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Lisbon / 29th and 30th October 2014
Brian Elliott / Senior Project Officer for the MarineEnvironment
What BWM Treatment Systems
are on the Market
Member State Training:
Update on Sampling for
Compliance of the IMO’s BWMC
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BWM Techniques (I)
Solid-liquid separation (usually precedes chemicalphysiochemical unit process)
1. Filtration: In BWM usually backwashing system
BWM standards are size based ―> mesh size between 10 and50µm most common
More effective for larger particles/organisms
2. Hydrocyclones Alternative technology to filtration
Water injected at high velocity
rotational motion of the water leads to separation of particlesfrom water
Effectiveness depends on difference in density of particleand surrounding water, size of particle speed of rotation andresidence time
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BWM Techniques (I)
• Solid-liquid separation (examples)
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BWM Techniques (II)
3. Coagulants:
Can be used to increase efficiency of filtering or hyrdocyclones;
Time dependent
Requires big tank
Efficiency can be increased by adding ancillary powder of highdensity (e. g. magnetite or sand)
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BWM Techniques (III)
Chemical Disinfection Chlorination/Electrochlorination: relatively inexpensive, but virtually ineffective
against cysts. Can lead to undesirable chlorinated by-products.
Ozonation: fewer harmful by-products, but requires relatively complex
equipment to both produce and dissolve it into the water
Chlorine dioxide: normally produced on the spot, but critical (reagents used are
themselves hazardous)
Peracetic acid: infinitely soluble in water, few harmful byproducts, relatively
stable as Peraclean. Problem: relatively expensive, dosed at high level and
require considerable storage facilities
Hydrogen peroxide: see peracetic acid
Menadione / Vitamin K: natural product and safe to handle
Pre-treatment desirable (filtering, hydrocyclones); post-treatment of
residuals necessary
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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=RS3PrqJch4uuVM&tbnid=l6Qccc7KWGcceM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://techcross.com/eng_html/product/case.asp?code%3D%26subp%3D%26bbsid%3Deng_install_case%26gbn%3Dview%26cate%3D%26ps%3D10000%26sp%3D%26sw%3D%26gp%3D1%26mode%3D%26ix%3D135&ei=Gh4HVI-OL-vJsQSR64HIBQ&psig=AFQjCNHQ0RBRPDpmwxI6ez4XHQbEVHtjeA&ust=1409838837127541
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BWM Techniques (IV)
Physical Disinfection
Ultraviolet irradiation: most well established method; well known to be effective
against wide range of micro-organisms (e. g. viruses and cysts); relies on good
UV transmission through the water ―> clear water and unfouled clean quartz
sleeves needed for effectiveness; removal of water turbidity essential; UV can be
enhanced by combining with another reagent, such as ozone, hydrogen dioxideor titanium dioxide
Deoxygenation: takes a couple of days to come into effect due to the length of
time it takes organisms to be asphyxiated
Cavitation: acts at the surface of the micro-organism and disrupts the cell wall
through the collapse of micro bubbles Ultrasonic treatment: see cavitation
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http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=4UcpqdTxCwQWGM&tbnid=uP3URWZY7rflVM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.westfalia-separator.com/media-news/news-press-releases/singleview/article/gea-westfalia-separator-ballastmaster-ultrav-awarded-us-coast-guard-ams-certificate.html&ei=ABwHVKiICYm-sQTVwoCoCQ&bvm=bv.74115972,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNGLPJbJmagUq1aCNXmEDgLKAQCChg&ust=1409837637698762http://www.allaboutshipping.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Hamworthy-Ballast-Water-systems-engineer2-29-11-11-aas1.jpg
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BWM Techniques (V)
Presently – 42 systems (51 after MEPC 67)
Solid-liquid separation:
Hydrocyclones: 3 systems
Filtration: 27 systems
Coagulants: 1 system None: 11 systems
Chemical disinfection:
Ozone: 7 systems
Chlorine: 3 systems
Electrochlorination: 12 systems
Menadion/Vitamin K: 4 systems
Others: 4 systems
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BWM Techniques (V)
Physical disinfection:
UV: 14 systems
Deoxigenation: 5 systems
Heat: 1 system
Cavitation: 5 systems Ultrasound: 2 systems
Advanced oxydation: 5 systems
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However………
MEPC 67• Revision of G-8 Agreed
- Testing being performed using fresh, brackish and marine waters
- Testing considering the effect of temperature in cold and tropical waters onoperational effectiveness and environmental acceptability
- Specification of standard test organisms for use in testing – test organisms shallchallenge the treatment process
- Challenge levels set with respect to suspended solids in test water – notingchallenge levels shall be realistic, consideration of levels of clay silt and thecontent of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in the test water and the need for levelsto be increased needs to be taken into account. challenged under conditionsreflecting the worst case real life scenarios that may be encountered.
- TA testing discounting test runs in the full-scale testing that do not meet the D-2standard and the results of test runs being "averaged" – TA testing realisticallyrepresenting the flow rates the system is approved for
• 51 Type Approvals reduced to ???
• Marine Equipment Directive ??????
•
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