01.Socialization.ppt

7/21/2019 01.Socialization.ppt

1/26

What is Socialization?It is the process by which an individual learns

how to interact with others and becomes a

member of society. It is essential for the renewalof culture and the perpetuation of society.


2/26

What does socialization teach us?

Language

Culture

Understanding with othersUnderstanding of ourselves as a

social being or a social self

Emergence of social self


3/26

Definition of self?

Self- the dimension of personality composed of an

individuals self-awareness and self-image. The

self is inseparable from social experience.

The formation of the self-the set of concepts we

use in defining who we are-is a central part of the

socialization process. The self emerges in the

course of interaction with other people and

represents the ideas we have regarding our

attributes, capacities, and behavior. It typically

includes an egocentric bias.


4/26

Theories on socialization

George Herbert Meadthe development of

the Social Self

Charles Horton Cooleythe Development of

the Looking Glass Self


5/26

The Self and Socialization:

Charles Horton Cooley: The Looking-Glass Self:

A process by which we imaginatively assume the

stance of other people and view ourselves as we

believe they see us. Self- image is differentiated from

self-conception. Self-esteem is governed by reflectedappraisal, social comparisons, and self-attribution.

Personal efficiency is another aspect of self-

evaluation.


6/26

The looking-glass self

The looking-glass self is the reflection of our selfthat we think we see in the behaviors of otherstoward us. We notice the way people acttowards us and pay attention to their cues. This

impacts a person to think about what they thinkother peoples' opinions are of them. The overallpattern of these reflections of other people'sopinions become a dominant aspect of our ownidentities. Cooley theorized that through this

process of considering how others view us, weactually become the kind of person we believeothers see us to be


7/26

George Herbert Mead: The Generalized

Other.

Argued that the Social Self developed out

of social interactions with others

Social interaction involves seeing ourselvesas others see us or taking the role of the

Other

Taking the role of the other involves a

constant interplay between the I and the

Me


8/26

George Herbert Mead

3 Components of the Social Self:

The I-the subjective element of the self; involvesthe direct experiences of the self;

develops without language

The Me-the objective element of the self;

involves how we look at others and see ourselves;

develops with language

The Mind-taking the roles of others; the

interplay between I and Me


9/26

George Herbert Mead

Taking the Role of the Other

Significant otherwhen children take the

perspective of those who are most important

in their lives; performed through the use of

language and symbols in imitation,modeling or simple role playing after

parents


10/26

George Herbert Mead

Generalized otherwhen children take the roles

of several others at once; performed through the

participation of children in complex games or

sports activities; children learn the sharedexpectations of an entire social group or society

as a reference point for evaluating themselves


11/26

Types of Socialization

Primary socialization

Primary socialization occurs when a child learns

the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to

individuals as members of a particular culture.For example if a child saw his/her mother

expressing a discriminatory opinion about a

minority group, then that child may think this

behavior is acceptable and could continue tohave this opinion about minority groups.


12/26

Secondary socialization

Secondary socialization refers to the process of

learning what is appropriate behavior as a

member of a smaller group within the larger

society. It is usually associated with teenagersand adults, and involves smaller changes than

those occurring in primary socialization. eg.

entering a new profession, relocating to a new

environment or society.


13/26

Developmental socialization

Developmental socialization is the process of

learning behavior in a social institution ordeveloping your social skills.


14/26

Anticipatory socialization

Anticipatory socialization refers to the processes

of socialization in which a person "rehearses" forfuture positions, occupations, and social

relationships.


15/26

Re socialization

Re-socialization refers to the process of discardingformer behavior patterns and accepting new ones as partof a transition in one's life. This occurs throughout thehuman life cycle (Schaefer & Lamm, 1992: 113).

An example would be the process by which a transsexuallearns to function socially in a dramatically altered genderrole.


16/26

Reciprocal socialization

when children socialize parents like

parents socialize children.


17/26

Total institution

Total institutiona place where people are

isolated from the rest of society for a set

period of time and their lives are almost

completely controlled by officials who run

the institution.

Examples include prisons, asylums and themilitary.


18/26

Agents of socialization

Agent of socializationan institution or

group that prepares an individual for social

life and society.

(a) Family:

(b) School

( c) Peer group

(d) Media


19/26

The Family

The most important agent of socialization, because it

stands at the center of childrens lives.

Provides for basic needs, and teaches children

skills, cultural values, and attitudes aboutthemselves and others.

Passes on to children a social position (places

them in society in terms of race, ethnicity, religion

and class) Socializes children into gender roles


20/26

The School

Schooling enlarges childrens social world

to include people with social backgrounds

different from their own.

Formal schooling teaches children a wide

range of knowledge and skills school is the childs firstexperience with bureaucracy.

Socializes children into gender roles


21/26

The Peer Group

Provides young people the experience in

developing social relationships on their own

and establishing an identity apart from their

Family. Provides the opportunity to discuss interests

not shared by adults.

Provides a sense of belonging that eases the anxiety of

breaking away from the family


22/26

The Media

Spreads information on a mass scale, and

functions to connect people.

Influences our attitudes and behavior

through the images and messages it conveys. Mirrors our societys patterns of inequality

and rarely challenges the status quo.

Reflects the values of the dominant culture


23/26

Socialization across the Life Course:

Socialization is a continuing, lifelong process. All societies

have to deal with the life coursethat begins with

conception and continues through old age and ultimately

death. Role socializationinvolves anticipatory

socialization,altering roles, and exiting from roles.


24/26

Chi ldhood: Though societies differ in their definitions of

childhood, they all begin the socialization process as

soon as possible.

Adolescence. In much of the world, adolescence is not

a socially distinct period in the human life span. Children

in many countries are socialized to assume adult

responsibilities by age 13 and even younger, sometimes

by way of puberty rites.Adolescence is not necessarily

a turbulent period, nor does a sharp generation gap

separate American adolescents from their parents.


25/26

Young Adul thood. The developmental and socializationtasks confronting young adults revolve about the coretasks of work and love. Individuals are strongly influenced

by age norms and tend to set their personal watches by asocial clock.

Midd le Adul thood. Middle adulthood is a somewhatnebulous period. The core tasks remain much the same

as they were in young adulthood. Increasingly, work iscoming to be defined for both men and women as a badgeof membership in the larger society. Although economicconsiderations predominate, people also work as a meansto structure their time, interact with other people, escapefrom boredom, and sustain a positive self-image.


26/26

Later Adul thood. The last years of one's life may be

filled with more dramatic changes than any previousstage. Retiring, losing one's spouse, becoming disabled,

moving to a nursing home or other care facility, and

preparing for death all require individuals to change and

adapt. Societies differ in the prestige and dignity theyaccord the aged.

Death. A diagnosis of impending death requires that an

individual adjust to a new definition of self.

Documents

01.Socialization.ppt