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8/9/2019 02 Flowers
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Angiosperms - Flowering PlantsAngiosperms - Flowering Plants
Angiosperms focus of the courseAngiosperms focus of the course vast majority of plant diversityvast majority of plant diversity
systematics of other plants examined latersystematics of other plants examined later
What are the non-angiosperm land plants?What are the non-angiosperm land plants?
Arthur CronquistArthur Cronquists phyla (= divisions)s phyla (= divisions)
outdated!outdated!
most phyla are now called into questionmost phyla are now called into question
See first pages of Chpts 1 & 3 for moreSee first pages of Chpts 1 & 3 for more
detail (detail (Plant SystematicsPlant Systematics))
Fungi?Fungi?
Fungi collectively are not a natural groupFungi collectively are not a natural group More closely related to animals than to plantsMore closely related to animals than to plants
Charales - stonewortsCharales - stoneworts
Green algal lineageGreen algal lineage
Closest relatives to land plants?Closest relatives to land plants?
Bryophyta - bryophytesBryophyta - bryophytes
earliest land plants - non vascularearliest land plants - non vascular
gametophyte dominant, 16000 speciesgametophyte dominant, 16000 species
3 lineages3 lineages are they a natural group?are they a natural group?
hornwortshornworts mossesmosses mossesmosses
liverwortsliverworts liverwortsliverworts
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Lycopodiophyta - club mossesLycopodiophyta - club mosses
3 families, 1150 species3 families, 1150 species
sporophyte dominant, vascular, free sporingsporophyte dominant, vascular, free sporing are they sister to all other tracheophytes?are they sister to all other tracheophytes?
IsoetesIsoetes - quillworts- quillworts SelaginellaSelaginella - spike mosses- spike mosses
LycopodiumLycopodium --
club mossesclub mosses
Psilophyta - whisk fernsPsilophyta - whisk ferns
6 species in 2 genera6 species in 2 genera
vascular plants, leafless green stemmed,vascular plants, leafless green stemmed,lateral sporangialateral sporangia
are they primitive vascular plants? or reducedare they primitive vascular plants? or reduced
ferns?ferns?
PsilotumPsilotum habithabit PsilotumPsilotum branchbranch PsilotumPsilotum sporangiasporangia
Equisetophyta - horsetailsEquisetophyta - horsetails
15 species in15 species inEquisetumEquisetum
vascular plants, reduced leaves, terminalvascular plants, reduced leaves, terminal
sporangiasporangia
what are they related to?what are they related to?
Polypodiophyta - fernsPolypodiophyta - ferns
11000 species11000 species
immense variation in habit and habitatimmense variation in habit and habitat
spores produced in specialized sporangiaspores produced in specialized sporangia
need a lot of systematic work - tropics!need a lot of systematic work - tropics!
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Pinophyta - gymnospermsPinophyta - gymnosperms
conifersconifers
870 species870 species
seed plants but seeds nakedseed plants but seeds naked often divided into 4 phylaoften divided into 4 phyla
is one closer to angiosperms?is one closer to angiosperms?
juniperjuniperfraser firfraser firpinepine
cycadscycads
Pinophyta - gymnospermsPinophyta - gymnosperms
870 species870 species
seed plants but seeds nakedseed plants but seeds naked often divided into 4 phylaoften divided into 4 phyla
is one closer to angiosperms?is one closer to angiosperms?
female strobilifemale strobilimale strobilusmale strobilus
ginkgoginkgo
Pinophyta - gymnospermsPinophyta - gymnosperms
870 species870 species
seed plants but seeds nakedseed plants but seeds naked
often divided into 4 phylaoften divided into 4 phyla
is one closer to angiosperms?is one closer to angiosperms?
ovulesovules male strobilimale strobili
mature seedsmature seeds
gnetophytesgnetophytes
Pinophyta - gymnospermsPinophyta - gymnosperms
870 species870 species
seed plants but seeds nakedseed plants but seeds naked
often divided into 4 phylaoften divided into 4 phyla
is one closer to angiosperms?is one closer to angiosperms?
Welwitschia mirabilisWelwitschia mirabilis
EphedraEphedra GnetumGnetum
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275,000 + species275,000 + species
seed plants with seeds encased inseed plants with seeds encased in
ovaryovary
flowers aflowers a key innovationkey innovation
Magnoliophyta - angiospermsMagnoliophyta - angiosperms Angiosperms - Flowering PlantsAngiosperms - Flowering Plants tremendous adaptive radiation ontremendous adaptive radiation on
land (and back into water)land (and back into water)
Angiosperms - Flowering PlantsAngiosperms - Flowering Plants tremendous adaptive radiation ontremendous adaptive radiation on
land (and back into water)land (and back into water)
Eucalyptus regnansEucalyptus regnans
(Myrtaceae) over 100m tall and(Myrtaceae) over 100m tall and
19m dbh19m dbh
Eucalyptus regnansEucalyptus regnans
(Myrtaceae) -Tasmania(Myrtaceae) -Tasmania
Angiosperms - Flowering PlantsAngiosperms - Flowering Plants tremendous adaptive radiation ontremendous adaptive radiation on
land (and back into water)land (and back into water)
Wolffia microscopicaWolffia microscopica
(Araceae) less than 1mm long(Araceae) less than 1mm long
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Angiosperms - Flowering PlantsAngiosperms - Flowering Plants tremendous adaptive radiation ontremendous adaptive radiation on
land (and back into water)land (and back into water)Rafflesia arnoldiiRafflesia arnoldii (Rafflesiaceae)(Rafflesiaceae)
from New Guinea, up to 1m acrossfrom New Guinea, up to 1m across
and 20lbsand 20lbs
Angiosperms - Flowering PlantsAngiosperms - Flowering Plants tremendous adaptive radiation ontremendous adaptive radiation on
land (and back into water)land (and back into water) largest inflorescencelargest inflorescence
Amorphophallus titanumAmorphophallus titanum (Araceae)(Araceae)
Who is this famous DutchWho is this famous Dutch
biologist from the early 20thbiologist from the early 20th
century who is standing next to thecentury who is standing next to the
titan arum? . . . and what is hetitan arum? . . . and what is he
famous for?famous for?
largest inflorescencelargest inflorescence
Amorphophallus titanumAmorphophallus titanum (Araceae)(Araceae)
Angiosperms - Flowering PlantsAngiosperms - Flowering Plants Angiosperms - Flowering PlantsAngiosperms - Flowering Plants tremendous adaptive radiation ontremendous adaptive radiation on
land (and back into water)land (and back into water)
largest numbers of flowerslargest numbers of flowers
CoryphaCorypha palmpalm
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Magnoliophyta classificationMagnoliophyta classification
typically divided into twotypically divided into two
classesclasses dicotsdicots andand monocotsmonocots
Angiosperms - Flowering PlantsAngiosperms - Flowering Plants
artificial!artificial!
we will usewe will use AngiospermAngiosperm
Phylogeny GroupPhylogeny Group ((APG IIAPG II))
classification system of 2003classification system of 2003
The FlowerThe Flower Why Important?Why Important?
1.1. unlike anything else in other plants & extremelyunlike anything else in other plants & extremely
variable & co-evolved with animalsvariable & co-evolved with animals
2.2. floral features used in describing and idfloral features used in describing and idinging
3.3. plant specimens (herbarium) must include flowers orplant specimens (herbarium) must include flowers or
derived featuresderived features
4.4. classification of angiosperms relies on flowersclassification of angiosperms relies on flowers
The Flower:The Flower: most significant feature of angiospermsmost significant feature of angiosperms
CalochortusCalochortus - fairy lanterns & mariposas (images: T. Givnish)- fairy lanterns & mariposas (images: T. Givnish)
The FlowerThe Flower What is it?What is it?
specialized shootspecialized shoot = stem += stem +
leaves (folia)leaves (folia)
shoot is highlyshoot is highly modifiedmodified andand
determinatedeterminate (ceased to grow)(ceased to grow)
The FlowerThe Flower What is it?What is it?
from Schleiden 1855from Schleiden 1855
foliar theoryfoliar theory of flower - J.W.of flower - J.W.
von Goethe invon Goethe in Attempt to InterpretAttempt to Interpret
the Metamorphosis of Plantsthe Metamorphosis of Plants
(1790)(1790)
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The FlowerThe Flower What is it?What is it?
developmental/evolutionary origin of thedevelopmental/evolutionary origin of the
flower still debatedflower still debated
2.2. PseudanthialPseudanthial theory -theory -
compound shoot or conecompound shoot or cone
anthersanthers
ovulesovules
1.1. EuanthialEuanthial theory - (foliartheory - (foliar
theory) - single shoottheory) - single shoot
thus, a flower is a specialized shoot that:thus, a flower is a specialized shoot that:
1.1. isis determinatedeterminate (vs. indeterminate)(vs. indeterminate)
2.2. has ahas a modified stemmodified stem with compressed internodeswith compressed internodes
3.3. possessespossesses modified leavesmodified leaves with various functions,with various functions,
these determined by gene arrays (e.g., ABC model)these determined by gene arrays (e.g., ABC model)
4.4. often clustered in anoften clustered in an inflorescenceinflorescence (larger branch)(larger branch)
The FlowerThe Flower What is it?What is it?
The FlowerThe Flower
1.1. PedunclePeduncle: floral stalk, the stem: floral stalk, the stem
supporting the flower; sometimessupporting the flower; sometimes
referred to as thereferred to as the pedicelpedicel
read chpt 9 inread chpt 9 in Plant SystematicsPlant Systematics!!
1st half deals with1st half deals with
vegetative features - we willvegetative features - we will
cover in lab 2 next weekcover in lab 2 next week
2nd half deals with2nd half deals withflowers/fruits - lab 3flowers/fruits - lab 3
2.2. ReceptacleReceptacle: modified floral: modified floral
stem or axis from which arisestem or axis from which arise
the floral appendages orthe floral appendages or
modified leavesmodified leaves
The FlowerThe Flower
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3.3. SepalSepal: the outer whorl of leaves,: the outer whorl of leaves,
green and protective; collectivelygreen and protective; collectively
called thecalled the calyxcalyx
The FlowerThe Flower
4.4. PetalPetal: the second whorl of: the second whorl of
leaves, typically brightlyleaves, typically brightly
colored, attracting pollinators;colored, attracting pollinators;
collectively called thecollectively called the corollacorolla
The FlowerThe Flower
5.5. PerianthPerianth: collective term for: collective term for
sepals and petalssepals and petals
TepalsTepals if both similarif both similar oror if onlyif only
one reduced set (sepals)one reduced set (sepals)
The FlowerThe Flower
8.8. StamenStamen: the male structure of: the male structure of
flower comprisingflower comprising filamentfilament andand
antheranther
collectively, stamens are thecollectively, stamens are the
androeciumandroecium (=(= house ofhouse of
malesmales))
can be leaf-like in primitivecan be leaf-like in primitive
angiospermsangiosperms
The FlowerThe Flower
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6.6. FilamentFilament: slender stalk of: slender stalk of
the stamen supporting thethe stamen supporting the
anther; permits exsertion ofanther; permits exsertion of
anther with pollen out ofanther with pollen out of
flowerflower
The FlowerThe Flower
7.7. AntherAnther: fertile portion of: fertile portion of
stamen that dehisces to releasestamen that dehisces to release
pollen grainspollen grains; composed of; composed of
anther sacsanther sacs
The FlowerThe Flower
NectariesNectaries often near base ofoften near base of
stamensstamens
produceproduce nectar rewardnectar reward forfor
visitors who will move pollenvisitors who will move pollen
((pollinatorspollinators))
e.g., grass-of-parnassus &e.g., grass-of-parnassus &
fritillaryfritillary
The FlowerThe Flower
13.13. PistilPistil: flask-shaped, female: flask-shaped, female
structure comprising threestructure comprising three
main partsmain parts
often referred to asoften referred to as carpelcarpel(s)(s)
all pistils (1 or more) areall pistils (1 or more) are
referred to as thereferred to as the gynoeciumgynoecium
(=(= house of femaleshouse of females))
The FlowerThe Flower
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9.9. OvaryOvary: basal portion of pistil: basal portion of pistil
that contains ovules; at maturitythat contains ovules; at maturity
becomesbecomes fruitfruit with seedswith seeds
10.10. OvulesOvules: fertile portions of: fertile portions of
pistil that contain a femalepistil that contain a female
gametophyte (embryo sac);gametophyte (embryo sac);
develop intodevelop into seedsseeds afterafter
fertilizationfertilization
The FlowerThe Flower
11.11. StyleStyle: slender stalk of pistil: slender stalk of pistil
above ovary that the pollenabove ovary that the pollen
tubes must pass through totubes must pass through to
reach eggs in ovulesreach eggs in ovules
12.12. StigmaStigma: receptive portion: receptive portion
at top of style that receivesat top of style that receivesand recognizes pollenand recognizes pollen
The FlowerThe Flower
Pollination biologyPollination biology Study of the pollen, its transfer, and movementStudy of the pollen, its transfer, and movementdown the styledown the style
The FlowerThe Flower
PistilPistil vs.vs. carpelcarpel
How do you know?How do you know?
3 examples3 examples
Carpels not fusedCarpels not fused
1.1. MonocarpicMonocarpic
2.2. ApocarpicApocarpic
Carpels fusedCarpels fused
3.3. SyncarpicSyncarpic
The FlowerThe Flower
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1 floral1 floral leafleaf in gynoeciumin gynoecium
This gynoecium isThis gynoecium is
monocarpicmonocarpic
(one carpel)(one carpel)
FoldedFolded leafleaf 1 carpel = 1 pistil1 carpel = 1 pistil
MonocarpicMonocarpicThe FlowerThe Flower
This gynoecium isThis gynoecium is
monocarpicmonocarpic
(one carpel)(one carpel)
1 carpel = 1 pistil1 carpel = 1 pistil
The FlowerThe Flower
legumeslegumes
If 9If 9 leavesleaves in one flowerin one flower
eacheach separatelyseparately formsforms
carpels,carpels,
then the flower has 9then the flower has 9
carpels and 9 pistils,carpels and 9 pistils,
gynoecium isgynoecium is apocarpicapocarpic
(separate carpels)(separate carpels)
Caltha palustris -Caltha palustris - Marsh marigoldMarsh marigold
9 fruits (pistils) from 1 flower9 fruits (pistils) from 1 flowerGynoecium isGynoecium is apocarpicapocarpic with 9 carpels or 9 pistilswith 9 carpels or 9 pistils
ApocarpicApocarpic
The FlowerThe Flower
3 floral3 floral leavesleaves inin
gynoeciumgynoecium fusefuse
This gynoecium isThis gynoecium is
syncarpicsyncarpicThis gynoecium isThis gynoecium is
syncarpicsyncarpic
SyncarpicSyncarpic
The FlowerThe Flower
3 carpels = 1 pistil3 carpels = 1 pistil
3 styles3 styles
3 carpels = 1 pistil3 carpels = 1 pistil
1 style1 style
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Placentation typesPlacentation types- arrangement of ovules,- arrangement of ovules,
provides hints to the number of carpelsprovides hints to the number of carpels
MarginalMarginal- found in- found in
almost all monocarpic oralmost all monocarpic or
apocarpic pistilsapocarpic pistils
AxileAxile- found in some- found in some
syncarpic pistilssyncarpic pistils
The FlowerThe Flower
ParietalParietal- found in- found in
some syncarpicsome syncarpic
pistilspistils
The FlowerThe Flower
Placentation typesPlacentation types- arrangement of ovules,- arrangement of ovules,
provides hints to the number of carpelsprovides hints to the number of carpels
ParietalParietal- found in- found in
some syncarpicsome syncarpic
pistilspistils
The FlowerThe Flower
Placentation typesPlacentation types- arrangement of ovules,- arrangement of ovules,
provides hints to the number of carpelsprovides hints to the number of carpels
Free-centralFree-central- found in- found in
a few syncarpic pistilsa few syncarpic pistils
ParietalParietal- found in- found in
some syncarpicsome syncarpic
pistilspistils
The FlowerThe Flower
Placentation typesPlacentation types- arrangement of ovules,- arrangement of ovules,
provides hints to the number of carpelsprovides hints to the number of carpels
Free-centralFree-central- found in- found in
a few syncarpic pistilsa few syncarpic pistils
BasalBasal- found in- found in
some monocarpic,some monocarpic,
apocarpic, orapocarpic, or
syncarpic pistilssyncarpic pistils
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perianthperianth spiralledspiralled
Common in primitiveCommon in primitive
angiospermsangiosperms
perianthperianth 5-merous5-merous
Common in dicotsCommon in dicots
Numerical planNumerical plan- merosity, arrangement of perianth- merosity, arrangement of perianth
not necessarily stamens or carpelsnot necessarily stamens or carpels
The FlowerThe Flower
perianthperianth 4-merous4-merous
Occasional in dicotsOccasional in dicots
perianthperianth 3-merous3-merous
Common in monocots & someCommon in monocots & some
primitive angiospermsprimitive angiosperms
The FlowerThe Flower
Numerical planNumerical plan- merosity, arrangement of perianth- merosity, arrangement of perianth
not necessarily stamens or carpelsnot necessarily stamens or carpels
FlowersFlowers radiallyradially
symmetricalsymmetrical
FlowersFlowers actinomorphicactinomorphic
FlowersFlowers bilaterallybilaterally
symmetricalsymmetrical
FlowersFlowers zygomorphiczygomorphic
Symmetry planSymmetry plan- perianth arrangement important in- perianth arrangement important in
pollination biologypollination biology
The FlowerThe Flower
ConnationConnation: fusion of floral: fusion of floral
parts from theparts from the same whorlsame whorl
Fusion of carpelsFusion of carpels Syncarpic pistilSyncarpic pistil
Fusion of stamensFusion of stamens Staminal tubeStaminal tube Fusion of petalsFusion of petals Corolla tubeCorolla tube
The FlowerThe Flower
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AdnationAdnation: fusion of floral: fusion of floral
parts fromparts from different whorlsdifferent whorls
The FlowerThe Flower
SimpleSimple adnationadnation
Stamens fused onto innerStamens fused onto inner
surface of fused (connation)surface of fused (connation)
petalspetals
ComplexComplex adnationadnation
Sepals, petals, and stamens fuseSepals, petals, and stamens fuse
to form ato form a hypanthiumhypanthium
AdnationAdnation: fusion of floral: fusion of floral
parts fromparts from different whorlsdifferent whorls
No adnation!No adnation!
Connation (fusion of similarConnation (fusion of similar
parts) may or may not occurparts) may or may not occur
The FlowerThe Flower
e.g.,e.g., DrimysDrimys & sandwort& sandwort
Adnation of calyx,Adnation of calyx,corolla, & stamenscorolla, & stamens
== hypanthiumhypanthium
The FlowerThe Flower
AdnationAdnation: fusion of floral: fusion of floral
parts fromparts from different whorlsdifferent whorlse.g., cherry & rosee.g., cherry & rose
The FlowerThe Flower
AdnationAdnation: fusion of floral: fusion of floral
parts fromparts from different whorlsdifferent whorlse.g., horse gentian & fuchsiae.g., horse gentian & fuchsia
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Oenothera biennisOenothera biennis
Evening primroseEvening primrose
OnagraceaeOnagraceae
4 sepals (4 sepals (CACAlyx)lyx)
4 petals (4 petals (COCOrolla)rolla)
8 stamens (8 stamens (AAndroecium)ndroecium)
4 carpels (4 carpels (GGynoecium)ynoecium)
Floral formulaFloral formula- shorthand notation- shorthand notation
The FlowerThe Flower
Oenothera biennisOenothera biennis
Evening primroseEvening primrose
OnagraceaeOnagraceae
4 sepals (4 sepals (CACAlyx)lyx)
4 petals (4 petals (COCOrolla)rolla)
8 stamens (8 stamens (AAndroecium)ndroecium)
4 carpels (4 carpels (GGynoecium)ynoecium)
Floral formulaFloral formula- shorthand notation- shorthand notation
The FlowerThe Flower
Carpels fused = 1 pistilCarpels fused = 1 pistil
Oenothera biennisOenothera biennis
Evening primroseEvening primrose
OnagraceaeOnagraceae
4 sepals (4 sepals (CACAlyx)lyx)
4 petals (4 petals (COCOrolla)rolla)
8 stamens (8 stamens (AAndroecium)ndroecium)
4 carpels (4 carpels (GGynoecium)ynoecium)
Floral formulaFloral formula- shorthand notation- shorthand notation
The FlowerThe Flower
Carpels fused = 1 pistilCarpels fused = 1 pistil
Ovary inferiorOvary inferior
Oenothera biennisOenothera biennis
Evening primroseEvening primrose
OnagraceaeOnagraceae
4 sepals (4 sepals (CACAlyx)lyx)
4 petals (4 petals (COCOrolla)rolla)
8 stamens (8 stamens (AAndroecium)ndroecium)
4 carpels (4 carpels (GGynoecium)ynoecium)
Floral formulaFloral formula- shorthand notation- shorthand notation
The FlowerThe Flower
Carpels fused = 1 pistilCarpels fused = 1 pistil
Ovary inferiorOvary inferior
Hypanthium (+ hypanthium tube)Hypanthium (+ hypanthium tube)
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TheThe flowerflower what is it?what is it?
a flower is a specialized shoot that:a flower is a specialized shoot that:
1.1. isis determinatedeterminate (vs. indeterminate)(vs. indeterminate)
2.2. has ahas a modified stemmodified stem with compressed internodeswith compressed internodes
3.3. possessespossesses modified leavesmodified leaves with various functions,with various functions,
these determined by gene arrays (e.g., ABC model)these determined by gene arrays (e.g., ABC model)
4.4. often clustered in anoften clustered in an inflorescenceinflorescence (larger branch)(larger branch)
Angiosperms -Angiosperms -
Floral StructureFloral Structure
See second half of Chpt 9 for more detailSee second half of Chpt 9 for more detail
((Plant SystematicsPlant Systematics))