinum
Geni t ive
case (e ignarfa l l )
hinna
hinna
hinna
E.
Her e ' s
how th is
works :
1
Mat5ur-hinn
: mat5ur(h)inn
2.
Kennar i -h inn
:
kennari (hi )nn
3.
Veggur -h inn
:
veggur(h)inn
4.
Gluggi-hinn
gluggi(hi)nn
5.
Ste lpa-h in
ste lpa(hi )n
6.
Kona-h in
kona(hi)n
7.
Lygi-hin
lygi(hi)n
8.
Bok-hin
bok(h) in
9.
Barn-hit5
barn(h)it5
10.
Bort5-hit5
bort5(h)it5
And
so
on
in the
dif ferent
case s
as
you will soon
see .
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20.
7
A
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21.
Li t i r n i r .
(The
Colours ) .
Li tu r
(M): a co lour .
L i t u r i n n :
t he co lour (U 6) .
L i t i r
(p I ) :
co lours .
L i t i r n i r
:
the
co lours ( U
l7C) .
~ e s s i (M) - pe s s i (F) - pe t t a (N) : t h i s .
Hvernig er ba tu r inn a l i t i n n : What
co lour i s the boa t?
lit.
How
i s
the
boa t
on
colour
? ) ( "
l i t i n n "
i s
the accusa t ive
case of l i t u r i nn , the
nom. ending -u r i s dropped) .
Ao
lita:
to co lour - ao
mala
:. to
pa in t
. I f you
have
crayons
pa i n t the
o b j e c t s
in l esson 8 , 22 and 63 say ing the sen tences
in I ce land ic a t the
same
t ime ,
a l t e r n a t i v e l y a f f i r m i n g
and
denying:
The
boa t
i s
ye l low
.
Is it black? No, it i s n ' t
.
I t
i s
ye l low e t c .
Litaou p e t t a :
1 .
~ e s s i
ba tu r e r gulur .
2.
~ e s s i ba tu r e r rauour .
3.
~ e s s i
ba tu r
e r
grrenn.
4 . ~ e s s i b a t u r e r
b l i r .
5.
~ e t t
e r he s t u r .
Hann e r
hv i tu r .
6.
~ e t t
e r
s t 6 l l .
Hann e r brunn.
7 .
~ e t t
e r
penn i .
Hann e r gra r .
8 . ~ e t t e r fan i .
Hann er rauour og hv i t u r .
9 . ~ e t t
e r
ha t t u r .
Hann
e r
s va r tu r .
g .
10.
~ e t t
e r
k j 6 l l .
.. .
Hann e r
b l e i ku r .
Spurningar : 1 . Hvernig e r hes tu r inn a
l i t i n n ?
2. Hvernig
e r
s t 6 l l i n n a l i t i n n ? 3 . Hvernig e r penninn a l i t i n n ?
4 . Hvernig e r fan inn a l i t i n n ? 5 . Hvernig e r ha t t u r i nn a
l i t i n n ?
6.
Hvernig e r k j 6 l l i n n a l i t i n n ? 7.
Hvernig
e r
regnboginn
M the ra inbow)
a l i t i n n ? 8. Er hv i t u r hes tu r
Sko t i ?
L i t i r n i r : Gulur :
ye l low
- rauour :
red
-
grrenn
: green
b la r : b lue -
hv i t u r :
whi te - brunn: brown -
gra r
: grey
s va r tu r : b lack
- b le iku r :
pink
- gu l l i nn :
golden
appe l s inugu lu r
: orange - .
(For grammar see U 63-65) .
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At> ve r a
to be
f
l . ( d a ~ e r
Calumdapur .
Mjo:
dapur .
2. Hann e r allara
3.
Hvat> e r
hann
a ~
laera? ( l ilenzku.
(ace)
4. E r
pat> erf i t t?
Ja rnjog
erf i t t .
5. Einar e r l (ka . a pu r . Mjogdapur .
. Hann e r
kenna.
7. Hvat5 e r
h.anll.
l kenna? (s lenzku.
(ace)
I . Pet ta
e r m.j(j:
er f i t t
mal .
9. Calum e r at> lilera
pat>
semE ina r e r at> kenna.
lQ.
t
e r l kellna
l l i lenzku
0: pu er t ati
bltTa l l i lenzku.
11
t :
veit pa l . Einar .
12
t
e r at5
t a la 18iel'lzku
o ~
pu
er t
l lka
at5
ta la l l i lenzku.
13. t :
skil pat>. Einar .
14.. Vit>
e r um
at>
ta la
samano
15. Ja , pet ta
e r
er f i t t III.
Mjog
er f i t t I lL
.
Spurningar :
l .
Hvat> e r
Calum
dag?
2.
Er t pu
dapur?
3.
Hvat> e r
Calum
at> gera?
Hvat>
e r hann at>
loera?
5.
E r
Einar katur?
6. Hvat>
e r
hannpa?
7.
E r
hanndapur e ins
og
Calum?
8. Hvat>
e r Einar
at>
gera?
9.
E r l s lenzka erf i t t mal?
10. E r Einar at>
loera pat>
sem
Calum e r at>
kenna?
11. Er tu at> ta la l s lenzku?
12.
Erumvit> at>
t a l a s aman?
13.
E r
pet ta er f i t t
l l f?
14.
E r pat> mjog erf i t t?
. At> ve r a
(to
be)
l .
t ~ e r .
r am.
2. PU e r t .
You
a r e .
3. Hann,
hun.
pat> e r
He, she , it is
4.
Vit>
e rum.
We
a r e .
5.
pit>
erut>.
You
a r e
.
6.
pe i r . poer.
pau eru .
They
M, F,
N)
a re .
NOTES: r
dag: today
- dapur
(M)
:
sad
- mjog: very - at>
loera:
l ea rn ing
-
erf i t t (N): difficul t
- pat> sem:
that which
-
vei t (v. vita): know
-
ta la
saman: talking toge ther .
to
each other
- l lf
(N): life
- katur (M):
happy.
gay
- pa: then - eins
og:
as
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23.
If
Ats vera mets - Ats
hafa
- Ats eiga . (To have) .
A.
1. Pet ta
e r matsur og pet ta e r kona.
2.
Pet ta
eru
matsur
og
kona.
3.
Pet ta e r jakki og
pet ta
e r
kapa.
4.
Pet ta
eru jakki og
kapa.
5.
Pet ta e r
s ta fur
og pet ta e r t aska .
6.
Pet ta eru s tafur og taska .
7.
E r
matsur inn
mets ha r ?
B
N ei, hann e r ekki
mets
har .
9.
En
konan?
10.
Hun
e r mets
har .
11.
Hvats
e r matsurinn?
12.
Hann e r
skol lot tur .
13.
Matsurinn hefur
got t kaup.
14.
Hannhe
fur mikits ats
gera .
15.
Konan hefur
ekker t
kaup.
16.
Hun
hefur
ekker t
ats
gera .
17.
Konanhefur
fal legt
andl i t .
lB
Matsurinn he fur hraus t leg t utli t .
19.
Pet ta e r gotsur
matsur M) og
pe t t a e r
goo kona (F) .
20.
Pau eiga
go t t barn
(N) og
pau e iga
1ika hvor t
anna6- N)
B.
Spurningar :1 Er u
pet ta
matsur og kona? 2. E r matsurinn mets
har?
3.
E r konan
mets ha r ? 4.
Hvats
e r
m ats ur in n? 5 . E r eg
skollottur?
6 . H e fu r pugot t kaup? 7 . H e f e g mikits ats gera? B. Hefur mats
ur inn mikits ats
gera?
9. Hver he fur 1i tits ats
gera?
10. Hefur
konan
mikits
kaup? 11. Hefur
hun
mikits ats
gera?
12. Hvats
hefur
konan? 13. En
matsurinn?
14.
E r
pet ta
vondur
matsur
etsa
gotsur
matsur?
15. Hvats eiga matsurinn og k o n a n - ? -
C.
Ats hafa (
to
have
Ats
eiga
(
to
have, to o w n )
1.
Eg hef
1.
Eg
a
2.
Pu hefur 2.
p u :itt
3.
Hann, hun, pats
hefur
3.
Hann, hun,
pats
a
4 .
Vits hofurn 4 .
Vits
eigum
5.
pitshafits
5.
pits eigits
6.
Pei r ,
paer,
pau hafa
. Pe i r , paer,
pau
eiga
c.
NOTES: Ins tead of saying:
th is is a
man and
a woman,
or
these
are a man
and
a
woman, you say
THIS
ARE
a
m a n
and a
woman.
jakki (M): a
jacket
- kapa (F): a coat -
s ta fur
(M): a
s t ick
taska
(F):
a purse , bag - har
(N): hair
- En konan: how
about
the woman? - skol lot tur (M): bald - gott kaup (N): a
good
sa l a ry .
pay - ekker t ats
gera :
nothing to
do
-
fallegt
andli t
(N):
a
beaut i ful face - hraus t leg t utlit (N): a
healthy
look, i e .
he
looks
heal thy -
gotsur (M)
,gots
(F),
gott (N): good - sem: who,
which
hvor t annats
(N):
each other .
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24.
Eig inhe i t i
(N) - Kyn
(N)
(Proper
names
-
Gender) .
Fat>irinn er
at> kenna.
Sonurinn er
at> laera.
Eiri 'kur:
Hvat>
e r
Esja?
Leifur:
HUn er
fjall .
Eiri 'kur:
En Snaefell ? Le ifur: pat>
e r
fjall
li 'ka.
Eiri 'kur: En Hekla?
Leifur:
HUn
e r
fjall .
Eiri 'kur: Hver s konar fjall? Leifur:
Eldfjal l .
Eiri 'kur: Hvat> er Mlmir ? Leifur: Hann e r skal i , aut>vitat>.
Eiri 'kur: Og Reykjavi 'k?
Leifur: HUn e r borg.
Eiri 'kur:
En
hvat> er Noregur?
Leifur:
Hann
er
land.
Eiri 'kur: Og Ameri 'ka?
Leifur: Yi'nland,
meinart>u?
Eiri 'kur: Jaeja, Yi'nland, p.1.
Leifur:
Pat>
e r land eins og
Noregur .
Eiri 'kur:
Star t et>a li tit>
land. Leifur:
Li tit> land.
Eiri 'kur:
Betra en Graenland?
Leifur:
Nei,
Graenland
e r bet ra .
Eiri 'kur: Pu e r t ekki svo vit laus ,
s t rakur .
Spurningar : 1. v a ~
e r Esja?
2. Hvat>
e r Snaefell? 3. Hvers konar
fjall e r Hekla?
4.
Hvat> e r Mi'mir? 5. En hvat5 e r Reykjavi'k?
6.
Hvat5 e r Noregur?
7. En
Yi'nland?
8.
E r Danmork
land
eins og
Noregur?
9.
E r
Island
betra
en
Danmork?
10. E r Graenland
betra
en Amer lka? 11.
E r Leifur
vi t laus? 12.
Hvor
e r
fat5irinn
og
hvor er sonurinn?
Gender: All
Ice landic
nouns
are
e i t he r
masculine , feminine or
neu te r .
This has
nothing to do with sex or thQ
gender
of the
th ing i t s e l f . What i s M F
or
N i s the WORD
not
the th ing
t rep resen t s . Usually the
ending
determines the gender :
A
word
which ends in -a i s near ly always feminine .
A
word which ends in -u r i s near ly always masculine
A
word which ends in -8
or
- t
i s
near ly always
neuter .
Even proper
names
are thought
of
as M F
or
N.
NOTES:
fjall
(N): mountain -
hvers
Konar:
what
kind - eldfjall :
volcano
( eld:
f i r e )
- skali
(M):
school -
autsvitat5:
of course -
Ylnland (N):
Wineland
- s tar t e
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25.
2
A5 ver5a: to become.
1.
Vi5
erum
a l l
her inni .
2.
Gunnar e r
her
og Geir
er
her .
~ e i r eru
her ba5i r .
3. Hallger5ur
e r
her og
Bergpora er
her . Prer eru her ba5ar .
4.
Gunnlaugur er
her
og Helga
er her .
Dau eru
her breei.
5. All i r
menn
eru
go5i r .
6 .
Allar
konur
eru go5ar.
7.
a l l
born
eru
go5.
8. ~ e t t a e r
s a t t .
Alveg
s a t t .
9.
Eg e r her
i dag.
10. ~ u ver5ur her a morgun.
11. Vi5
ver5um her ba5ir
a manudag.
12. Gunnar
og
Geir ver5a her
a
pr i5judag.
13.
~ a ver5ur
eng inn her
a
mi5vikudag.
14.
~ i ver5i5
a l l
her
a
fimmtudag.
15. Gunnlaugur og Helga ver5a her a fos tudag.
16.
A
laugardag ver5a a l l i r menn
brreeur.
17.
~ a
fa ra
margir
u t
a5
drekka.
18 . sunnudag fara menn i ki rk ju .
19.
Bra5um ver5ur veroldin ful lkomin.
A l l i r M)
a l1ar
F) a l l N)
Ba5ir
M)
ba5ar
F)
breei
N)
Enginn
M)
engin
F)
ekker t
N)
Margir M) mar gar
F)
morg N)
G03ur M) go5 F)
got t
N)
Pronouns
are M, F or N. Adjec t ives
agree
with the nouns they modify. in
gender, number and
case
.
Spurningar:
1. Hver
e r her inn i?
2. Er t pu her inni? 3.
Eru
Gunnar
og
Geir ba5i r her? 4. En Hal1ger5ur og Bergpora ?
5.
Eru a l l i r menn go5i r ? 6. En a l l a r konur? 7. Og a l l born?
8. Hvar
e r t pu
nuna
? 9. A l l i r menn
eru
go5i r . Er
pa5 s a t t ?
10.
Ver5ur
pu
her a
morgun? 11. Ver5um
vi5 her ba5i r a pr i5 ju -
dag
? 12.
Hvar
ver5i5
pi5
a mi5vikudag?
13.
Fara menn i kirkju
a laugardag? 14. Ver5ur
vero ld in bra5um ful lkomin?
15. Hva3
gera menn a laugardag?
NOTES: G65ir, g65ar , goo M , F, N
pI :
good
see U63-65)
s a t t
N): t rue
- a lveg: qui te - i
dag,
a morgun:
today,
tomorrow - enginn M): no body) - a l1 i r menn M pI : a ~ l men,
a l l people - brreeur M pI : brothers ,
bre thren
- fa ra : go
margir M
pI :
many -
u t
a5 drekka:
out
to dr ink - i kirkju
F acc :
to church - bra5um : soon - veroldin F):
the
world
fullkomin: per fec t
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26.
B.
Ao veroa ( to become, to
have
t o ) . Ao
ge ta
( to be
ab le
t o ) .
l.
g
vero .
1 .
g
g et (se e u n i t 28 and 11 ,4)
2.
1u
ve rour .
2. 1u ge tu r .
3.
Hann,
hun, pao verour .
3. Hann
,
hun,
pao ge tu r .
4 . Vio veroum.
4. Vio getum.
5 . 1io
vero io .
5.
1io
g e t i o .
6.
1eir,
prer, pau veroa .
6. 1eir ge ta .
C.
Einn
dagur -
marg i r
dagar . (One day - many days (M .
Sunnudagur
A sunnudaginn
(kemur)
(Next
sunday e t c . This
i s
Manudagur
a manudaginn
the
accusa t ive form,
the
1riojudagur
a pr io judag inn
ending
-u r
i s
dropped
Miovikudagur
a miovikudaginn
be fore
def .
a r t i c l e ) .
Fimmtudagur
a f immtudaginn
Fostudagur
a fos tudag inn
Laugardagur
a l augardag inn
D.
t s l ensk
ga ta (F) .
(An I ce lan d i c p u zz l e ).
Spurn ing : Hvao e r pao sem allir v i l j a veroa en eng
inn
vera?
Svar : Gamall .
Malsha t tu r :
1ao ungur nemur
(sem) gamal l
temur .
T v i sv a r v e rou r gamall
maour barn .
Sa
verour
gamal l
sem
guo v i I I .
Gamall
(M) - gomul
(F)
-
gamal
t
(N):
old
Ungur (M) - ung
(F)
-
ungt
(N):
young
Notes :
Malsha t tu r
(M):
a proverb - mal (N): language
ha t tu r
(M):
mode, way (p l . hret t i r ) - allir a l l , everybody
ao v i l j a : to want
to -
sem: which
- nemur (v.
nema):
l ea rns
temur
(v. t em j a ): t ea ch e s,
i n cu l ca t e s -
t v i s va r :
twice
sa M): he who
E. Mil
treki
(N). (Proverbs )
.
l.
Ao hika
e r
sarna og t apa . (To
h e s i t a t e
i s
the same as to l o s e ) .
2:
1ao e r
mannlegt ao
s k ja t l as t . ( I t i s human to e r r ) .
3.
Alvara
og
gaman
e iga bez t
samano
(Ser iousness
and
fun
are
b e s t combined) .
4. Aumur er io ju laus
maour.
(Wretched
i s an i d l e
man).
5. Bet ra er ao b i o j a en s t e l a . (Be t te r to beg than to s t e a l ) .
6. Bl indur
e r boklaus maour. (Bl ind
i s
a man withou t
books) .
7 .
Koma dagar , koma r ao . (Come
days , come
s o lu t ions ) .
8. Ao
f l a u s t r a
e r ekk i ao f ly t a s e r . (To make has t e i s not
to
hur ry ) .
9. Bet ra e r s e i n t en a l d r e i . (Be t te r
l a t e than
neve r ) .
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27 .
} J
Fle i r ta la
F) .
Ati s leppa serhl jo t ianum
M
d a t ) .
Plura l .
Dropping the Vowel .
1. pett{a) e r
bok -
pett{a)
eru baekur. pett{a)
e r hurti
-
pett(a)
eru
hurti ir . pett{a) e r veggur
-
pett{a)
eru
veggir . pett{a) e r
gluggi
pett{a)
eru
gluggar.
pett{a) e r
borti
-
pett{a)
eru borti . pett{a) e r
stoll -
pett{a)
eru
s to lar .
pett{a) e r hundur
- pett{1a) e r u hundar .
Pett{a)
e r
matiur
-
pett{a)
eru menno pett{a)
e r kona
-
pett{a)
eru
konur. pett{a)
e r mynd
-
pett{a)
eru myndir .
2. Hvati e r
pet ta? p a o
e r
stoll - pati eru s to lar .
Er u petta hurti ir? Ja, pett{a)
eru
hurt i i r .
Eru
petta
veggir? Ja , pett{a)
eru
veggir .
Eru petta myndir? Ja, pett{a) eru myndir .
Eru
pet ta g luggar?
Nei,
pett{a)
er(u)
ekki
gluggar.
E r u
petta
bort i? Nei , pett{a) er(u) ekki bort i .
Er u petta s to lar? Ja,
pett{a)
eru
s to lar .
Not: they - these - those - are chai rs as in Engl ish . )
3. Pronunciat ion:
the i changes into "Y"
as
in the Word "yes" .
1. Eg e r ati laera.
Eg
e r ekk(j) ati
laera.
2. Eg e r ati vinna. Eg e r
ekk(j)
ati vinna.
3 . pu er t
ati
kenna. pu er t ekk(j)
ati kenna.
4.
Hann
e r
ati
lesa .
Hann e r ekk{j) ati
lesa .
5. Viti e r u m ati ta la samano Viti
erUITI
ekk{j) ati ta la samano
6. Eg
e r inni . Eg e r
ekk{j) inni.
7.
pit i erut i
uti.
piti eruti
ekk(j)
uti .
8. E r u m viti ati bortia? Nei, viti e r um ekk(j) ati bortia.
Notes:
In normal colloquial speech a hia tus , i .
e . two vowels
pronounced together
with
a
sor t of
glottal stop, does
NOT occur .
You therefore almost
invariably
DROP the
f i r s t
of the two vowels
standing together .
Hurti
(F): door - veggur
(M):
wall -
gluggi (M):
window -
hundur
lvi): dog
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28.
ILt
Beyging
ort>a (T h e Declension of words ).
Icelandic
has
four cases cal led The Nominat ive Case , the Accusat ive
Case , the Dative Case , the Geni t ive Case .
U
l 7 , 5 0 ) .
A. Hvat> ) What
B. Pat>
N): t
E i n t a l a
F)
Sing :u la r :
l
nom: hvat> 1.
nom: pat
2: acc . pat
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nothing
29.
15
Sognin 1 nafnhretti ( The ve r b in the infini t ive )
Hvemer?
pegar
(When? when).
1. pat5 e r
gott
at5 hafa nag at5 gera .
2.
pat5
e r
vont
at
vinna of
11tit5,
3. og pat5
er
11ka
vont
at5 vinna of mikit5.
4.
pat5
er
agrett at5 vinna
matulega
mikit5.
5.
pat5 e r aut5velt at5 spyr ja ,
6.
en pat5
er oft
erf i t t
at5 svara .
7.
pat5
er
ekki pat5 sarna at5 vil ja og geta.
8.
pat5
er
gott
at5
bort5a,
pegar
mat5ur
er
svangur.
9.
pat5 e r
gott
at5 drekka , pegar mat5ur
er
pyrs tur
10. pat5
er
gott at5 bort5a og drekka,
11.
pegar mat5ur
er
svangur og
pyr s tur .
12.
En pat5 e r ekki
gott
at5
bort5a
of mikit5.
13.
Og pat5 e r
al ls ekki
gott at5 drekka
of
mikit5.
14. pat5
er
beinl1nis hrettulegt.
15. pat5 e r aut5velt at> s i t ja kyr r .
16. En pat> e r
erf i t t
at5
standa
kyr r
lengi .
17.
Yfirlei t t e r
mjog
erf i t t at>
vinna 1engi.
18.
En pat5 e r
11ka
erf i t t at5 gera ekker t .
Spurningar: 1. Er
gott at5
hafa
nag at5
gera?
2. Er gott
et5a vont at
vinna of litit5, 3.
Er
gott
at5 vinna of mikit5?
4.
Hvernig
e r
at vinna
matulega
mikit5? 5. Er aut5velt at5 spyr ja? 6.
Er
oft
e;f i t t
at5 svara?
7.
Er
pat5 pat5
sarna at5 vil ja og
geta?
8.
Hvenrer
er
gott
at5 bort5a?
9. Hvenrer
er
gott at5
dre
kka? 10. E r gott at5 bort5a of mikit5?
11.
Er
gott
at5 drekka of mikit5?
12.
Er aut5velt
at
s i t ja kyr r? 13. Er aut5velt
at5
vinna of
lengi?
14.
Er
aut5velt
at>
gera
ekker t?
.
NOTES:
nog: enough - v ~ n t
gott (N): bad, good
-
vinna: work
- of:
too
litit5, mikit5 (N): l i t t le , much - aut5velt,
erf i t t (N):
easy ,
difficul t
-
spyr ja ,
svara: ask , answer - pat5 el' ekki: i t is not - pat5 sama: the sam e - at5 vil ja
og geta: to want to and to be able to -
bort5a, drekka: eat ,
dr ink - pegar :
when - hvenrer: when? -
mat5ur:
one -
svangur , pyrs tur (M):
hungry,
th irsty
al ls ekki: not at
all
-
beinl1nis
hrettu1egt (N): directly dangerous - s i t ja kyrr :
s i t still - standa: stand - yfir le i t t : genera l ly - lengi: long - ekker t (N):
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30.
Oroaforoi . (Vocabulary) .
If
l
~ a o
er
got t
ao vera ungur
og
as t fanginn ,
2.
og pao
er
of t got t ao e l ska og vera til
3.
En
l i f i o
e r
stundum
e r f i t t .
4.
~ o
e r a l I t of s t u t t ,
5 .
og
pao
e r ekki nrerri
a l l t a f
skemmti legt .
6.
Stundum er pao
bein l in i s
l e io in l eg t .
7.
Hya{5 .e r l i U 6 ?
8.
Ao
hugsa, o t t a s t
og
f inna
til
9.
Svona e r pao e i n f a l t .
10.
Ao
koma og fa ra ,
ll
ao freaast,
ao
vaxa,
ao
l i f a
12.
ao e lska og
p ja s t og
s ioan
deyja .
13. ~ o e r a l l t
og
sumt.
~ d J
14. En
pao
e r
f j andi
gaman
stundum.
15.
~ o e r
got t ao
vera f r i sku r ,
16.
en pao er vont ao
vera
veikur .
17.
~ o er l e io in l eg t ao vera of mikio einn,
18. en skemmti legt ao t a l a via got t folk.
19.
Hvao e r l i f i o?
20.
Eg ve i t
pao
ekki . ~ o ve i t
v i s t
enginn.
l :l- jo1f . . b . ~ UMJ '
-
j a . 5 I f C l A < . s ~
Spurningar : 1.
Er
go t t ao vera ungur og as t fanginn? 2. Er got t
ao elska og
vera t i l ?
3.
Ert
pu as t fanginn? 4.
Er l i f i o o f t
e r f i t t ?
5.
Er
pao
of l angt? 6. Er l i f i o a l l t a f skemmti legt?
7. Er pao
stundum
l e io in l eg t ? 8. Hvao
er l i f i o?
9. Er l i f i o
e i n f a l t
eoa
f lok io? 10. Er
stundum
gaman? 11. Er
got t
eoa vont
ao vera
f r i skur?
12.
Er go t t ao vera veikur? 13. Er skemmtilegt
ao vera mikio einn? 14. Er gaman ao t a l a via
l e io in l eg t
folk?
15. Hver
ve i t hvao l i f i o er?
NOTES: Ungur
og
as t fanginn
(M): young
and in love l it. love
captured)-
elslea: love Note
well : ao vera :
to
be
ao vera
til:
to
ex i s t l i f i o (N): l i f e a l I t of: fa r too s t u t t , l angt (N):
shor t , long
skemmtil
eg t , l e io in l eg t (N): pleasant , unpleasant -
hugsa:
th ink
o t t ~ s t fea r Note wel l :
ao
f inna: to
f ind -
ao
f inna
~ i l
to fee l (pain) svona: so e i n f a l t (N): s imple -
koma,
fa ra
:
come, go
frei3
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31.
17
Foll
- fraITlsoguhattur
sagnar innar .
Cases -
The
Indicat ive of the Verb.
1. Pet ta e r ITlynd noITl). Pet ta e r ITlynd af hesti
og
s t rak
(dat).
P u
serti
hest
og
s t rak
(ace)
a
ITlyndinni (dat). Pu serti baetii hest inn og
s t rakinn
(ace). Hestur inn
e r
l s lenzkur
og
s t rakur inn
e r 11ka l s lenzkur
noITl).
2. Strakur inn noITl) stendur hja hestinuITl (dat).
Hestur inn noITl) stendur
hja
straknuITl
(dat).
Pet ta e r fal legur
hes tur
noITl). Strakur inn
e r
11ka
fa l legur
noITl).
3. Pet ta
e r ITlynd noITl)
af
hundi
(dat).
Hundurinn noITl)
si tur og
hugsar . Pe t ta e r vitur hundur noITl). Hann e r a(5 hugsa
UITl
s t rakinn
og
hest inn
(ace) .
4.
StunduITl
hleypur hundurinn noITl) t i l s t raks ins
(gen). Og
oft
hleypur s t rakur inn noITl)
t i l
,.
hests ins
(gen). En
hes tur inn
noITl) hleypur
stunduITl burt f ra
hundinuITl
og straknuITl
(dat).
p a sez t hundurinn aftur
nit5ur
og hugsar .
Pet ta e r ITljog vitur hundur . Skyldi hann
vera a(5
hugsa
UITl
l s lenzka ITlalfraetii (ace)?
A
Sl,)Urningar: 1.
Ser(5u
ITlynd? 2. Af hver ju e r ITlyndin? 3.
Hvati
sertiu
a
ITlyndinni?
4. Sert iu
bae 5i hest inn
og
s trakinn?
5.
E r
he
s tur inn l s lenzkur etia danskur? 6. En
s t rakur inn?
7. Hvar
s tendur s t rakur inn?
8.
Hvar stendur
he s tur inn? 9.
E r
petta
fal legur etia
I jotur
hes tu r? 10. E r s t rakur inn fa l legur?
11.
Ser(5u
ITlynd af hundi?
12.
E r petta
fa l legur
e 5a I jotur hundur?
13.
Hvernig
e r hann a
l i t inn?
14. E r hundurinn vi tur? 15. UITl hva 5
e r
hann
ati hugs a ? 16.
Hugsar
pu ITlikiti
UITl
l s lenzka ITlalfraet5i?
17.
Hvert h leypur h und urinn
stunduITl? 18.
Hvert h leypur he s tur inn ?
19.
UITl hva(5 er t pu a(5 hugsa nuna?
20. En
hundurinn?
CASES: Ice landic has four
cases .
The same noun may
have
four d i f f e ren t
forms
in
s ingula r
and
plura l ,
e ight a l toge the r .
The cases depend upon the
funct ion
of the word in the sentence
.
General ly
speaking,
word order and
prepos i t ions
in English
have
replaced our c a s e - s y s t e ~ .
The
NOMINATIVE i s the
case of the subjec t , he
who
does , tha t
which i s . The undecl ined word to which
everyth ing in
the
sentence re fe r s .
The ACCUSATIVE i s normally
the
goal or
the objec t of the
ac t ion , the person
or
th ing to
which
rhc
ac t ion i s
aimed.
The
DATIVE i s
often the ind i rec t
ob jec t of
verbs and
can s tand
for
the goal or purpose of
an ac t iv i ty . He or
tha t with r e ~
eard
to
whom or
which
the
doer
i s
performing
something.
The
GENITIVE
is ca l led the
"owner 's case"
denoting tha t which
i s h i ~ h e r ~ e tc . but note :
Idiom i s s t ronger than
any
ru le , ce r t a in prepos i t ions t ake
ce r t a in cases , so do
ce r t a i n
verbs .
The only
mastery i s
through usage.
(For
prepos i t ions see U
50) .
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32.
B.
Notes: Heatur (M) :
horile
- i l t r ikur (M) : boy - j e r ~ (v. sja.) : aee
fa l lecur
(M)
: beautiful - si tur (v. si t ja) : s i ts - hugilar (v. hu,aa) :
thinks - amyndinni (F) :
in
the pic ture - hja
hes t inum
: by the horse
t i l s t raks ins :
to
the boy - burt f ra : away f rom -
sez t
(v.
setjalit)
s i t
down - vi tur
(M)
: wise -
skyldi
hann ve r a : I
wonder i f
he is
(lit.
should he be?) - ~ hugsa urn : to think about - l i l lenzka mal-
f r i l e ~ i (F ac
c)
:
Ic elandic ! ; r ammar .
C.
Declension of Noun and Art ic le :
(see Unit
6
1.
(nom) Hestur(h )inn
Strakur
(h)inn
Mynd(h)in
2.
(acc) hest(h)inn s t rak(h) inn
mynd(h)ina
3. (dat) he st i (hi)num s t rak(hi)num mynd
(h )inni
4.
(gen)
hests(h)ins
straks(h)ins
myndar(h) innar
Plural :
5. (nom) Hestar (h i )n i r strakar(hi)nir myndir(hi)nar
6. (acc) hesta(hi)na straka{hi)na
myndir(hi)nar
7. (dat) hestu(m)(hi)nwn s t raku(m)(hi)nwn
myndu{m)(hi)nwn
8 . (gen)
hesta{hi)nna straka{hi)nna
mynda{hi)nna
D. Verbs :
~ s ja (see), standa
(s tand) '
si t ja (si t) , hugsa (think)
set jas t (si t down),
hlaupa
(run)
1.
Eg
se
stend
si t
hugsa
sez t
2.
pu s e r ~
s tendur si tur hugsar
sez t
3.
hann, hun, - p ~
se r
stendur
si tur
hugsar
sez t
4 . vit5
s jaum
s tondwn
si t jum
hugsum se t jumst
5. p i ~
s j i ~
standit5
sitjit5 h u g s i ~
se t j iz t
6.
peir ,
peer,
pau
s ja s tanda s i t ja hugsa
set jas t
1.
Hleyp 2. hleypur 3. hleypur 4. hlaupum 5.
h l a u p i ~
6. hlaupa
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33.
Pu 02 eg
you and
lTIe
FoIl . P er sonufornofn